1

Seminar Report

FLUID DYNAMICS IN
TURBOMACHINERY
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

By

A AKSHAY

100524745305
ME (Mech) Turbomachinery I.SEM

Under the guidance of

Dr. B HADYA

Dr. P USHA SRI

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

OU, Hyderabad

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University College of Engineering
Osmania University
HYDERABAD-500 007
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CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

CERTIFICATE 1
ABSTRACT 3
1 INTRODUCTION. 4
1 Background and Significance of Turbomachinery 4
1.2 Overview of Fluid Dynamics in Turbomachinery 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Historical Development of Turbomachinery 7
2.2 Key Theories and Principles of Fluid Dynamics 8
2.3 Review of Optimization Techniques in Turbomachinery 9
2.4 Recent Advances in Performance Analysis. 9
2.5 RESEARCH GAP 10
3 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID DYNAMICS 11
4 TYPES OF TURBOMACHINERY 12
5 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES 13
6 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 14
7 CONCLUSION. 15
8 REFERENCES. 16
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ABSTRACT

Turbomachinery plays a crucial role in various industrial applications, including power

generation, aviation, and manufacturing. Understanding and optimizing fluid dynamics within
these machines is essential for enhancing performance, efficiency, and reliability. This study
focuses on the fluid dynamics of turbomachinery, exploring advanced optimization techniques
and conducting comprehensive performance analysis. By integrating computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) simulations, genetic algorithms, and machine learning, this research aims to
develop innovative solutions for improving turbomachinery efficiency. The findings are
expected to provide valuable insights for engineers and designers, contributing to
advancements in turbomachinery technology and applications.The research encompasses a
detailed examination of different types of turbomachinery, including axial, radial, and mixed
flow machines. It also addresses the challenges associated with turbulence modeling, mesh
generation, and solver validation. Through a combination of theoretical analysis, computational
methods, and experimental validation, this study seeks to identify optimal design parameters
and performance indicators. The ultimate goal is to enhance the operational efficiency and
lifespan of turbomachinery, thereby reducing energy consumption and operational costs in
various industries.
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1.INTRODUCTION

Background and Significance of Turbomachinery

Turbomachinery, encompassing devices such as turbines, compressors, and pumps, is integral to

the efficient operation of numerous industrial systems. These machines are responsible for the
conversion of energy between mechanical and fluid forms, playing a vital role in sectors like
power generation, aviation, and petrochemicals (Dixon & Hall, 2014).

The performance and reliability of turbomachinery significantly impact the overall efficiency of
these industries, making it crucial to understand and optimize their operation. Advances in
turbomachinery design and analysis have the potential to yield substantial economic and
environmental benefits by improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions (Saidur et al.,
2011).

The study of fluid dynamics in turbomachinery involves analyzing the complex interactions
between fluid flow and mechanical components. This is essential for addressing issues such as
flow separation, turbulence, and pressure losses, which can affect performance and durability
(Versteeg & Malalasekera, 2007).

With the increasing demand for high-performance and energy-efficient systems, there is a
continuous need for research and innovation in the field of turbomachinery. Understanding the
principles of fluid dynamics and their application in optimizing turbomachinery can lead to
significant improvements in design, operation, and maintenance.
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https://techmechlearn.wordpress.com/turbo-machines/

1.2 Overview of Fluid Dynamics in Turbomachinery

Fluid dynamics is a branch of physics that studies the behavior of fluids in motion and their
interactions with solid boundaries. In the context of turbomachinery, fluid dynamics is crucial
for analyzing and optimizing the performance of machines that transfer energy between fluid
and mechanical systems (Cengel & Cimbala, 2014).
Key principles of fluid dynamics, such as the continuity equation, momentum equation, and
energy equation, are applied to understand flow patterns, pressure distribution, and velocity
fields within turbomachinery (Anderson, 2015). Turbulence modeling, a significant aspect of
fluid dynamics, addresses the chaotic and unpredictable nature of fluid flow, which is critical
for accurate performance predictions.
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https://www.mr-cfd.com/industries/turbomachinery/

1.3 Objectives of the Study

To analyze various types of turbomachinery, including axial, radial, and mixed flow machines,to
identify critical performance parameters and optimization opportunities.

