Research Analyst

Assignment.

Q1: An explanation of AML/KYC/CFT

AML (Anti-Money Laundering), KYC (Know Your Customer), and CFT (Combating
the Financing of Terrorism) are critical components in the financial industry aimed at
preventing financial crimes, including money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illicit
activities. Anti-Money Laundering, or AML for short, is the term for procedures meant to
stop illicit financial transactions, including those involving corruption or criminal activity.
Know Your Customer, or KYC, is the process of confirming a customer's identity and
ensuring they are not engaged in any unlawful activity. Banks and other financial
organizations take this precaution to keep themselves safe. Lastly, halting the flow of funds
that might be used to finance terrorism is the main goal of CFT, or Countering the Financing
of Terrorism. The foundation of a clean financial sector is made up of several systems, which
work together to enable institutions to efficiently monitor and stop questionable activity.

1. AML (Anti-Money Laundering)

AML refers to laws, regulations, and procedures put in place to prevent money laundering,
which is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means
of transfers or transactions involving legitimate financial institutions. Money laundering is a
criminal act that enables criminals to "clean" their illicit money, making it appear legitimate.

AML measures require financial institutions to:

• Monitor transactions for suspicious activity.

• Report large or suspicious transactions to regulatory authorities.
• Implement effective systems and controls to detect, investigate, and report potential
money laundering activities.

2. KYC (Know Your Customer)

KYC is a customer verification process that helps financial institutions identify and verify
their customers to ensure that they are not involved in money laundering or terrorist financing
activities. KYC involves collecting and verifying personal information such as:

• Full name, address, and date of birth.

• Identification documents (passport, national ID, utility bills, etc.).
• Source of funds or income.
KYC helps prevent financial institutions from being used for illegal activities, ensuring they
only deal with legitimate clients. It forms a foundational element of AML measures by
ensuring that institutions understand their customers and their financial activities.

3. CFT (Combating the Financing of Terrorism)

CFT is the practice of detecting and preventing the use of financial systems to fund terrorist
organizations or activities. It overlaps with AML but focuses specifically on preventing the
flow of funds to groups or individuals involved in terrorist activities.

CFT measures include:

• Screening customers against sanctions lists of known terrorists and organizations.

• Identifying suspicious transactions that may be linked to terrorism financing (e.g.,
unusually high international transfers to or from conflict zones).
• Cooperating with global intelligence and law enforcement agencies to track and block
terrorist financing.

How AML/KYC/CFT Work Together in the Financial Industry

Together, AML, KYC, and CFT create a comprehensive framework that financial institutions
must adhere to in order to detect and prevent illegal activities:

• Risk-based Approach: Financial institutions conduct risk assessments on their

customers and transactions to detect unusual patterns of behavior.
• Customer Due Diligence (CDD): Financial institutions conduct due diligence to
verify the identity of their customers and understand the nature of their business,
ensuring they are not involved in illicit activities.
• Ongoing Monitoring: Once a customer relationship is established, institutions
continue to monitor transactions to identify any suspicious activity.
• Reporting: When suspicious activity is detected, financial institutions must file
Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) to regulatory authorities, which will further
investigate the activity.

Impact in the Financial Industry

These measures are not only about compliance with regulations but also crucial in
maintaining the integrity and security of the financial system. They protect financial
institutions from becoming entangled in illegal activities, help ensure the stability of markets,
and promote international cooperation to tackle financial crimes. By using AML, KYC, and
CFT practices, financial institutions reduce their exposure to risks associated with money
laundering and terrorist financing, which could damage their reputation, lead to legal
consequences, and undermine the global financial system.
Q2: Individuals with Political Exposure (PEPs)
Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs)

A Politically Exposed Person (PEP) refers to an individual who holds or has held a
prominent public position, often involving significant influence or power. These positions
can be within government, military, judicial, or international organizations. PEPs can include:

• Heads of state or government

• Senior politicians
• Senior government officials (e.g., ministers, deputies, and assistants)
• Judges, military officers, or diplomats
• Senior executives of state-owned enterprises
• Members of political parties

In addition to the primary PEP, family members and close associates of such individuals are
also considered PEPs due to the potential for influence or access to illicit financial flows.

Key Risks Associated with Dealing with PEPs

1. Corruption Risk
o Bribery and Corruption: PEPs, because of their power and influence, may
be more prone to participating in or facilitating bribery and corrupt practices.
They could be involved in accepting or offering bribes to gain or retain
business or political favor.
o Misuse of Power: PEPs may have the ability to misuse their official position
for personal financial gain, diverting public funds or using government
resources for illegal purposes.
2. Money Laundering Risk
o Illicit Fund Movement: PEPs are at higher risk of being involved in money
laundering activities, often using complex financial transactions to disguise the
illicit origins of their wealth.
o Layering of Funds: They may use shell companies, offshore accounts, or
third parties to conceal their assets and disguise the true nature of the
transactions.
3. Terrorism Financing Risk
o Funding Terrorism: PEPs, especially those in volatile or conflict-prone
regions, could be linked to the financing of terrorism or may have political or
personal motives to fund extremist organizations.
o Unusual Transaction Patterns: PEPs may engage in international financial
transactions that could raise red flags in anti-money laundering (AML) and
counter-financing of terrorism (CFT) screening.
4. Reputational Risk
o Association with Controversy: Financial institutions or businesses dealing
with PEPs can face significant reputational damage if the PEP is later
implicated in corruption, money laundering, or other illegal activities.
o Public Perception: Being associated with PEPs may lead to negative public
scrutiny, which can harm the institution’s reputation and public trust.
5. Compliance and Regulatory Risk
 Legal and Regulatory Obligations: Financial institutions are subject to strict
o
regulations related to PEPs. Failure to adequately screen and monitor PEPs for
suspicious activities can result in legal penalties, fines, and sanctions.
o Increased Due Diligence Requirements: Institutions must implement
enhanced due diligence (EDD) when dealing with PEPs, which requires more
rigorous checks, monitoring, and reporting. If these processes are not properly
followed, it can lead to non-compliance issues.
6. Complexity of Financial Transactions
o High-Risk Transactions: Transactions involving PEPs are often complex,
high-value, and cross-border, which makes it harder for financial institutions
to track and verify the source of funds. This can increase the likelihood of
engaging in illicit activities undetected.

