The Effects of Poultry manure, Rice Hull, Eggshells, and Banana peels as Organic

Fertilizer on the Growth of Pechay Plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis)

In partial fulfillment in APPL113: Research in Daily Life II

Ateneo De Naga Senior High School

Instructor:

Ms. Rechel C. Yuson

Researchers:

Detera, Gibson
Formalejo, Ma. Christina
Labay, Mary Andrea Kate
Moral, Ednard Jason
Rebustillo, Christian Gerard
Velasco, Venus Therese
 Chapter I

Background of the study

Farmers from 8,000 years ago are believed to have the earliest discovery of fertilizer,

although the original idea of fertilizer application may have only dated back 2,000 to 3,000

years. Amy Bogaard, an archaeobotanist at the University of Oxford, led a team to look for early

evidence of fertilizer use. They concluded that farmers from 8,000 years ago discovered animal

manure as a potential fertilizer after noticing increased crop growth in areas of natural dung

accumulation where animals gathered (Bogaard et al., 2013). After that, natural fertilization grew

more sophisticated; for example, the ancient Egyptians put ashes from burned weeds to soil;

additional elements utilized in ancient times included seashells, clay, and vegetable waste and

eventually became a trend for home-based farming for it is not just helpful for their plants but

also for their waste. Hence, this study aims to compare the four organic fertilizers and conclude

which one is the best. Each of the fertilizers, poultry manure, rice hulls, eggshells, and bananas

are discussed in the following paragraph.

Poultry manure is the most common fertilizer used in farming. In the United States, the

increasing amount of poultry manure has been a concern due to the popularity of egg production.

Because of this, poultry manure is then applied to crops and pasture lands to recycle nutrients

(Hoover et al., 2019). These nutrients include nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K),

calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chlorine

(Cl), boron (B), iron (Fe), and molybdenum (Mo) which provides a portion or all of the plant
requirements (Chastain et al., n.d.). People have now started to study poultry manure as a

fertilizer, comparing it to inorganic fertilizers. Results showed that some crops benefited from

the manure, and some showed effect after repeated applications. Although some had positive

results, others had no improvement (Clark et al., 2017).

Another convenient fertilizer that is used in farming is rice hulls. Rice hulls are the

yellow protective covers of rice grains, which are considered waste or fertilizers after going

through the process of milling. Rice hulls have a dense source of carbon which helps increase the

capacity of the soil to hold water and nutrients, improves soil aggregation, porosity, infiltration,

etc., when composted. Rice hulls that are composed are mixed with other nutrient-rich materials

to make it a high-quality fertilizer. Applying the rice hull directly to the plant may bind the soil

nitrogen (Trail, 2019).

Eggshells are also found as an effective fertilizer. Due to the increasing amount of

discarded eggshells, studies have been conducted to find their benefits. Results showed that

eggshells are a source of organic phosphorus, making them an excellent natural fertilizer

(Kınaytürk et al., 2021). Organic phosphorus (P) helps the plant in photosynthesis, transfer of

energy, sugar and starches transformation, nutrient movement in the plant, and passing genetic

characteristics to generations (International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI, 2019). Eggshells can

be mixed with other fertilizers by grinding them into powder.

Another discarded waste that can be used as fertilizer is banana peels. Bananas are known

for their rich source of potassium, nutrients that can moderate sugar levels, and a lot more. The
bananas themselves may be nutritious, but the banana peels are often disregarded, not knowing

that they can be used in many ways, such as an alternative fertilizer for your garden. Banana

peels are beneficial to plants because they contain 42% potassium (K), one of the three

significant components of fertilizer, together with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and are

represented on fertilizer labels as NPK. Banana peels are one of the richest organic sources of

potassium (Barbano, 2020). However, banana peels may contain many nutrients for plants, but it

does not support every nutrient that the plant needs. In using banana peels as fertilizer, there are

two methods which are; simply cut the bananas into pieces and bury them into the soil but it will

take time to decompose, and brew the banana peels until it turns into a tea-like substance, let it

rest for one to two weeks then you can use it as a nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer. It is similar to a

slow-release fertilizer but what is beneficial about banana peels is that it helps with waste and

can be an alternative fertilizer to plants without much cost.

