- Bernoulli's Principle: Total Pressure - Static Pressure = Dynamic

Pressure (Q)
princible - Dynamic Pressure Formula: Q = 1/2 * rho * v^2 (rho = air density, v =
airspeed)
- Differential Manometer: Measures pressure difference.

- IAS (Indicated Airspeed): Directly from dynamic pressure, affects lift,

drag, control effectiveness. Calibrated for standard sea level conditions.
Airspeed Definitions - CAS (Calibrated Airspeed): Corrected IAS for instrument and position
errors. Often computed by Air Data Computer.
- Compressibility Error: Air compresses at high speeds, affecting total
pressure and IAS accuracy.

Vso: Stall speed in landing configuration (flaps & gear down).

Vs1: Stall speed in clean configuration (max weight).
Vfe: Maximum flap extended speed.
Vno: Maximum normal operating speed (cruise).
AIRSPEED airspeed limit Vne: Never exceed speed. Color Bands:
INDICATOR +Green (Normal Operating Range)
+White (Flap Operating Range)
+Yellow (Caution Range).
Shows climb/descent rate (ft/min). Uses static pressure difference
across a bellows. Standard VSI has lag. IVSI (instantaneous) uses a
VSI (Vertical Speed Indicator) pump for quicker response. Electronic VSIs use inertial or air data
computer inputs.

Lesson 2: Air data instruments Shows ratio of TAS to speed of sound (Mach number). Uses a
Machmeter bellows. Speed of sound varies with temperature/altitude. Max Mach
marked on the dial.

Show alimeter and airspeed - SAT (Static/Outside Air Temp): True air temperature. Calculated
from TAT.
TEMPERATURE
indicator INDICATION
- TAT (Total Air Temp): Measured by probe (Rosemount). Higher
than SAT due to ram rise. Probe has heater (on in flight, off on
ground). Aspirated TAT probes use bleed air on ground for
accuracy.

The static port is a

perforated metal plate
where the holes allow the
outside static air pressure
to enter the static line.
Altimeter, the Airspeed indicator
static pressure sys and the Vertical speed indicator
need static pressure to indicate
correct values ( indicators This difference between the
Ps -> Static head -> Capsule -> Ampli -> Alimeter -> ZpZp connected to a static port ) measured and real static
pressure: SSE (static source

example part of a measurement system PITOT STATIC

SYSTEM
error) or SSE in short.

Pitot pressure

The pitot system is used by the

input, i airspeed indicator.
Probe: actual output, o
sensor:
reading off transducer: The measured pressure is the total on military aircraft
transform the pressure [ Pt = Q + Ps ] with Q:
nose of the aircraft

physical amplify the dynamic pressure generated by

physical indicator airspeed, Ps: static pressure
phenomenon information
phenomenon to
( antenna or The location
below the wing or in
be measured On small aircraft
front of the wing
gauge )
On large aircraft forward part of the
fuselage

Leakage in pitot static systems

cabin unpressurized
alimeter & airspeed temperature The pressure inside cabin
< ambient static pressure
vertical speed: indicator & indicatoir: Tt results of a leakage depend on: size
Ps information mach meter: information of the leakage & aircraft cabin is
pressurized/ not. leakage in the
ALT:, ASI: slightly
increase
Ps & Pt static system
VSI: small jump then
information shows correct data

cabin pressuized the pressure increases in the static

lines.

ALT, ASI: decrease

VSI depends on cabin rate -

controlled bu the
leakage in the airconditioning system
pitot system

cabin unpressurized ASI ? 0 ( beacuse Ps & Pt

nearly the same )

Pt = Q + Ps
Q = V^2*1/2*rho cabin pressuized ASI: unpredictable ( beacuse
ALT ? Ps its depends on altitude and
ASI ? Ps & Pt cabin pressure )

cruise
not get any changes in the indication
blocked pitot static system
1. Ps blocked or
Ps = const
climbing + ASI: decrease
+ ALT: same altitude
+ VSI = 0

descent + ASI: increase

+ ALT: same sltitude
VSI,ALT: not affacted + VSI = 0
because VSI is measured by Ps, ALT
depends on Ps

climb + Ps decreases
+ Pt: can't change ( Pt blocked )
with const speed + ASI: increases
2. Pt blocked or
cant measure Q
+ ASI: no change ( even if thrust changed )
cruise
explain:
same altitude + ASI depends on Ps and Pt
+ Pt: blocked
+ cruise ? Ps: const

descend + Ps: increases ( h: decrease ? P: increase

+ ASI: decreases

+ Pt: decreases = static pressure

input port of the pilot tube blocked + ASI ? 0
+ ALT & VSI: not affected because only get Ps
water drain hole is still open