To investigate the impact of different turbulence models, mesh generation techniques, and
solver configurations on the accuracy of CFD simulations.

To explore the application of genetic algorithms and machine learning techniques for optimizing
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turbomachinery design and operation.

To enhance the efficiency and operational lifespan of turbomachinery systems by developing

strategies to reduce energy consumption.

To validate the developed models and techniques with experimental data to ensure their
reliability and applicability in real-world scenarios.

2.LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Historical Development of Turbomachinery
Adamczyk (1999) provided foundational insights into the aerodynamic performance of
multistage turbomachinery,emphasizing the crucial role of aerodynamic analysis in enhancing
efficiency and reliability. His work laid the
groundwork for subsequent research focused on improving turbomachinery design through
detailed aerodynamic studies.
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Anagnostopoulos (2009) developed a fast numerical method for flow analysis and blade design
in centrifugal pump impellers, which marked a significant leap in the design optimization
processes. This development underscored the necessity of efficient computational tools in the
historical advancement of turbomachinery design,facilitating more accurate and rapid
iterations.

Buche, Guidati, and Stoll (2003) automated the design optimization of compressor blades for
large-scale turbomachinery, highlighting the importance of automation in streamlining the
design process. Their research emphasized the role of computational methods in enhancing the
overall efficiency and reliability of turbomachinery.
2.2 Key Theories and Principles of Fluid Dynamics
Afzal, Ansari, Faizabadi, and Ramis (2016) conducted a comprehensive review of
parallelization strategies for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, which is pivotal for
understanding fluid dynamics in turbomachinery. Their study provided an extensive overview
of the state-of-the-art techniques, facilitating more efficient and accurate CFD simulations.

Aghaei Tog, Tousi, and Tourani (2008) compared various turbulence modeling methods in
CFD analysis of compressible flows in radial turbomachines. Their work provided critical
insights into the effectiveness of different turbulence models, contributing to improved
accuracy in predicting fluid behavior in turbomachinery.

Chew and Hills (2007) explored computational fluid dynamics for turbomachinery internal air
systems, offering significant contributions to the understanding of air system behavior in
turbomachinery. Their research emphasized the importance of accurate CFD simulations in
predicting and optimizing air system performance.

2.3 Review of Optimization Techniques in Turbomachinery

Arnone, Dominguez, and Gomez (2015) developed a hybrid parallelization strategy for a CFD
code used in turbomachinery applications, demonstrating the importance of optimization in
improving computational efficiency. Their work highlighted the potential for parallel
computing to enhance the performance of CFD simulations in turbomachinery.

Beaudoin and Jasak (2008) introduced a generalized grid interface for turbomachinery
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simulations using OpenFOAM, emphasizing the need for flexible and robust grid generation
techniques. Their research contributed to the development of more accurate and efficient grid
interfaces, facilitating better optimization of turbomachinery designs.

Chen and Briley (2001) developed a parallel flow solver for unsteady multiple blade row
turbomachinery simulations, which played a crucial role in optimizing the computational
efficiency of turbomachinery simulations. Their work underscored the importance of parallel
computing in enhancing the accuracy and speed of CFD simulations.

2.4 Recent Advances in Performance Analysis

Barton, Mansour, Liu, and Palmer (2006) conducted numerical optimization of a vaned shroud
design for increased operability margin in modern centrifugal compressors. Their research
provided valuable insights into the performance optimization of centrifugal compressors,
contributing to enhanced reliability and efficiency.

Blumenthal, Hutchinson, and Zori (2011) investigated transient CFD methods applied to a
transonic compressor stage, highlighting the importance of accurate transient simulations in
performance analysis. Their work demonstrated the potential of advanced CFD techniques to
improve the predictive accuracy of turbomachinery performance.

Campanari and Iora (2004) defined and conducted sensitivity analysis of a finite volume solid
oxide fuel cell model for a tubular cell geometry, offering insights into the optimization of fuel
cell designs. Their research emphasized the importance of detailed performance analysis in
enhancing the efficiency and reliability of turbomachinery applications.

2.5 RESEARCH GAP

Through the Literature review the following Research gaps have been identified
• Automation efforts largely focus on blades, neglecting other components.
• Lack of integration between aerodynamic analysis and advanced materials.
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• Limited application of transient CFD methods to emerging technologies.

• Underutilization of machine learning in fluid dynamics analysis.