The four fertilizers are organic wherein it feeds the soil first and the soil feeds the plant

with nutrients coming from the fertilizer compared to synthetic fertilizer which directly feeds the

plants (Milorganite, 2021). Organic fertilizer has a variety of benefits to plants and the

environment. It is biodegradable, renewable, and eco-friendly, easy to make and use, and

improves the quality of your soil, not just the plant, over time. However, the distribution of the

nutrients is not equal and it will take time before you see visible results, unlike synthetic

fertilizers which can show fast results to the plant. That is why industrial companies or farms

prefer synthetic fertilizers because of their fast results and even distribution of nutrients to the

plants or crops. However, from the word synthetic, it is made from chemical substances which
can damage the soil over time although it is proven to have great results for plants and crops, it is

just a temporary boost.

Using organic fertilizers is essential and recommended because it will be beneficial to

plants/crops, the environment, and waste. It aids plants in boosting soil fertility by enhancing

physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as crop health and production, and crop

quality (Ahmad et al., 2016). Recycling waste materials not only aids plant development and

nourishment but also aids in reducing the quantity of trash in the environment. This aids in the

reduction of pollutants in the soil, air, and water.

Given the numerous environmental risks posed by human waste, simple actions such as

using organic fertilizer on our plants and crops, even if they are only in your backyard, maybe

highly beneficial. Using it is not temporary because the longer the waste stays in the soil, the

more it gives nutrients to the soil, it becomes better as time passes. Therefore, this will be

beneficial to future crops because the soil is already rich in nutrients and will result in a better

outcome for the plant. In comparison to synthetic fertilizer, organic fertilizer may take a long

time to show promising results, but once it does, the quality of the soil will improve, which will

help future crops flourish, whereas synthetic fertilizer may show fast results but it could harm the

soil and its environment.

 Statement of the problem

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the given waste materials which

include rice hull, poultry manure, eggshell, and banana peel as organic fertilizer which will affect

the growth of the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis). Variables such as the height of

the plant, the thickness of the stem, and the color of the leaves are among the observable

variables that will be documented in the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis).

Especially, this research aims to answer the following questions:

● What are the primary factors that affect the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa subsp.
Chinensis) growth?

● What benefits would the waste materials contribute to the environment?

● What are the differences between the waste materials’ effect on the Pechay plant
(Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis)?

● What shall be the effect of combining all the variables as one fertilizer and the effect of
having no fertilizer at all?

● Which waste material had the best result on the growth rate of the Pechay plant (Brassica
rapa subsp. Chinensis)?

Hypotheses

Null: The effect of combining all common waste as an organic fertilizer will be less than or equal

to the effect of using common waste materials individually.

Alternative: The mixture of all the common waste as an organic fertilizer will have a greater

effect than the common waste material used individually.

 Significance of the study

It has been shown for decades that using organic fertilizer is a viable method for attaining

the universal aim of environmental preservation and conservation. With the given common

waste, which are poultry manure, rice hulls, banana peels, and eggshells, the researchers' goal is

to give significance to this research study by providing organic fertilizers that can help the

groups of people. In conclusion, the following groups will benefit from the results of the

research:

● Farmers

The results of this study can assist farmers, particularly small-scale farmers, who are

struggling to boost their agricultural production due to a lack of funds. They can learn or

improve how to spend less money on fertilizer while still getting the same or better

results.

● Environmental Organizations

Many environmental organizations may benefit from the result of this research because it

can make them feel more confident about pursuing their campaigns and activities. After

all, they can strengthen their position in promoting and gaining support for their

campaign.

● The School: Ateneo de Naga Senior Highschool

The results of this research may be useful to the school in enhancing their gardening,

landscaping, floriculture, and other plant-related projects. Because the goal of this study
 is to develop an efficient biofertilizer without using or spending a lot of money, the

school might reduce its budget for these plant-related projects and redirect it to other

projects that require funds.

● Rice mill businesses and poultry farmers

They will benefit from this study because they will be able to appropriately dispose of the

poultry manure and rice hull. If this research continues, they may be a farmer's associate

or possibly a provider of these basic materials which can help them enhance and build

their business in the long run.

● Agriculture-focused students and Future Researchers

Future researchers and Agriculture-focused students who intend to undertake the same

experimental study or any other study connected to biofertilizers can use the findings of

the study as reference material and a guide.