Mitigation Measures for Risks Involving PEPs

• Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD): Financial institutions must carry out additional
scrutiny when dealing with PEPs. This includes gathering more detailed information
on the PEP's source of wealth, business activities, and financial transactions.
• Ongoing Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of accounts and transactions associated
with PEPs is critical to detect any suspicious activity in real-time.
• Regular Review: PEP status should be continuously reviewed, especially as political
positions and roles change over time.
• Risk-based Approach: Financial institutions should assess the level of risk based on
factors such as the PEP’s country of origin, their position, and their known associates,
tailoring their response accordingly.

By understanding and mitigating the risks associated with PEPs, financial institutions can
ensure compliance with regulations, prevent illegal activities, and protect their reputation.

Q3: Sanctions Regulatory Bodies

Regulatory Bodies Responsible for Enforcing Sanctions

Several regulatory bodies are responsible for enforcing sanctions, primarily to combat
terrorism, money laundering, human rights abuses, and other illicit activities. These bodies
vary in terms of their geographic jurisdiction, target entities, legal frameworks, and influence
on the global economy.

Here are the key regulatory bodies responsible for sanctions enforcement:

1. United States - Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)

• Scope: OFAC, part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, enforces U.S. economic
and trade sanctions.
• Target Entities/Individuals: OFAC targets individuals, organizations, and countries
involved in activities such as terrorism, drug trafficking, nuclear proliferation, and
human rights violations.
 • Legal Framework: Sanctions are typically based on U.S. laws like the International
Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and the Trading with the Enemy Act
(TWEA), among others.
• Impact: As the U.S. is a global economic power, OFAC sanctions have significant
extraterritorial impact. Companies worldwide may choose to comply with U.S.
sanctions to avoid losing access to U.S. markets or financial systems.

Key Points:

o Broad enforcement power and international influence.

o Punitive actions such as asset freezes, trade restrictions, and financial bans.
o Impact on global financial institutions, as many use the U.S. dollar or operate
in U.S. markets.

2. European Union (EU) - European External Action (EEAS)

• Scope: The EU enforces sanctions through its Council of the European Union and
European External Action Service (EEAS).
• Target Entities/Individuals: Sanctions apply to individuals, organizations, and
governments engaging in activities like human rights abuses, terrorism, or violations
of international law.
• Legal Framework: EU sanctions are grounded in the EU Common Foreign and
Security Policy (CFSP) and are based on Council decisions.
• Impact: While not as globally influential as U.S. sanctions, EU sanctions affect
European-based entities and those doing business in Europe, which can create
significant compliance costs for global firms.

Key Points:

o Primarily affects EU-based entities and international organizations.

o Impact on trade, finance, and diplomatic relations.
o European-based institutions must comply with sanctions to avoid penalties or
being cut off from European markets.

3. United Nations (UN) - UN Security Council (UNSC)

• Scope: The UN Security Council (UNSC) imposes international sanctions, primarily

aimed at maintaining international peace and security.
• Target Entities/Individuals: Sanctions are imposed on countries, groups, and
individuals that threaten global peace, including terrorist organizations, war criminals,
and violators of international law.
• Legal Framework: UN sanctions are adopted under Chapter VII of the UN
Charter, which authorizes the use of sanctions as a tool for enforcing international
law.
 • Impact: UN sanctions have a global reach as all member states are legally obligated
to implement and enforce them. However, the UNSC’s power is often limited by
political considerations and vetoes from permanent members.

Key Points:

o Broad multilateral sanctions with the backing of all UN member states.

o Enforces peace, security, and the protection of human rights.
o Strong impact on countries involved in conflicts, especially those under arms
embargoes or trade restrictions.

4. United Kingdom - Her Majesty's Treasury (HMT)

• Scope: The HMT is the primary body responsible for enforcing financial sanctions in
the UK.
• Target Entities/Individuals: Similar to OFAC, HMT targets individuals,
organizations, and regimes involved in terrorism, money laundering, or human rights
violations.
• Legal Framework: UK sanctions are governed by the Sanctions and Anti-Money
Laundering Act 2018 and are in line with UK national interests, including
implementing UN sanctions and EU sanctions post-Brexit.
• Impact: As the UK is a major financial hub, HMT sanctions affect global businesses
with ties to the UK and its financial institutions.

Key Points:

o Targets entities involved in terrorism, crime, and corruption.

o Enforces financial sanctions with economic consequences for UK businesses
and global firms.
o Brexit has shifted focus more to national interest rather than EU-wide
sanctions enforcement.

5. Canada - Global Affairs Canada (GAC)

• Scope: Global Affairs Canada (GAC) administers Canadian sanctions through its
Office of the Ombudsman for Sanctions.
• Target Entities/Individuals: Canada targets regimes and individuals involved in
human rights violations, terrorism, and nuclear proliferation.
• Legal Framework: Sanctions are implemented under the Special Economic
Measures Act (SEMA) and the United Nations Act.
• Impact: While Canada’s sanctions are less globally far-reaching, they influence
businesses and financial institutions with operations in Canada or those dealing with
Canadian banks.

Key Points:
 o Typically focuses on international peace and human rights.
o Primarily affects trade and investment activities involving Canada.
o Compliance is mandatory for Canadian entities and global companies dealing
with Canada.

Key Differences Between These Regulatory Authorities

UNSC
GAC
Aspect OFAC (USA) EU (EEAS) (United HMT (UK)
(Canada)
Nations)

Primarily
Primarily Primarily
Global Europe, but
Scope Global UK, impacts Canada,
(extraterritorial) affects global
global firms global impacts
entities

Governments, Countries,
Countries, Governments,
individuals, individuals, Terrorists,
individuals, entities
Target entities in organizations regimes,
organizations violating
Entities violation of threatening human rights
(linked to international
international international violators
terrorism, crime) law, terrorism
law peace

UK laws
(Sanctions
U.S. laws EU Canadian laws
Legal UN Charter and Anti-
(IEEPA, regulations, (SEMA, UN
Framework (Chapter VII) Money
TWEA) CFSP Act)
Laundering
Act)

High due to U.S. Moderate, Moderate,

Moderate, Strong, all
Global dollar affects affects
affects EU- member
Economic dominance and businesses businesses
based states must
Impact global financial with UK with Canadian
businesses comply
reach operations operations

Strong, Strong Strong within

significant Strong within Binding on all within the Canada and
Enforcement
penalties and Europe, less UN member UK and with global
Power
international global reach states international financial
influence businesses institutions

While all these regulatory bodies work towards preventing financial crimes, the key
differences lie in their geographic jurisdiction, legal frameworks, and global influence.
OFAC (USA) and the UNSC (United Nations) have the most substantial impact due to their
global reach and influence. On the other hand, EU (EEAS), HMT (UK), and GAC
(Canada), while influential, have more localized or regional enforcement power. Each
body’s sanctions impact global businesses, financial institutions, and government relations,
shaping the global economic landscape.

