Learning Objectives

 Boolean Expressions
 Building, Evaluating & Precedence Rules
 Branching Mechanisms
 if-else
 switch
 Nesting if-else
 Loops
 While, do-while, for
 Nesting loops
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3
 Boolean Expressions
 Logical Operators
 Logical AND (&&)
 Logical OR (||)
Display 2.1,
page 46

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 Evaluating Boolean Expressions
 Data type bool
 Returns true or false
 true, false are predefined library consts
 Truth tables
 Display 2.2 next slide

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 Evaluating Boolean Expressions
(cont.)
Display 2.2,
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 Precedence of Operators
Operator
()
Prefix (++ var , -- var)
*, /, %
arithmetic
+, -
<, <=, >, >=
relational
==, !=
&&
||
logical
=
Postfix (var--, var++)

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7

 Precedence of Operators (cont.)
 F=5.4*2-13.6+18/2;
 Integer is changed into floating point
 Final result is floating point
 Implicit conversion
 If int n=2; evaluate the following: (n+2)*(++n)+5;

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8

 Precedence Examples
 Arithmetic before logical
 x + 1 > 2 || x + 1 < -3 means:
(x + 1) > 2 || (x + 1) < -3
 Short-circuit evaluation
 (x >= 0) && (y > 1)
 Be careful with increment operators!
 (x > 1) && (y++)
 Integers as boolean values
 All non-zero values  true
 Zero value  false Slide 9
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Precedence Examples (cont)
 Determine the value, true or false, of each of the
following Boolean expressions, assuming count = 0
and limit = 10.
 (count == 0) && (limit < 20)
 (limit > 20) || (count < 5)
 !(count == 12)
 ((limit/count) > 7) && (limit < 0)

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10

 Modulus operator
 % Modulus operator returns remainder
 7 % 5 evaluates to 2

 Attempting to use the modulus operator (%) with

non-integer operands is a compilation error.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11

 Branching Mechanisms
 if-else statements
 Choice of two alternate statements based
on condition expression
 Example:
if (hrs > 40)
grossPay = rate*40 + 1.5*rate*(hrs-40);
else
grossPay = rate*hrs;

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12

 if-else Statement Syntax
 Formal syntax:
if (<boolean_expression>)
<yes_statement>
else
<no_statement>
 Note each alternative is only ONE
statement!
 To have multiple statements execute in
either branch  use compound statement

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13

 Compound/Block Statement
 Only ‘get’ one statement per branch
 Must use compound statement { }
for multiples
 Also called a ‘block’ stmt
 Each block should have block statement
 Even if just one statement
 Enhances readability

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 14

 Compound Statement in Action
 Note indenting in this example:
if (myScore > yourScore)
{
cout << “I win!\n”;
wager = wager + 100;
}
else
{
cout << “I wish these were golf scores.\n”;
wager = 0;
}
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 Common Pitfalls
 Operator ‘=‘ vs. operator ‘==‘
 One means ‘assignment’ (=)
 One means ‘equality’ (==)
 VERY different in C++!
 Example:
if (x = 12) Note operator used!
Do_Something
else
Do_Something_Else

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16

 The Optional else
 else clause is optional
 If, in the false branch (else), you want
‘nothing’ to happen, leave it out
 Example:
if (sales >= minimum)
salary = salary + bonus;
cout << “Salary = %” << salary;
 Note: nothing to do for false condition, so
there is no else clause!
 Execution continues with cout statement
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17
 Nested Statements
 if-else statements contain smaller
statements
 Compound or simple statements (we’ve seen)
 Can also contain any statement at all,
including another if-else stmt!
 Example:
if (speed > 55)
if (speed > 80)
cout << “You’re really speeding!”;
else
cout << “You’re speeding.”;
 Note proper indenting!
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18
 Multiway if-else
 Not new, just different indenting
 Avoids ‘excessive’ indenting
 Syntax:
Display
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 Multiway if-else Example
Display page 60

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 If statement Examples
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
float x;
cout<<"enter a number";
cin>>x;
if(x>0)
cout<<"the number is positive";
else if(x<0)
cout<<"the number is negative";
else
cout<<"the number is zero";

system("pause");
} © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright Slide 21
 If statement Examples (cont)
 Write a program that will input one character then
print if its small letter, capital letter or special
character.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 22