Linux Practice.
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1. File and Directory Permissions
Goal: Understand and practice controlling access to files and directories.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Modify File Permissions
o Use chmod to change file permissions:
1. Create a file: touch file.txt
2. Check the current permissions: ls -l file.txt
3. Modify permissions using symbolic mode:
Give the owner read and write, the group read, and others no
permissions:
chmod u+rw,g+r,o-r file.txt
Verify changes: ls -l file.txt
4. Use numeric mode (e.g., chmod 755 file.txt).
Exercise 2: Change File Ownership
o Change the ownership of a file: chown user:group file.txt
o Verify: ls -l file.txt
o Example: Change the ownership to a different user and group:
chown john:admins file.txt
Exercise 3: Working with umask
o View your current umask value: umask
o Set a custom umask value (e.g., umask 022).
o Create a file and check its default permissions after setting the umask.
2. User and Group Management
Goal: Learn to add, modify, and delete users and groups, and manage their access.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Create Users
o Add a new user: sudo useradd newuser
o Set a password: sudo passwd newuser
o Check the user list: cat /etc/passwd
Exercise 2: Modify Users
o Change the user's default shell: sudo usermod -s /bin/bash newuser
o Add the user to an additional group: sudo usermod -aG sudo newuser
o Verify group membership: groups newuser
Exercise 3: Delete Users and Groups
o Delete a user: sudo userdel newuser
o Delete a group: sudo groupdel newgroup
3. Disk Usage and File Systems
Goal: Understand how to monitor disk usage and manage file systems.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Check Disk Usage
o Check overall disk space usage: df -h
o Check disk space for a specific directory: du -sh /home/user
Exercise 2: Partition a Disk
o List available disks: sudo fdisk -l
o Create a new partition on a disk using fdisk or parted.
o Format the partition with a filesystem:
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
o Mount the partition to a directory: sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
Exercise 3: Check Filesystem Health
o Run a filesystem check: sudo fsck /dev/sdb1
o Fix any errors that appear.
4. Process Management
Goal: Learn how to monitor and manage running processes.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: View Running Processes
o Use ps to list processes: ps aux
o Use top or htop to view real-time process usage.
o Look for processes consuming the most CPU and memory.
Exercise 2: Kill Processes
o Find a process ID (PID) using ps or top: ps aux | grep <process_name>
o Kill a process by its PID: sudo kill <PID>
o Use killall to terminate all processes by name: sudo killall
<process_name>
Exercise 3: Set Process Priority
o Start a process with lower priority using nice:
nice -n 10 command
o Change the priority of a running process using renice:
sudo renice -n 10 -p <PID>
5. System Services (Systemd)
Goal: Understand how to manage services and view logs.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: View Service Status
o Check the status of a service (e.g., SSH): sudo systemctl status ssh
o Start/Stop/Restart a service:
sudo systemctl start ssh, sudo systemctl stop ssh, sudo systemctl
restart ssh
Exercise 2: Enable/Disable Services
o Enable a service to start at boot: sudo systemctl enable ssh
o Disable a service from starting at boot: sudo systemctl disable ssh
Exercise 3: View Logs
o View logs for a service using journalctl: journalctl -u ssh
o View the system log: journalctl
6. File Search and Text Processing
Goal: Learn how to search for files and process text files.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Find Files
o Search for files by name: find /path/to/search -name "file.txt"
o Find files modified within the last 7 days:
find /path/to/search -mtime -7
Exercise 2: Search Within Files
o Search for a string in a file: grep "string" file.txt
o Search recursively within a directory:
grep -r "string" /path/to/dir
Exercise 3: Use awk and sed
o Use awk to extract a specific column: awk '{print $1}' file.txt
o Use sed to replace text in a file: sed -i 's/old/new/g' file.txt
7. Network Configuration and Troubleshooting
Goal: Learn basic network management and troubleshooting techniques.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: View Network Interfaces
o List network interfaces: ip a or ifconfig
o Check IP address: ip addr show eth0
Exercise 2: Test Network Connectivity
o Ping a remote host: ping google.com
o Trace the route to a remote server: traceroute google.com
Exercise 3: Check Open Ports
o Check open ports using ss: ss -tuln
o Use netstat to see established connections: netstat -tuln
8. Cron Jobs and Automation
Goal: Learn to automate repetitive tasks.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Create a Cron Job
o Open the crontab editor: crontab -e
o Set a cron job to run a script every day at midnight:
bash
Copy code
0 0 * * * /path/to/your/script.sh
Exercise 2: List and Remove Cron Jobs
o List current cron jobs: crontab -l
o Remove a cron job by editing the crontab: crontab -e
Exercise 3: Use at for One-Time Jobs
o Schedule a one-time task using at: echo "bash /path/to/script.sh" | at
02:00
9. RAID Configuration
Goal: Understand how to configure RAID arrays for redundancy and performance.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Create a RAID 1 Array
o Create a RAID 1 array using mdadm:
sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2
/dev/sdb /dev/sdc
o Check the RAID status: cat /proc/mdstat
Exercise 2: Monitor and Manage RAID Arrays
o Add a new disk to the RAID array:
sudo mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sdd
o Remove a failed disk:
sudo mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sdb
10. SSH and Remote Access
Goal: Secure and manage remote access to your system.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Set Up SSH Key Authentication
o Generate an SSH key pair: ssh-keygen
o Copy the public key to the remote server: ssh-copy-id user@remotehost
Exercise 2: Disable Password Authentication
o Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and set PasswordAuthentication no.
o Restart the SSH service: sudo systemctl restart ssh
Exercise 3: Transfer Files with scp
o Copy a file to a remote server:
scp localfile.txt user@remotehost:/path/to/destination
11. Backup and Restore
Goal: Learn how to back up and restore data.
Exercise Breakdown:
Exercise 1: Backup with rsync
o Create a backup of your home directory:
rsync -avz /home/user/ /backup/