Q4: The Effects of the Current Sanctions

Current Sanctions Regimes and Regulations

Sanctions regimes vary by country and region, impacting businesses and individuals
differently depending on their jurisdiction and the target entities involved. Here’s a
breakdown of the current sanctions regimes and regulations in place in several key regions
and countries:

1. United States - Sanctions Regimes and Regulations

• Regulatory Authority: Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)

• Key Sanctions:
o Comprehensive Sanctions: Targeted sanctions against specific countries (e.g.,
North Korea, Iran, Syria).
o Sectoral Sanctions: These are imposed on sectors of the economy, like the oil,
financial, or energy sectors (e.g., Russia).
o Secondary Sanctions: Apply to non-U.S. individuals and entities who
conduct business with sanctioned parties. This is a unique aspect of U.S.
sanctions that can extend to foreign firms, especially in sectors like finance,
oil, and energy.
• Impact on Businesses:
o Access to U.S. Market: Sanctions often result in prohibitions against U.S.
companies or financial institutions dealing with the sanctioned entity, severely
limiting access to U.S. markets.
o Frozen Assets: U.S. sanctions can freeze assets, preventing businesses from
using financial systems connected to the U.S. dollar or U.S. financial
institutions.
o Secondary Sanctions: Foreign companies that continue to deal with
sanctioned entities may face restrictions from U.S. institutions, leading to
economic isolation or denial of market access.
• Impact on Individuals:
o Travel Restrictions: Individuals linked to sanctioned entities may face travel
bans to the U.S.
o Frozen Assets: Personal assets may be frozen, especially if the individual is a
target of U.S. sanctions.
o Employment/Investment Restrictions: Sanctioned individuals may face
barriers in accessing financial services and investments, even in foreign
markets.
2. European Union - Sanctions Regimes and Regulations

• Regulatory Authority: European External Action Service (EEAS)

• Key Sanctions:
o Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP): The EU sanctions regimes
are based on CFSP, which includes economic, trade, and diplomatic sanctions.
o Russia-Ukraine Conflict: The EU has imposed significant sanctions on
Russia, including asset freezes, trade embargoes, and financial restrictions
in response to Russia's actions in Ukraine.
o Human Rights Violations: Sanctions are imposed on individuals and entities
involved in human rights abuses, including travel bans and asset freezes.
• Impact on Businesses:
o Restriction on Trade and Investment: Companies in the EU may face
restrictions on dealing with individuals, entities, or countries under sanctions,
particularly in the financial, energy, and defense sectors.
o Loss of Access to EU Markets: Companies engaging with sanctioned
countries may lose the ability to operate in the EU or access the EU’s financial
infrastructure.
o Supply Chain Disruptions: Trade restrictions can cause supply chain delays,
particularly for businesses reliant on imports from sanctioned countries.
• Impact on Individuals:
o Asset Freezes: Sanctioned individuals may have their assets frozen within the
EU.
o Travel Bans: Targeted individuals may be banned from entering the EU.
o Restricting Access to Services: Individuals may have difficulties accessing
banking or other financial services within the EU.

3. United Nations - Sanctions Regimes and Regulations

• Regulatory Authority: UN Security Council (UNSC)

• Key Sanctions:
o Arms Embargoes: Sanctions imposed to prevent the flow of arms to parties
involved in conflicts, such as those imposed on North Korea and Iran.
o Travel Bans and Asset Freezes: Targeted sanctions on individuals involved in
human rights abuses, terrorism, or destabilizing activities.
o Comprehensive Sanctions: Countries like North Korea and Iran have faced
comprehensive sanctions related to their nuclear programs and support for
terrorism.
• Impact on Businesses:
o Multilateral Compliance: Member states are required to implement UNSC
sanctions, which can impact international businesses and trade.
o Increased Due Diligence: Businesses in member states need to ensure that
they do not engage with entities or individuals listed in UNSC sanctions lists,
leading to higher compliance costs.
• Impact on Individuals:
o Sanctions Listing: Individuals linked to sanctioned entities may face travel
bans, asset freezes, and restrictions on access to global financial systems.
 o Diplomatic Impact: Individuals associated with sanctioned countries may
face diplomatic isolation or reduced international movement.

4. United Kingdom - Sanctions Regimes and Regulations

• Regulatory Authority: Her Majesty's Treasury (HMT)

• Key Sanctions:
o Asset Freezes and Financial Sanctions: The UK imposes sanctions on
individuals, entities, and governments involved in illegal activities such as
terrorism, arms proliferation, or human rights violations.
o Russia-Ukraine Sanctions: In response to Russia’s actions in Ukraine, the
UK has imposed heavy sanctions, including trade embargoes and asset freezes,
which have been aligned with EU sanctions, but have diverged post-Brexit.
• Impact on Businesses:
o Asset Freezes and Trade Restrictions: UK-based companies cannot deal
with businesses or individuals targeted by sanctions, including those from
Russia or other sanctioned countries.
o Global Financial Restrictions: The UK’s significant role in global finance
means that businesses worldwide may face restrictions when operating with
sanctioned parties.
• Impact on Individuals:
o Asset Freezes: Individuals can have their assets frozen if they are found to be
involved in activities that violate UK sanctions.
o Travel Bans: Individuals may face restrictions on traveling to the UK,
depending on the nature of their involvement in sanctioned activities.