Scope and Delimitations

This research study aims to investigate "The Effects of Poultry manure, Rice Hull,

Eggshells, and Banana peels as Organic Fertilizer on the Growth of Pechay Plant (Brassica rapa

L. ssp. Chinensis)". It concentrates on waste products that can be utilized as a new fertilizer for

Pechay plants and their effectiveness. The height of the plant, the thickness of the stem, and the

color of the leaves are all factors to consider. This study will take place in one of the researchers'

neighborhoods, namely in Mr. Ednard Jason Moral's backyard. The researchers began compiling

this study on September 10th, 2021 until it is completed. This research will primarily focus on
identifying and evaluating the various elements that influence Pechay plant (Brassica rapa

subsp, Chinensis) growth. It specifies that this study is limited between the researchers and the

subject. This study may not be generalizable to other populations not involved in the study and

that it will be carried out with limited resources. The information will be gathered by

observation, experimentation, and record keeping. The researchers will compile the data to

calculate the plant's height, stem thickness, and leaf color. This study will employ descriptive

statistics to aid in the analysis and interpretation of data to make informed decisions.

One factor that can affect the research methodology is the climate. Since the researchers

cannot control the weather, the temperature, and the light it will affect the plant growth of the

Pechay plant (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis). Time will set a barrier for the researchers

especially in the research methodology in the time of growth of the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa

subsp. Chinensis). The researchers cannot control the growth speed of the Pechay plant (Brassica

rapa subsp. Chinensis) which will be an estimate of 4-6 weeks for a Pechay plant (Brassica rapa

subsp. Chinensis) to be fully grown.

Definition of Terms

Archaeobotanist - Archaeobotany is an interdisciplinary field that combines botanical and

archaeological data. It focuses on the analysis of archaeologically preserved plant evidence as

well as the reconstruction and interpretation of past human-plant relationships.

Common Waste - Common waste can be classified into five types of waste which are all

commonly found around the house. These include liquid waste, solid rubbish, organic waste,

recyclable rubbish, and hazardous waste.

Organic Fertilizer - Organic fertilizers are compounds that can be added to soil or plants to

supply nutrients and sustain growth. They include ingredients like manure, guano, dried and

powdered blood, ground bone, crushed shells, finely pulverized fish, phosphate rock, and wood.

Organic Phosphorus - Organic forms of phosphorus include dead plant/animal residues and soil

microorganisms. Soil microorganisms play a key role in processing and transforming these

organic forms of phosphorus into plant-available forms.

Slow-release Fertilizer - It maintains a consistent delivery of plant nutrients over time. They

contain plant nutrients (mainly nitrogen) in a form that prevents them from becoming available

right away.

Soil Fertility- Soil fertility refers to the soil's ability to support plant development and enhance

crop yield. This can be improved by applying organic and inorganic fertilizers to the soil.

Synthetic Fertilizer - Synthetic fertilizers are chemically manufactured materials containing one

or more of the primary nutrients necessary for plant growth: nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium.
 Chapter 2

Review of Related literature

This chapter discusses the relevant literature and studies of "The effects of Poultry

manure, Rice Hull, Eggshells, and Banana peels as Organic Fertilizer on the Growth of Pechay

Plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis)". The goal of this chapter is to give significant relevant

literature on the research study and to bridge other studies to our research study. This chapter

also includes a summary of the subject to fully comprehend the research and gain a better

understanding of the study.

Effectivity and Benefits of Organic Fertilizer

Fertilizers are in high demand nowadays due to the growing population, thus increasing

demand for agricultural products. There are three main types of fertilizer: synthetic, biological,

and organic, although organic fertilizer is the most recommended. According to El-Sayed (2020),

organic fertilizer is produced from organic materials such as organic compost, poultry manure,

poultry droppings, domestic sewage, and carbon-containing plant waste. As a result, utilizing

organic material is less expensive and naturally beneficial, and harmless for plants and soil.