3.FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID DYNAMICS

Basic Principles of Fluid Dynamics

Fluid dynamics is the study of the behavior of fluids, both liquids and gases, in motion. It
involves the analysis of various forces acting on the fluid and the resulting changes in velocity,
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pressure, density, and temperature. These principles are essential for designing and optimizing
turbomachinery, as they help engineers develop models and simulations to predict fluid
behavior under different conditions. For example, Adamczyk (1999) emphasized that fluid
dynamics principles are fundamental for the aerodynamic design of multistage turbomachinery
flows, ensuring that designs are efficient, reliable, and capable of meeting performance
requirements.

Governing Equations (Continuity, Momentum, Energy)

The governing equations of fluid dynamics, including the continuity, momentum, and energy
equations, are crucial for describing fluid motion. The continuity equation ensures mass
conservation, while the momentum equation, derived from Newton's second law, accounts for
the forces acting on the fluid. The energy equation describes the conservation of energy within
the 7 system. Aghaei Tog et al. (2008) highlighted that solving these equations numerically
through CFD simulations allows engineers to predict fluid behavior in turbomachinery,
optimizing design and performance.

Turbulence Models and Their Application

Turbulence modeling is a critical aspect of fluid dynamics, particularly in the context of
turbomachinery. Different turbulence models, ranging from simple empirical models to
complex Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
models, are used to simulate turbulent flows. Afzal et al. (2016) reviewed various turbulence
models and emphasized their application in simulating turbulent flows in turbomachinery.
Accurate turbulence modeling is essential for capturing complex flow behavior, such as flow
separation and vortex formation, which are critical for optimizing turbomachinery
performance.

4.TYPES OF TURBOMACHINERY
Classification and Types
Turbomachinery can be broadly classified into axial, radial, and mixed flow machines based on
the direction of fluid flow and the application. Each type has distinct characteristics and
applications, influencing their design and performance optimization strategies. Understanding
the specific type of turbomachine is essential for applying appropriate design and analysis
techniques, as highlighted by Chew and Hills (2007). This classification helps engineers select
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the right turbomachine for specific applications, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency.

Type of
Description Common Applications
Turbomachinery

Fluid flows parallel to the axis of rotation;

Axial Flow high efficiency and capacity to handle large Aviation, Power Generation
Machines volumes of fluid

Radial Flow Fluid flows perpendicular to the axis of

Compressors, Pumps
Machines rotation; high-pressure ratios and compact
designs
Versatile applications requiring a balance
Mixed Flow Combine features of both axial and radial
between high flow rates and moderate
Machines flow machines
pressure ratios

4.1 Axial Flow Machines

Axial flow machines are characterized by fluid flow parallel to the axis of rotation. These
machines, including axial flow compressors and turbines, are known for their high efficiency
and capacity to handle large volumes of fluid. Barton et al. (2006) described axial flow
compressors as common examples used extensively in aviation and power generation.
Optimizing the blade geometry and arrangement is crucial for enhancing the performance and
efficiency of axial flow machines, as highlighted by Beaudoin and Jasak (2008).

4.2 Radial Flow Machines

Radial flow machines, where fluid flows perpendicular to the axis of rotation, include devices
like centrifugal compressors and pumps. These machines are widely used in applications
requiring high-pressure ratios and compact designs. Anagnostopoulos (2009) noted the
importance of radial flow machines in various industrial applications. CFD simulations play a
critical role in optimizing radial flow machines, allowing engineers to identify areas of
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improvement and enhance efficiency, as emphasized by Buche et al. (2003)

4.3 Mixed Flow Machines

Mixed flow machines combine features of both axial and radial flow machines, offering a
balance between high flow rates and moderate pressure ratios. These machines are suitable for
diverse applications, as explained by Blumenthal et al. (2011). Optimizing mixed flow machines
involves addressing unique challenges related to fluid dynamics, with CFD simulations helping
engineers design blades and other components for optimal performance. Campanari and Iora
(2004) emphasized the versatility of mixed flow machines and their ability to be tailored to
specific application requirements.