5. Canada - Sanctions Regimes and Regulations

• Regulatory Authority: Global Affairs Canada (GAC)

• Key Sanctions:
o Sanctions on Regimes and Individuals: Canada imposes sanctions on
governments, individuals, and entities associated with terrorism, human rights
violations, or international conflict.
o Human Rights Violations and Corruption: Canada’s sanctions also target
individuals involved in human rights abuses and corrupt practices, such as
those imposed on officials from Myanmar and Russia.
• Impact on Businesses:
o Trade and Investment Restrictions: Canadian businesses may be prohibited
from engaging in trade or financial transactions with sanctioned countries,
especially in the defense and energy sectors.
o Export Bans: Certain goods and technologies cannot be exported to
sanctioned countries, affecting Canadian exporters.
• Impact on Individuals:
o Asset Freezes and Travel Bans: Targeted individuals may have their assets
frozen and be banned from entering Canada.
 o Legal and Diplomatic Isolation: Sanctioned individuals may face diplomatic
and social isolation within Canada.

The current sanctions regimes in place across different regions and countries, including the
United States, European Union, United Nations, United Kingdom, and Canada, have
wide-ranging impacts on businesses and individuals.

For businesses:

• Access to Markets: Sanctions often block access to key markets, particularly in

finance and trade.
• Compliance Costs: Firms must invest in compliance infrastructure, due diligence
processes, and legal advice to avoid violating sanctions.
• Operational Risks: Companies face the risk of losing assets or partnerships if found
to be engaged in activities that violate sanctions.

For individuals:

• Financial Restrictions: Sanctioned individuals may have their assets frozen and lose
access to banking services.
• Travel Bans: Travel may be restricted, and diplomatic relations may deteriorate.
• Legal Consequences: Violating sanctions can lead to legal penalties, including fines
or imprisonment.

The overall impact of these sanctions is a deterrent against illicit activities, but they also
create challenges for businesses and individuals trying to navigate the complex regulatory
landscape.

Q5: Sanctioned Persons

1. Ivan Vladimirovich Kubrakov

• Full Name: Ivan Uladzimiravich Kubrakou (alternatively spelled Ivan Vladimirovich

Kubrakov)
• Date of Birth: May 5, 1975
• Place of Birth: Malinovka, Mogilev Oblast, Belarus (formerly part of the USSR)
• Current Position: Minister of Internal Affairs, Belarus (appointed on October 29,
2020)
• Previous Positions:
o Head of Minsk City Police Department (2019–2020)
o Various leadership roles in the Belarusian Ministry of Internal Affairs
 • Sanctions and Allegations:
o Canada: Sanctioned under Canada’s Special Economic Measures (Belarus)
Regulations for his role in suppressing democratic protests and violating
human rights following the controversial Belarusian presidential election in
2020.
o United Kingdom: Included on the UK Sanctions List for overseeing police
brutality against peaceful protesters.
o European Union: Listed for his direct involvement in enforcing violent
crackdowns on civil demonstrations.
• Significance: Kubrakov is accused of leading and organizing state violence against
citizens who protested against Alexander Lukashenko's government. His role in
suppressing free speech and supporting authoritarian rule has led to international
condemnation.
• Education: Ministry of the Interior Academy of the Republic of Belarus

In Belarus, Ivan Vladimirovich Kubrakov serves as the Minister of Internal Affairs. He has
been sanctioned for human rights violations and protest suppression.

He has served in the internal organs since 1995. He worked as a district, senior district
inspector of the department for the protection of law and order and prevention of the Internal
Affairs Directorate of the Central District, Minsk, the head of the Internal Affairs Directorate
of the Central District, Minsk. He headed the Zaslavsky department of the Minsk police
department.
Served in the Main Directorate of Law Enforcement and Prevention of the Public Security
Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. Since 12 May 2017 –
Head of the Main Department of Internal Affairs of the Vitebsk Regional Executive
Committee. On 29 June 2018, he was awarded the special rank of Major General of Militia.

From 28 March 2019 to 29 October 2020 – Head of the Main Department of Internal Affairs
of the Minsk City Executive Committee.[1]

On 29 October 2020, by the decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander
Lukashenko was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus.[2]

On 31 August 2020, against Kubrakov and another 29 Belarusian politicians were introduced
personal sanctions by Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia due to the fact that they "organized and
supported the falsification of the presidential elections in Belarus, and supported the
violent suppression of peaceful protests".[3][4]

On October 2, 2020, the U.S. Treasury added Kubrakov to its Specially Designated Nationals
and Blocked Persons List.[5] On the same day, he was banned from entering the European
Union.[6] Kubrakov was also sanctioned by the United Kingdom,[7] Switzerland,[8] and
Canada.[9]

In 2022, Kubrakov was blacklisted by Japan and Ukraine.[10]

Refrences:
 1. ^ "Начальник ГУВД Мингорисполкома обратился к минчанам и гостям
столицы". 23 August 2020.
2. ^ "Kubrakov appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of Belarus". eng.belta.by. 29
October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
3. ^ "EU sanctions against Belarus come into force". Interfax. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
4. ^ Свабода, Радыё (31 August 2020). "Латвія, Літва і Эстонія ўключылі
Лукашэнку і яшчэ 29 чыноўнікаў ў спіс пэрсон нон-грата. ПОЎНЫ
СЬПІС". Радыё Свабода.
5. ^ SPECIALLY DESIGNATED NATIONALS LIST UPDATE - U.S. Department of
Treasury, 10/02/2020
6. ^ "Council implementing regulation (EU) 2020/1387 of 2 October 2020
implementing Article 8a(1) of Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive
measures in respect of Belarus". Official Journal of the European Union. 2 October
2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
7. ^ "Consolidated List of Financial Sanctions Targets in the UK" (PDF). Office of
Financial Sanctions Implementation HM Treasury. 25 June 2021.
8. ^ Searching for subjects of sanctions
9. ^ "Consolidated Canadian Autonomous Sanctions List". Global Affairs Canada. 19
October 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
10. ^ "KUBRAKOV Ivan Vladimirovich". National Agency for Prevention of Corruption.