Synthetic fertilizers are also in great demand, mainly in industrial farming, since they offer an

immediate boost of nutrients to plants which may be seen within 1-2 weeks allowing for faster

production of goods. However, an instant outcome can have long-term consequences mainly

because it can reduce soil fertility by stimulating excessive microorganism development, which

depletes organic matter in the soil over time (Han S. H. et al., 2016).
 According to Chen (2020), every fertilizer has advantages and disadvantages to both the

plant and the soil. In terms of organic fertilizer, it provides a balanced distribution of nutrients to

specifically healthy plants. However, due to their poor nutritional content, if the plant is not

healthy or still in the nursery stage, it will be hard for the plants’ development because a more

significant amount is required to supply sufficient nutrients. Various organic components act as

soil conditioners and fertilizers for both plants and soil, gradually improving the soil and making

it more useful in the long run, making the products chemical-free. Also, it promotes a healthy

soil environment, which keeps insects, plant diseases, and weeds at bay. Therefore, it is

suggested that organic fertilizer or a combination of organic and synthetic fertilizers be used in

preference to artificial fertilizers to maintain soil characteristics and improve soil production,

(Assefa, 2019).

Organic fertilizers are important to the plant’s growth. The progressive release of

nutrients would ensure a season-long supply. Less soluble implies less nutrient loss to the

environment and minor salt damage to plants. They contribute organic matter to soil health by

improving water-holding capacity and cation exchange capacity. They increase soil structure

while stimulating microbial activity. Plants benefit from organic fertilizers because they provide

them with micronutrients. Concerning the product's nutritional worth, some sources claim that

organic tomatoes contain more flavonoids and vitamins than regular tomatoes (What organic

fertilizers mean to plants and soil, 2018). Organic farming decreases soil erosion and hazardous

material exposure to humans, animals, and the environment. It satisfies local markets and fulfills

local manufacturing requirements (Organic Agriculture | National Institute of Food and

Agriculture, 2021). Shifting from conventional to organic farming offers several advantages for
human health and well-being, including environmental protection (soil, water, and air), soil

fertility restoration through improved physical, chemical, and biological features, and improved

crop quality (Ahmad et al., 2016).

Nations that produce rice crops generate a lot of rice hulls annually and one of those

nations is India. Rice hulls have a lot of benefits such as fertilizers in rice seedbeds because of

their silicon content and about half of the rice hulls generated are used to fuel many

establishments in South India. The silicon content found in rice plants may not be completely

replenished but it does contribute to lessening the effect of silicon deficiency in the soil (Prakash

et al, 2007).

Growth of Pechay Plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis)

According to Bercero et. al (2014), the purpose of this study was to see how well pechay

(Brassica rapa) grew in composts made from single and combination applications of these

organisms as mulch. The experiment was set up in a three-fold Randomized Complete Block

Design. The number of leaves, width, and length, as well as wet and dry weights, of pechay

seedlings, were measured after four weeks of growth in polyethylene bags. Among the six

compost treatments, it generated the most leaves, the broadest leaf diameter, the longest leaf

length, and the heaviest fresh and dry weights, and is comparable to plants treated with an

inorganic fertilizer indicated for pechay production.

According to Khaimer, M.D & Nar, S.S. (2019), Plants need fertilizers for growth and

development. There are two classified wastes in making fertilizers which are dry and wet waste.
Common waste is used as fertilizer for the agricultural field. All plants have different nutrient

requirement levels. The regular requirement of a plant is to have a pH range of 6.0-7.5. A plant

requires 16 essential nutrients. Organic waste can supply plants to maintain a constant level of

nutrition in the soil. Fertilizer is a source that can give nutrition to the soil. Chemical fertilizers

make soil impure and also decrease soil immunity. Nitrogen is important in agriculture because it

improves crop activity and improves food quality. Eggshells have abundant Calcium in them.

Calcium is required in the development of plant growth. It also plays an important part in the

production of a plant's cell wall membrane and decreases soil acidity. Hydrogen plays a crucial

function in the plant's development. Organic carbon provides nutrients for plant growth while

also improving the soil's structure, biological, and physical health. Carbon is one of the most

important building components for plants, as it promotes their growth and development.

The impact of poultry manure on some soil physical properties Moisture content (i.e.

plant accessible water) and bulk density were the two key physical parameters measured. Poultry

manure application enhanced soil moisture content. Poultry manure adds organic matter to the

soil because of its high organic carbon concentration. Organic matter has the ability to retain

significant amounts of soil moisture, which explains why the moisture content of the soil rose

after the manure was applied. The addition of poultry manure has resulted in a positive change in

soil moisture content (Boateng et.al, 2006).