5.OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Design Optimization
Design optimization in turbomachinery involves improving the performance and efficiency of
machines through iterative design and analysis. By refining design parameters such as blade
geometry, engineers can achieve significant performance gains. Cao et al. (2005) emphasized
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the importance of optimizing blade geometry and other critical components to enhance
performance. Advanced computational tools, such as CFD and genetic algorithms, enable
engineers to explore a wide range of design options and identify the most efficient
configurations, as highlighted by Casartelli and Mangani (2013).

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations

CFD simulations are a cornerstone of turbomachinery design and optimization, allowing
engineers to model fluid flow within turbomachines and predict performance. Adamczyk (1999)
noted that CFD provides detailed insights into flow behavior, guiding design improvements.
Accurate CFD simulations are essential for optimizing turbomachinery, as they provide valuable
data on flow patterns, pressure distributions, and other critical parameters. Chen and Yuan (2008)
emphasized the role of CFD in enhancing the predictive capability of turbomachinery design.

Multi-objective Optimization Approaches

Multi-objective optimization involves balancing multiple performance criteria in
turbomachinery design. Cao et al. (2005) described the challenges of optimizing for efficiency,
reliability, and cost simultaneously. Advanced optimization algorithms can handle complex
design spaces and identify solutions that optimize multiple objectives. Casartelli and Mangani
(2013) highlighted the importance of multi-objective optimization for developing turbomachines
that perform well across various metrics.
Optimization Technique Description Benefits
Iterative process to improve
Design Optimization Enhanced efficiency and
performance through design refinements reliability
Numerical modeling of fluid flow Detailed insights into flow
CFD Simulations
within turbomachines behavior and performance
Multi-objective Balancing multiple performance Optimized designs across
Optimizati criteria simultaneously various performance metrics
on Approaches

6.PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Key Performance Indicators

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Key performance indicators (KPIs) are metrics used to evaluate the performance of
turbomachinery, including efficiency, pressure ratio, and flow rate. These indicators provide
insights into the operational performance of turbomachines, guiding design and optimization
efforts. Chen and Briley (2001) identified KPIs as critical for monitoring and improving
turbomachinery performance. Chew and Hills (2007) emphasized the importance of real-time
monitoring of KPIs using advanced sensors and data analytics to continuously enhance
efficiency and reliability.

Efficiency and Loss Mechanisms

Efficiency is a primary concern in turbomachinery, influenced by various loss mechanisms
such as friction, turbulence, and heat transfer. Understanding and minimizing these losses is
crucial for optimizing performance. Adamczyk (1999) described losses due to friction and
turbulence as significant factors affecting efficiency. Aghaei Tog et al. (2008) emphasized the
role of CFD simulations in identifying and mitigating loss mechanisms, leading to improved
efficiency.

Blade Design and Aerodynamics

Blade design is critical for optimizing the aerodynamic performance of turbomachinery.
Optimizing blade geometry enhances airflow and reduces losses. Buche et al. (2003)
highlighted the importance of blade design in improving turbomachinery performance.
Blumenthal et al. (2011) emphasized the role of CFD in blade design, providing detailed
insights into aerodynamic performance and identifying areas for improvement.

Thermal and Mechanical Stresses

Thermal and mechanical stresses impact the performance and longevity of turbomachinery.
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High temperatures and mechanical loads can cause material degradation and failure.
Campanari and Iora (2004) noted the significance of understanding these stresses for designing
durable and reliable turbomachines. Advanced materials and cooling techniques are crucial for
mitigating thermal and mechanical stresses, as emphasized by Cao et al. (2005).

Vibration and Noise Analysis

Vibration and noise analysis is essential for ensuring the smooth operation and longevity of
turbomachinery. Excessive vibrations and noise can lead to mechanical failures and operational
inefficiencies. Advanced computational tools and experimental methods are used to analyze
and mitigate these issues, ensuring optimal performance and reliability.