Sources:

https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/Q98831330/

https://aif.by/social/nachalnik_guvd_mingorispolkoma_obratilsya_v_minchanam_i_gostyam
_stolicy

2. Abadan Oil Refining Company

• Full Name: Abadan Oil Refining Company (AORC)

• Aliases:
o Palayesh Naft Abadan
o Abadan Refinery
• Headquarters: Abadan, Khuzestan Province, Iran
• Activities: Abadan Oil Refining Company is one of the largest refineries in Iran,
responsible for refining crude oil and producing petroleum products.
• Sanctions and Allegations:
o United States: Designated by the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets
Control (OFAC) for supporting Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
 (IRGC) through oil revenues. The company’s profits are believed to fund
activities related to terrorism and the proliferation of weapons.
o European Union: Sanctioned under EU regulations for its role in financing
Iran’s nuclear program and contributing to the instability in the Middle East.
• Impact of Sanctions:
o Restrictions on financial transactions and trade with global partners have
crippled its ability to operate freely. The company has struggled to maintain
export levels, impacting Iran’s economy.

Built by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later BP) on the basis of a lease obtained in 1909, it
was completed in 1912 as a pipeline terminus, and was one of the world's largest oil
refineries. In 1927, oil exports from Abadan totalled nearly 4.5 million tons.

The Abadan Refinery in 1950

Its nationalisation in 1951 prompted the Abadan Crisis and ultimately the toppling of the
democratically elected prime minister Mossaddegh. The refinery was largely destroyed in
September 1980 by Iraq during the initial stages of the Iraqi invasion of
Iran's Khuzestan province, triggering the Iran–Iraq War.[citation needed] It had a capacity of
635,000 b/d in 1980 and formed a refinery complex with important petrochemical plants. Its
capacity started to bounce back after the war ended in 1988, and was listed in 2013 as
429,000 barrels per day (68,200 m3/d) of crude oil.

In December 2017, Sinopec signed a US$1 billion deal to expand the Abadan refinery. Work
on the second phase of the project was suspended in March 2020 due to the COVID-19
pandemic in Iran.

• Sources:

https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1165

https://2017-2021.state.gov/imposing-sanctions-on-entities-for-engaging-in-
transactions-related-to-irans-petroleum-and-petrochemical-industry/

Maulana Masood Azhar

 • Full Name: Maulana Masood Azhar
• Date of Birth: July 10, 1968
• Place of Birth: Bahawalpur, Punjab Province, Pakistan
• Aliases:
o Masood Azhar
o Maulana Mohammad Masood Azhar Alvi
• Position: Founder and leader of the terrorist organization Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)
• Sanctions:

The U.S. Treasury is prohibiting Americans from "engaging in any transactions" with three
Pakistan-based militants and a front group. Al Rehmat Trust, called "an operational front" for
Jaish-e Mohammed, was designated for providing support to and for acting for or on behalf
of that group, and Mohammed Masood Azhar Alvi, Jaish-e Mohammed's founder and leader,
was designated as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist on the Specially Designated
Nationals and Blocked Persons List for acting on behalf of the group.

The Chinese government blocked a UN Security Council Sanctions Committee listing of

Azhar as a terrorist, thwarting international efforts to disrupt the activities of his
group. Starting 2009, there have been 4 attempts to put Masood Azhar in the UN Security
Council's counter-terrorism sanctions list. All the attempts were vetoed by China, citing 'lack
of evidence'. China moved to protect Azhar again in October 2016 when it blocked India's
appeal to the United Nations to label him as a terrorist. China also blocked US move to get
Azhar banned by UN in February 2017. The most recent attempt was on 13 March
2019. However, China pulled the blockade in May 2019, finally resulting listing of Masood
Azhar as a global terrorist by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee.

• Additional Information: Azhar founded JeM in 2000, which has been responsible
for numerous terrorist attacks, including the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the
2019 Pulwama attack in India.

Mohammad Masood Azhar Alvi - Azhar was born in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan on
10 July 1968 (although some sources list his birth date as 7 August 1968[7]) as the third of 11
children—five sons and six daughters. Azhar's father, Allah Bakhsh Shabbir, was
the headmaster at a government-run school as well as a cleric with Deobandi leanings and his
family operated a dairy and poultry farm.

Azhar dropped out of mainstream school after class 8 and joined the Jamia Uloom Islamic
school, from where he graduated out in 1989 as an alim and was soon appointed as a
teacher. The madrasa was heavily involved with Harkat-ul-Ansar and Azhar was
subsequently assumed under its folds, after being enrolled for a jihad training camp at
Afghanistan. Despite failing to complete the course; he joined the Soviet–Afghan War and
retired after suffering injuries. Thereafter, he was chosen as the head of Harkat's department
of motivation. He was also entrusted with the editorial responsibilities for the Urdu-language
magazine Sad'e Mujahidin and the Arabic-language Sawte Kashmir.

Azhar later became the general secretary of Harkat-ul-Ansar and visited many international
locations to recruit, to raise funds and to spread the message of Pan-Islamism. Among his
destinations were Zambia, Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, the United
Kingdom and Albania.[6]

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masood_Azhar

https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-what-is-jaish-e-mohammed-why-india-
calls-for-global-ban-on-masood-azhar-news-325499

Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar

• Full Name: Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar

• Date of Birth: December 26, 1955
• Place of Birth: Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India
• Aliases:
o Sheikh Dawood Hassan
o Dawood Bhai
• Position: Leader of the Indian organized crime syndicate D-Company
• Sanctions:
o United Nations: Listed under the UN Security Council's ISIL (Da'esh) and
Al-Qaida Sanctions List

template.gov.hr

• Additional Information: Dawood Ibrahim is accused of masterminding the 1993

Bombay bombings and is involved in various criminal activities, including drug
trafficking, extortion, and terrorism.

Dawood Ibrahim is an Indian mob boss and terrorist who leads the D-Company crime
syndicate, founded in Mumbai in the 1970s. His criminal activities include extortion, drug
trafficking, money laundering, and terror funding.

Designation as a Global Terrorist

In 2003, both India and the U.S. designated him as a global terrorist, placing a $25 million
bounty on him for his involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings. He remains one of the
most wanted fugitives globally.

Criminal Network

Dawood’s network spans Asia, Europe, and Africa, with major revenue streams from
narcotics, hawala transactions, and organized crime. He also has significant real estate
investments in India, Dubai, and Karachi.