The experiment was conducted with the use of Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) on three organic manures namely farmyard, poultry, and mushroom manure to identify

its effect on Brassica Rapa Chinensis. Results concluded that among the three organic fertilizers,

poultry manure being the most effective and show significant data in terms of the number of
inflorescence, leaves, branches, and leaf area. On the contrary, farmyard manure showed

significance in root length and stem diameter, while mushroom manure with only one variable

which is the stem diameter (Hussain et al, 2016).

The Agricultural industry's Current State

Agriculture produces the majority of jobs, accounting for around two-thirds of all

occupations, and agriculture also makes for the majority portion of gross domestic product

(GDP), estimated to be over 40% (Sanchez, 2015). The analysis of the National Economic

Development Authority (NEDA) (2015), also backed up the agricultural sector's contribution

that agriculture was one of the primary sectors that employed 158, 000 Filipinos in 2014, but had

already offered a boost of 101,000 jobs in January 2015, adding to a 3% increase in total

employment. This demonstrates that agriculture is one of the areas that contribute to the

Philippine economy's growth.

Despite their importance to the economy, many citizens increasingly undervalue farmers

and their occupations. According to a survey conducted by a Wright State University Lake

Campus agricultural student, there are still many people who recognize the importance of

agriculture and farmers. Kruoskop (2014), also added that there is a great number of people who

respect farmers, yet it appears that this group is also involved in agriculture. Thus, Muhlenkamp

(2014), generalized that numerous people believe farming's value has diminished, and they are

unaware of all that goes into it. One other factor that shows that farmers and agriculture are

undervalued is that almost every buyer believes they overpaid on the day, while the seller

believes they made a mistake by selling at a low price (Robinson, 2020) . Robinson (2020) also
added that valuers are acting on the banks' orders, thus there can't be any adverse vindication for

the valuer other than the fact that they're doing what they're instructed. As a result, banks assume

that farm values are constant. In other words, compared to the prior sale, the values move in a

reasonably predictable linear pattern.

Despite technical advancements and positive reports about agriculture over the past years,

the agricultural sector still faces a variety of obstacles, in addition to being undervalued.

According to Sanchez (2015), the Philippines' agricultural sector is always confronted with

issues. Lack of initiatives to link agriculture and industry, insufficient activities, low

machinery/technological advancement, low agriculture competitiveness, low rural employment,

food insecurity, and low farm income were noted as difficulties. And as stated by Ha et al.

(2016), one of the key problems in several branches of economics, such as development

economics, international economics, and macroeconomics, is determining the underlying causes

of poor productivity in developing nations. In other words, the misallocation of resources across

heterogeneous enterprises is to blame for low productivity in developing economies. According

to Kim et al. (2018), climate change will have a significant impact on Cambodia, as it has on

many other emerging nations, threatening food security and long-term economic growth.

Climate change could lead to more frequent droughts and floods, as well as a lack of adaptive

capacity. Adaptive capacity refers to a system's, institution's, human's, or other organism's ability

to react to possible harm, seize opportunities, or respond to consequences (Kim et al., 2018).

As reported by the Department of Agriculture (2020), many farmers have said that 2019

was a difficult year for them because of the implementation of Republic Act 11203, or the Rice
Pricing Act (RTL). The fixing of rice prices ultimately leads to an increase in income poverty

and has the potential to have a negative impact on domestic rice farmers because even with a 35

percent tariff, imported rice will lower domestic prices and damage farmers' incomes. But, 2020

was the most stressful year for the Philippine agricultural sector, as the country was hit by a slew

of natural disasters, including the eruption of Mount Taal, a massive pest infestation, infectious

animal disease, a viral pandemic, and a series of typhoons in the last quarter of the year.

With all of these issues mentioned, there are also some solutions. The Philippines should

invest in its agricultural industry to achieve sufficient crop production to adequately respond to

disasters and should concentrate on these 17 Global Sustainable Development Goals:

ending/minimizing hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting

sustainable agriculture. Agriculture also produces the majority of jobs, accounting for around

two-thirds of all occupations, and agriculture also makes for the majority portion of gross

domestic product (GDP), estimated to be over 40% (Sanchez, 2015). Maintaining agricultural

productivity is a necessary condition for emerging countries to achieve long-term economic

growth. Because increased agricultural production is required to propel the economy (Kim et al.,

2018). According to Ha et al. (2016), reallocating the budget to agriculture would result in

productivity increases, which might help to accelerate potential growth through better interfirm

resource allocation.