Performance Description Importance

Indicator
Critical for overall performance and
Efficiency Ratio of useful work output to energy
input energy savings
Ratio of the pressure at the exit to the Key indicator of compression
Pressure Ratio
pressure at the inlet performance in compressors
Volume of fluid passing through the Essential for assessing the capacity
Flow Rate
machine per unit time and operational capability
Vibration and Evaluation of mechanical vibrations Important for mechanical integrity
Noise and acoustic emissions and operational comfort
Analysis

7. CONCLUSION
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Fluid dynamics plays a critical role in the design, optimization, and performance analysis of
turbomachinery. By understanding and applying the basic principles of fluid dynamics,
engineers can develop more efficient and reliable turbomachines. The governing equations,
including the continuity, momentum, and energy equations, are essential for modeling fluid
behavior, and advanced turbulence models enable the accurate simulation of complex flow
phenomena.
Turbomachinery can be classified into axial, radial, and mixed flow machines, each with distinct
characteristics and applications. Axial flow machines are known for their high efficiency and
capacity, radial flow machines for their high-pressure ratios, and mixed flow machines for their
balance between flow rate and pressure. Design optimization techniques, such as CFD
simulations, genetic algorithms, and machine learning, allow engineers to explore a wide range
of design configurations and identify the most efficient solutions. Multi-objective optimization
approaches help balance multiple performance criteria, ensuring that turbomachines perform
well across various metrics.
Performance analysis of turbomachinery involves evaluating key performance indicators, such
as efficiency, pressure ratio, and flow rate. Understanding efficiency and loss mechanisms,
optimizing blade design, and addressing thermal and mechanical stresses are crucial for
enhancing performance. Vibration and noise analysis is essential for ensuring the smooth
operation and longevity of turbomachines.
Computational methods, including numerical techniques for fluid dynamics, mesh generation,
solver selection, and post-processing, are vital for accurate and reliable CFD simulations. These
methods provide detailed insights into fluid behavior, guiding design modifications and
optimization efforts. By leveraging advanced computational tools and optimization techniques,
engineers can develop turbomachines that are more efficient, reliable, and capable of meeting
the demands of various applications.
In conclusion, the integration of fundamental fluid dynamics principles, advanced optimization
techniques, and comprehensive performance analysis is essential for the development of high-
performance turbomachinery. The continuous advancement in computational methods and
optimization strategies promises further improvements in the design and operation of
turbomachines, contributing to the efficiency and sustainability of various industrial
applications.
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8. REFERENCES
1] Adamczyk, J. J. (1999). Aerodynamic analysis of multistage turbomachinery flows in support
of aerodynamic design. In ASME 1999 international gas turbine and aeroengine congress and
exhibition (pp. V004T06A001–V004T06A001). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
[2] Afzal, A., Ansari, Z., Faizabadi, A. R., & Ramis, M. (2016). Parallelization strategies for
computational fluid dynamics software: State of the art review. Archives of Computational
Methods in Engineering, 1–27. doi:10.1007/s11831-016-9165-4
[3] Aghaei Tog, R., Tousi, A., & Tourani, A. (2008). Comparison of turbulence methods in CFD
analysis of compressible flows in radial turbomachines. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace
Technology, 80(6), 657–665.
[4] Anagnostopoulos, J. S. (2009). A fast numerical method for flow analysis and blade design
in centrifugal pump impellers. Computers & Fluids, 38(2), 284–289.
[5] Arnone, M., Dominguez, A., & Gomez, M. (2015). A hybrid parallelization strategy of a
CFD code for turbomachinery applications. In 11th European Turbomachinery Conference,
March 23–26, Madrid.
[6] Barton, M., Mansour, M., Liu, J., & Palmer, D. (2006). Numerical optimization of a vaned
shroud design for increased operability margin in modern centrifugal compressors. Journal of
Turbomachinery, 128(4), 627–631.
[7] Beaudoin, M., & Jasak, H. (2008). Development of a generalized grid interface for
turbomachinery simulations with OpenFOAM. In Open Source CFD International Conference,
vol. 468, Berlin.
[8] Blumenthal, R., Hutchinson, B., & Zori, L. (2011). Investigation of transient CFD methods
applied to a transonic compressor stage. In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical
Conference and Exposition (pp. 1423–1430). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
[9] Bochette, N. J. (2005). Computational analysis of flow through a transonic compressor rotor.
Ph.D. thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey.
[10] Bonaiuti, D., & Zangeneh, M. (2010). Parametric design of a waterjet pump by means of
inverse design, CFD calculations and experimental analyses. Journal of Fluids Engineering,
132(3), 031104.
[11] Buche, D., Guidati, G., & Stoll, P. (2003). Automated design optimization of compressor
blades for stationary, large-scale turbomachinery. In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, Collocated with
the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference (pp. 1249–1257). American Society
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of Mechanical Engineers.