Links to Terrorism
He is linked to terrorist groups like al-Qaeda and Lashkar-e-Taiba and reportedly facilitated
the 2008 Mumbai attacks. His operations aim to destabilize India, including through
counterfeit currency networks.

Current Location and Sanctions

Dawood is believed to reside in Karachi under the protection of Pakistan’s ISI, despite
official denials. International sanctions from the U.S., U.N., and others restrict his financial
dealings and assets globally.

Legacy and Global Impact

Dawood remains a symbol of transnational organized crime, with his syndicate influencing
terror financing and destabilizing regional security. His name continues to feature
prominently on international sanctions lists.

Sources:

https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/individual
/dawood-ibrahim-kaskar

https://www.thetimes.com/article/the-name-on-the-mumbai-street-over-terror-attacks-is-
dawood-ibrahim-zd2zj9qjskd

5. Mohammad Abdul-Sattar Al-Sayyed

• Full Name: Mohammad Abdul-Sattar Al-Sayyed

• Date of Birth: 1958
• Place of Birth: Tartus, Syria
• Position: Minister of Awqaf (Religious Endowments), Syria
• Sanctions and Allegations:
o European Union (EU): Listed for his role in supporting the Assad regime
during the Syrian Civil War. He has been accused of spreading propaganda
and inciting violence against civilians.
o United States: Included in the U.S. sanctions list for contributing to human
rights abuses and repression in Syria.
• Additional Information:
 o Al-Sayyed has used his position to support pro-Assad policies and suppress
opposition. He has also promoted sectarianism, further destabilizing the
region.

Mohammed Abdul Sattar is a prominent figure in Syrian religious and political circles.
Serving as the Minister of Religious Endowments (Awqaf) since 2007, he has been a key
supporter of the Bashar al-Assad regime, especially during the Syrian civil war. His role as a
Sunni Muslim in a government dominated by Alawite elites highlights his significance in
maintaining religious harmony and the government's narrative.

Early Life and Education

Sattar was born into a Sunni Muslim family in the diverse town of Tartus. His upbringing in a
multicultural environment likely shaped his views on interfaith cooperation. He pursued
higher education in Syria, earning a Degree in Economy and Trade in 1980 and later
completing a PhD in Islamic Studies in 2000 from Damascus University. His academic
background laid the foundation for his dual focus on administrative efficiency and religious
scholarship.

Career Path

Sattar’s career began in 1985 as the Director of Religious Endowments and Mufti of Tartous
Province, where he served until 2002. This role allowed him to build strong local connections
within Syria’s religious framework. In 2002, he was appointed Assistant Minister of
Religious Endowments for Religious Affairs, a position that prepared him for his current role.
In 2007, he became the Minister of Religious Endowments, responsible for overseeing
Syria’s religious policies, maintaining religious sites, and promoting government-backed
interpretations of Islam.

Support for the Assad Regime

As the Syrian uprising began in March 2011, Sattar was one of several Sunni leaders who
aligned with President Bashar al-Assad, a member of the Alawite sect of Shia Islam. His
support for the regime helped present a unified front of Sunni and Alawite cooperation. His
loyalty was reaffirmed when President Assad retained him as Minister in the 2016 Syrian
government restructuring.

International Sanctions

Due to his close ties with the Assad regime and his role in supporting its policies, Sattar has
been subject to international sanctions. The U.S. Department of the Treasury included him on
its Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List in 2012, blocking his assets and
prohibiting U.S. citizens from conducting transactions with him. He is also listed under the
UK's Consolidated List of Financial Sanctions Targets and was sanctioned by the European
Union in October 2012 for his involvement in the regime’s violent repression of civilians.

Advocacy and Speeches

As Minister, Sattar has participated in numerous conferences and delivered speeches
promoting tolerance, interfaith dialogue, and the Syrian government's stance against
terrorism. During the 2015 International Media Conference Against Terrorism, he spoke
about Syria’s martyrs in the fight against Takfiri terrorism. His rhetoric often aligns with the
regime’s narrative of combating extremism to ensure national stability.

Interfaith Initiatives

Recognizing the religious diversity of Syria, Sattar has actively worked to maintain
communication and cooperation between Muslims and Christians. Christians, who constitute
about 10% of Syria’s population, have been politically influential and often supported Assad
to counter the threat of Islamists.

In March 2013, at the Preachers and Imams in the Middle and Coastal Regions Forum in
Tartous, Sattar emphasized the importance of Christians and Muslims spreading tolerance
and unity. Similarly, in June 2014, he visited the newly appointed Patriarch of Antioch, Mor
Ignatius Aphrem II of the Syriac Orthodox Church, to discuss collaborative efforts for peace.
These actions highlight his commitment to fostering interfaith understanding amid the
country’s turmoil.

Legacy and Impact

Sattar’s role as Minister of Religious Endowments has been pivotal in maintaining religious
harmony in Syria under a politically tense environment. While his alignment with the Assad
regime has subjected him to international criticism and sanctions, his efforts to bridge divides
between Syria’s religious communities have reinforced his prominence. His actions, though
controversial, illustrate the complexities of navigating religious and political dynamics in a
war-torn nation.

Sources:

https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/Q6892847/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdul_Sattar

Q6: Individuals with Political Exposure (PEPs).

1. Chan Chun Sing

• Full Name: Chan Chun Sing

• Date of Birth: October 9, 1969
• Place of Birth: Singapore
 • Current Position: Minister for Education of Singapore since May 15, 2021. He is
also the Minister-in-charge of the Public Service since May 1, 2018.
• Previous Positions: Minister for Trade and Industry, Minister for Social and Family
Development, Second Minister for Defence.
• Education: Graduated from the University of Cambridge with a degree in Economics.
• Military Service: Served in the Singapore Armed Forces from 1987 to 2011,
achieving the rank of Brigadier-General.
• Affiliation with Public Companies: As a government official, he does not hold
positions in public companies.

Chan Chun Sing: Brief Profile

Early Life and Education Chan Chun Sing was born on October 9, 1969, in Singapore.
Raised in a single-parent household, he excelled academically, attending Raffles Institution
and Junior College. He later studied economics at Cambridge University and earned an MBA
from MIT Sloan School of Management.