Discussion

● In Chen’s (2020) study on the combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or

biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility, it is found that there are different
 advantages and disadvantages on each kind of fertilizer. In terms of organic fertilizer, it

provides a balanced distribution of nutrients to specifically healthy plants. However, due

to their poor nutritional content, if the plant is not healthy or still in the nursery stage, it

will be hard for the plants' development because a more significant amount is required to

supply sufficient nutrients. Crop production growth is mainly dependent on the kind of

fertilizers used to supplement plants' essential nutrients that is why it is important to

know what kind of fertilizer is best for your plant and soil.

- Plant nutrients are necessary for the production of crops and nutritious food for

the world's rapidly growing population. Plant nutrients are thus an essential component of

long-term agriculture. With this study, the researcher may be able to determine whether

an organic fertilizer will be utilized in the long run or whether it can be mixed with other

chemical fertilizers or biofertilizers if mass production is required while still obtaining a

high-quality pechay.

● According to Assefa (2019), synthetic fertilizer is found to have a more significant

number of disadvantages than organic fertilizer. Hence, organic farming is preferable

because it aims to synthesize organic, environmental, social, and ethical objectives.

Organic materials are used to fertilize and improve the soil because they are carbon-based

chemicals that boost a plant's production and quality of growth. It will guarantee that the

food produced is chemical-free. Various organic components act as soil conditioners and

fertilizers for both plants and soil, gradually improving the soil and making it more useful

in the long run. Also, it promotes a healthy soil environment, which keeps insects, plant

diseases, and weeds at bay. Therefore, it is suggested that organic fertilizer or a

combination of organic and synthetic fertilizers be used in preference to artificial

 fertilizers to maintain soil characteristics and improve soil production.

- Despite the fact that studies show that utilizing synthetic fertilizer has numerous

drawbacks, we must continue to use it. The population of the Earth is rapidly

increasing, and in order to survive, we must mass produce goods, which cannot be

accomplished just through the use of organic fertilizer. However, this does not

mean that we should just use synthetic fertilizer; combining organic and synthetic

fertilizer will allow us to achieve mass production with fewer drawbacks, and true

innovation will continue to reduce these drawbacks.

According to Ahmad et al. (2016), environmental protection (soil, water, and air), soil

fertility restoration through better physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and

increased crop quality are only a few of the benefits of switching from conventional to organic

farming. It is fundamental to protect and nurture the welfare of the soil because it plays a

significant part in agriculture. Without suitable soil to grow crops, there would be a shortage of

agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables. A huge factor of considering synthetic

fertilizers are the following; it is inexpensive, have a high nutritional content, and are easily

absorbed by plants. However, excess fertilizer application may cause nitrogen loss as well as soil

acidity or basification. An immediate result may have long-term consequences, primarily by

reducing soil fertility by stimulating excessive microorganism development, which depletes

organic matter over time (Han S. H. et al.,2016). Industrial agriculture requires mass production

of products, hence, they mainly use machineries and other types of technology to ease the

process of production. However, industrial agriculture also consumes a huge amount of synthetic

fertilizer for their crops given its benefits. Therefore, it benefits the industry regardless of the

long-term effects of the chemicals included in the synthetic fertilizer.

● Bercero et al (2014) research shows that composts made from the single and combined

application as mulch in the pechay (Brassica rapa) generated the most leaves, the

broadest leaf diameter, the longest leaf length, and the heaviest fresh and dry weights.

Poultry manure shows significant data in the number of inflorescence, leaves, branches,

and leaf area compared to farmyard and mushroom manure (Hussain et al, 2016). The

said statements are relevant to our study because it is a given waste fertilizer that shows

the variables that are significant to the compost mulch and poultry manure.

- Both plants still showed the same result regardless of the way of application. The

plant applied with poultry manure was healthier compared to the plant applied

with farmyard and mushroom manure. Therefore, poultry manure is indeed one of

the effective fertilizers used in farming.