Military Career Chan joined the Singapore Armed Forces in 1987 and rose to the rank of
Major-General. He served in key military roles, including Commander of the 10th Singapore
Infantry Brigade and Chief of Army from 2010 to 2011, before transitioning to politics.

Political Career Chan entered politics in 2011 as part of the People’s Action Party (PAP)
team in the Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency (GRC). Over time, he held
several prominent positions, including Minister for Social and Family Development, Minister
for Trade and Industry, and later, Minister for Education. His political focus includes social
policies, education reforms, and economic strategy.

Controversies Chan faced criticism for using a derogatory term during a 2020 meeting and
for a factual error about cotton in a 2020 interview. These incidents attracted public scrutiny,
but Chan later apologized.

Minister for Education As Education Minister, Chan focused on reducing student stress,
introducing reforms such as the removal of common last topics in exams. He also responded
to a cybersecurity breach in 2024, affecting 13,000 students, by removing a controversial app
from devices.

Personal Life Chan is married with three children and speaks English, Mandarin, Malay, and
Cantonese. He is an Everton F.C. fan and has a background rooted in humble beginnings,
despite his rise in both military and political spheres.

Source:

https://www.pmo.gov.sg/The-Cabinet/Mr-CHAN-Chun-Sing

https://www.pap.org.sg/representative/chan-chun-sing/
https://www.weforum.org/people/chan-chun-sing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Chun_Sing

2. Volodymyr Zelenskyy

• Full Name: Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy

• Date of Birth: January 25, 1978
• Place of Birth: Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine
• Current Position: President of Ukraine since May 20, 2019.
• Previous Positions: Before entering politics, he was a comedian, actor, and producer.
He starred in the television series "Servant of the People," where he portrayed a
fictional president of Ukraine.
• Education: Graduated from Kyiv National Economic University in 2000 with a law
degree.
• Family: Married to Olena Zelenska, with two children: daughter Oleksandra and son
Kyrylo.
• Affiliation with Public Companies: Prior to his presidency, he was involved in the
entertainment industry, notably with the production company Kvartal 95.

Early Life and Career: Volodymyr Zelenskyy was born on January 25, 1978, in Kryvyi
Rih, Ukraine. He studied law but pursued a career in comedy, founding the popular group
Kvartal 95. He starred in the TV series Servant of the People, where he portrayed a teacher-
turned-president.

Presidential Election: In 2018, Zelenskyy launched his political party, Servant of the
People. He campaigned as an anti-corruption outsider and won the 2019 presidential election
with 73.23% of the vote.

Leadership During the War: Zelenskyy led Ukraine through Russia’s full-scale invasion in
2022, staying in Kyiv and rallying the nation. He was named Time Person of the Year in 2022
for his leadership.

Political Style and Personal Background: Zelenskyy advocates for anti-corruption and
digital governance, using social media extensively. He comes from a Jewish family, with his
grandfather serving in WWII. His presidency has been marked by efforts to unite Ukraine's
diverse populations.

Volodymyr Zelenskyy has been President of Ukraine since May 2019, elected under the
Servant of the People party. His presidency began with a call for early parliamentary
elections, which led to a strong mandate for reforms. Zelenskyy focused on combating
corruption, reducing oligarch influence, and centralizing political power. He also aimed to
resolve the Donbas conflict with Russia, but peace efforts have largely been unsuccessful.

His government has faced challenges, including political instability, declining approval
ratings, and criticism over governance. Zelenskyy’s foreign policy has prioritized
strengthening ties with the U.S., EU, and NATO, while also navigating tensions with Russia.
His administration has also handled significant crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic and
the 2020 shooting down of UIA Flight 752 by Iranian forces.

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine saw Volodymyr Zelenskyy rise to prominence as a
wartime leader.

Phase 1 (24 Feb – 7 Apr 2022):

After Russia launched its invasion, Zelenskyy declared martial law and mobilized the
country. Despite being a target for assassination, he stayed in Kyiv, becoming a global
symbol of resistance.

Phase 2 (8 Apr – 5 Sep 2022):

Zelenskyy criticized Western nations for slow responses and rejected territorial concessions
to Russia, pushing for Ukraine’s independence and political unity.

Phase 3 (6 Sep – 31 Dec 2022):

Following Russia's annexation of Ukrainian territories, Zelenskyy refused peace talks and
secured continued U.S. support during his visit to Washington in December.

Phase 4 (2023):
Zelenskyy pushed for global isolation of Russia and accountability for war crimes, while
focusing on military mobilization amid the war’s stalemate.

Phase 5 (2024):
He reshuffled Ukraine’s military leadership and criticized global leaders like Modi for
engaging with Putin during the ongoing conflict.

Phase 6 (2024, August–present):

Zelenskyy continued his strategic military efforts while condemning China’s support for
Russia and making key reforms to strengthen Ukraine’s defence.

Throughout the war, Zelenskyy has led Ukraine with resilience, securing international
support while resisting Russian advances.

Political Views
Zelenskyy supported Ukraine's EU and NATO membership, with the people deciding
through referendums. He opposed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline and advocated for Ukraine's
independence from Russia.

Economic Issues
Zelenskyy’s promise to lower communal tariffs was criticized as vague, with his electoral
manifesto suggesting using capital amnesty funds for lowering tariffs on low-income citizens.

Social Issues
Zelenskyy supported equal rights but opposed same-sex marriage during wartime due to
constitutional limitations. He also passed a law targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church
(Moscow Patriarchate).
Personal Life
Zelenskyy married Olena Kiyashko in 2003, with two children. His first language is Russian,
but he is fluent in Ukrainian and English.

Source:

https://www.president.gov.ua/en

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Volodymyr-Zelensky

https://www.weforum.org/people/volodymyr-zelenskyy/

https://www.president.gov.ua/en/president/biografiya

https://www.weforum.org/people/volodymyr-zelenskyy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representatives_of_the_President_of_Ukraine

3. Hemanth M. Rao

Born 4 September 1983 (age 41)[1]

Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Nationality Indian

Occupation Filmmaker

Hemanth M. Rao is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work in Kannada
cinema. He gained recognition with his directorial debut Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu
(2016), a critically acclaimed drama about a man searching for his father with Alzheimer's.
The film was a box office success, starring Rakshit Shetty and Anant Nag.

Rao began his career in 2005 with a brief stint in journalism before entering the film industry
as an assistant director. He worked under Girish Kasaravalli on Gulabi Talkies (2008) and
with Jacob Varghese on Savaari (2009) and Prithvi (2010).

He co-produced Humble Politician Nograj (2018), a political satire, under his banner Lost &
Found Films. Rao's first venture into Hindi cinema was co-writing Andhadhun (2018), which
won numerous awards, including a Filmfare Award and a National Film Award for
screenplay.

Rao's second directorial, Kavaludaari (2019), won Best Movie at the 12th Bengaluru
International Film Festival. He continued his success with Maestro (2021) and Sapta
Sagaradaache Ello, a romantic drama split into two parts. Side A was released in September
2023, followed by Side B in November 2023, both receiving critical acclaim.

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemanth_M._Rao

4. Siromi Dokonivalu Turaga

Turaga in 2023

35th Attorney-General of Fiji

In office

24 December 2022 – 5 June 2024

Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka

Preceded by Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum

Succeeded by Graham Leung

Minister for Justice

Assumed office

24 December 2022

Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka

Preceded by Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum

Member of the Fijian Parliament for PA List

Assumed office

14 December 2022

Personal details

Born 1967 or 1968

Tovulailai, Fiji

Political party People's Alliance

Siromi Dokonivalu Turaga is a Fijian lawyer, politician, and former cabinet minister who
served as the Attorney-General of Fiji from 2022 to 2024. He is a member of the People's
Alliance.

Born in Tovulailai on Nairai in the Lomaiviti Islands, Turaga was educated at AOG Primary
School in Kinoya and Central Fijian School in Nausori. He studied at the University of the
South Pacific and Saint Peter's University in the United States. Joining the Fijian civil service
in 1991, Turaga worked in the Prime Minister's office before studying law. He was admitted
as a lawyer in 1999 and later became a magistrate in 2012.

In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Turaga acquitted two men of breaching
curfew, a decision later overturned by the High Court. His contract as a magistrate was not
renewed, and he claimed he was dismissed for ruling against the government.

Turaga ran as a People's Alliance candidate in the 2022 Fijian general election and was
elected to the Parliament of Fiji. He became Attorney-General in December 2022 under the
coalition government of Sitiveni Rabuka.

However, in March 2024, Turaga faced a police investigation over his handling of a 2022
divorce case. In June 2024, he was removed from his position as Attorney-General over
advice related to an MP's pay rise and replaced by Graham Leung.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siromi_Turaga

5. Hossein Amir-Abdollahian

• Full Name: Hossein Amir-Abdollahian

• Date of Birth: April 3, 1974
• Place of Birth: Tehran, Iran
• Current Position: Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran since August 2021.
• Previous Positions: Deputy Foreign Minister for Arab and African Affairs, Deputy
Minister for Asia-Pacific Affairs.
• Education: Holds a master's degree in international relations from the University of
Tehran.
• Affiliation with Public Companies: As a government official, he does not hold
positions in public companies.

Hossein Amir-Abdollahian (April 23, 1964 – May 19, 2024) was a prominent Iranian
politician and diplomat, serving as the Foreign Minister of Iran from 2021 until his death in a
helicopter crash in 2024. He had a long career in foreign affairs, beginning with his role as
Deputy Foreign Minister for Arab and African Affairs from 2011 to 2016.

Early Life and Education

Amir-Abdollahian was born in Damghan, Iran, and experienced a challenging childhood,
losing his father at a young age. He went on to pursue higher education, earning a bachelor's
degree in Diplomatic Relations, a master's degree in International Relations, and a Ph.D. in
International Relations from Tehran University. His early academic interests and training laid
the foundation for his future career in diplomacy.

Career
Amir-Abdollahian’s professional journey began in 1991 when he joined the Iranian civil
service. He initially worked in the Prime Minister's office and later in the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. Over time, he held several critical positions, including serving as the special aide to
the Speaker of the Iranian Parliament on international affairs and Director General of
International Affairs of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. His diplomatic career spanned
multiple international domains, including the nuclear negotiations during the presidency of
Mohammad Khatami and Iran’s regional strategy, especially regarding Iraq, Syria, and
Hezbollah.

He was a close associate of Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Quds Force, and shared
the same vision for Iran’s regional influence, particularly in the Arab world. Amir-
Abdollahian was also involved in some of Iran's most significant negotiations, including the
trilateral meeting with the US and Iraq in 2007, where his diplomatic acumen came to the
forefront.

Foreign Minister
In 2021, Amir-Abdollahian was appointed as the Foreign Minister of Iran. His tenure marked
a focus on restoring Iran’s diplomatic ties, particularly with Saudi Arabia. Under his
leadership, Iran and Saudi Arabia resumed diplomatic relations in March 2023 after years of
severed ties. This breakthrough was seen as a potential step toward easing tensions in the
region, particularly in conflict zones like Yemen, Syria, and Iraq.

Amir-Abdollahian’s leadership was also instrumental in navigating complex diplomatic

challenges involving the Iran-Israel tensions, Iran’s support for Hamas in Gaza, and Iran’s
role in the broader Middle East conflict. He took a firm stand on issues such as the Israel-
Hamas war and Iran's interests in supporting regional resistance movements, while
simultaneously working to ease tensions with other world powers, including engaging in
strategic talks with European diplomats and the United States.

Legacy and Influence

Amir-Abdollahian was a central figure in shaping Iran's foreign policy over the years,
especially in terms of its regional strategies and nuclear negotiations. His relationship with
Hezbollah and his strong stance on Iran’s role in supporting Palestinian and anti-Israel
movements were key aspects of his diplomatic persona. His death in 2024 left a significant
void in Iran's diplomatic leadership, as he was a prominent advocate for Iran’s interests on
the global stage.

Throughout his career, he was known for his resilience in the face of adversity, his strategic
vision for Iran, and his ability to navigate complex political landscapes, both within Iran and
on the international stage. His contributions to Iranian diplomacy and regional politics
continue to resonate even after his passing.

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Amir-
Abdollahian#:~:text=Hossein%20Amir%2DAbdollahian%20(Persian%3A,Affairs%20betwe
en%202011%20and%202016.