● Eggshells contain an abundant amount of Calcium which is required in the development

of plant growth and is an important part in the production of a plant’s cell wall membrane

and decreases soil acidity (Khaimer & Nar, 2019). It plays a crucial role in our research

since it promotes the growth performance and development of the Pechay Plant (Brassica

rapa L. ssp. Chinensis) as a building component.

- Eggshells supply the nutrients the plant needs in order to grow. These nutrients

may help the plant grow healthier compared to the nutrients from other fertilizers.

● The fact that agriculture, according to Sanchez (2015), creates the majority of jobs,

responsible for nearly two-thirds of all occupations, and agriculture also accounts for the

largest share of GDP, estimated to be over 40% and confirmed by the Department of

Agriculture's report, there is a strong implication that there is a need to engage in

activities that will maintain and improve this production. Robinson's (2020) statement is
 crucially significant: if people only consider what they spend and equate it with their

income, and if many people's mindsets remain unchanged that agricultural jobs are "just"

agriculture jobs, the agricultural sector's production will be drastically reduced, and the

economy's flow will be disrupted.

- It is relevant to give importance to the agricultural sector’s capability and treat

them with the utmost necessity, especially as it accounts for the majority of the

occupation and the largest share of GDP. For a stable economy and increasing

production, the government and the private sector must weigh in support in order

to maximize the potential of the agricultural sector.

● Following an assessment of the probable difficulties that the agricultural sector may face,

such as climate change, budget misallocation, insect infestation, and many other natural

concerns, as indicated by Ha et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2018), and Department of

Agriculture (2020). Activities such as performing our research and other actions in

parallel with our research are the best way to overcome those potential problems so that

they can come in useful when the underlying issue happens.

- The agricultural sector must be aware, to know and to understand the various
issues that affect agriculture, such as climate change, budget misallocation, insect
infestation and many other natural issues..

Conclusion

In conclusion, the given sections of the review of related literature give relevance to our

current study. The presented related literature addresses the effectiveness and benefits of organic

fertilizer, which gives the researchers in-depth knowledge of how beneficial organic fertilizer can
be in the growth of plants. It also gives the researchers knowledge of how important organic

fertilizer is and how it affects plant quality. The presented relevant literature that addresses the

growth of the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis) gives a connection to our research

study for researchers to determine the factors that control how the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa L.

ssp. Chinensis) grows. This will give further understanding to our research study which will give

the researchers further understanding of how the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis)

grows depending on the given conditions based on the related literature. The presented related

literature that addresses the Agricultural Industry’s current state gives relevance to our research

study because it gives the researchers a better understanding of the agricultural industry’s current

state, which will help give significance to our research. The significance of our research is to

determine whether the given common waste, which includes rice hulls, poultry manure,

eggshells, and banana peels, can be an effective organic fertilizer. This will help the agricultural

industry by giving them a study that shows the effectiveness of the given common waste, which

will help in the cost management of planting by giving them a non-cost fertilizer that uses

recyclable materials such as common waste. This will help assist in reducing the current issues

that our agricultural sector is experiencing.

Conceptual Framework

This section of the research assesses the conceptual framework of The Effects of Poultry

manure, Rice Hull, Eggshells, and Banana peels as Organic Fertilizer on the Growth of Pechay

Plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis).

 Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter accounts for the discussion on the methodology of the study: The Effects of

Poultry manure, Rice Hull, Eggshells, and Banana peels as Organic Fertilizer on the Growth of

Pechay Plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Chinensis). The objective of this study is to determine the

effects of organic fertilizer made from waste materials such as rice hull, poultry manure,

eggshell, and banana peel on the growth and development of the Pechay plant (Brassica rapa

subsp. Chinensis). This chapter aims to show the research design, time and place of the study,

materials used in the study, data collection, and data analysis.

Research Design

This study investigated the effects of an organic fertilizer made of poultry manure, rice

hulls, eggshells, and banana peels on the growth of the pechay plant (Brassica rapa L. ssp.

Chinensis). The researcher utilized setups to collect the necessary data, with each set containing

a different fertilizer mixture. The researchers used a static-group comparison for the experiment,

where six set-ups were observed. Five were applied with five types of fertilizer, and one is held

static. A static-group comparison is a quasi-experimental research design wherein two or more

subjects were placed under observation. The six set-ups were placed in the same environment to

avoid biased results in terms of temperature, weather conditions, and sunlight distribution. An

observation on a half-month pechay was carried out to determine which fertilizer will result in a

healthier and greener pechay.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted in one of the researchers' places, which was the backyard

garden of Mr. Ednard Jason V. Moral. Due to COVID-19 protocols, one of the researchers

conducted the experimentation. The experimentation started on November 2, 2021, and ended on

November 20, 2021. The number of days spent on the experimentation was nineteen days. The

projected period for the experimentation was initially thirty days, but due to time constraints, The

researchers decided to conduct the experimentation in the last week of the deadline, meaning the

number of days spent on the experimentation was nineteen days. Three days were allotted for

each data collection of the growth of the pechay plant (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis). A total

of seven data collections were collected by the research.

Materials

To execute the experiment, the following materials were obtained according to the

processes needed. The materials used in boiling, chopping, and grinding the banana peels are a

casserole pan, 2.5 cups of water, tongs, cup, knife, chopping board, and mortar and pestle. The

same mortar and pestle were also used for crushing the eggshells.

Table 1 presents the materials with their quantities. The materials obtained in making the

six setups of the experiment are soil, seedling bags, plastic pots, Pechay plant (Brassica rapa

subsp. Chinensis), poultry manure, banana peels, rice hulls, and eggshells. A measuring tape was

also used in documenting the variables.

Table 1: Materials used in the preparation of set-ups

 Materials Quantity

Soil 3/4 per seedling bag or pot

Seedling bag 4 units (set B, C, D, and E)

Plastic pot 2 units (set A and F)

Pechay plant (Brassica rapa subsp. 6 seedlings

Chinensis)

Poultry manure 1 cup (set A), 1.5 cup (set B)

Banana peel (ground) 1 cup (set A), 1.5 cup (set C)

Rice hull 1 cup (set A), 1.5 cup (set D)

Eggshell (crushed) 4 shells (set A), 9 shells (set E)

Measuring tape 1 unit

Description of Sample

The important variable used for the experimentation was the premature Pechay plant

(Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis). The age of the premature pechay plant was 3 weeks old, which

was used in the experimentation. In determining each set of premature Pechay plants (Brassica

rapa subsp. Chinensis) used in the experimentation, the researchers measured the longest leaf

length of each plant used for each set. The starting length of the longest length of the leaves of
each seedling for each set-up is as follows: Set-up A is 7 cm tall, Set-up B is 9.5 cm tall, Set-up

C is 8 cm tall, Set-up D is 6.5 cm tall, Set-up E is 11 cm tall, and Set-up F is 6 cm tall.

Data Gathering

Preparation for the set-ups

The researchers gathered all the needed materials for the experimentation. In making the

set-ups that were used for the experimentation, the researchers did six set-ups for the

experimentation. The researcher prepared each set-up with a designated seedling bag or pot

containing the same amount of soil which is 3/4 of the seedling bag or pot. The number of

seedlings for each set-up was one pre-matured pechay plant for each seedling bag or pot. The six

setups consisted of set-up A, which included all the fertilizers; set-up B, the poultry manure

fertilizer; set-up C, the banana peel fertilizer; set-up D, the rice hull; set-up E, the eggshell

fertilizer; and set-up F, with no fertilizer. The amount of each fertilizer for each of the set-ups for

poultry manure is 1 cup for set-up A and 1.5 cups for set-up B. For banana peel, 1 cup for set-up

A and 1.5 cups for set-up B. For rice, hull 1 cup for set-up A and 1.5 cups for set-up B. For

eggshell 4 shells for set-up A and 9 shells for set-up B.

Preparation of Organic Fertilizers

In preparation for the experimentation, the researchers prepared the given variables by

preparing them to be usable organic fertilizer for the experiment. For poultry manure, direct

application of the ingredient was used as an organic fertilizer. For the rice hulls, the researchers

carbonized the rice hulls in order to effectively use the rice hull as organic fertilizer. For the

eggshells, the researchers crushed the eggshells. For the banana peels, the researchers immersed
the banana peels in hot water and used the broth as well as the chopped and ground banana peels

to effectively bring out the nutrients from the banana peels upon application.

Application of the Organic Fertilizer to the Pechay Plant (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis)

In the application of organic fertilizers to the pechay plant, the researchers made different

types of applications to the different set-ups:

Poultry manure

- The researchers directly applied the poultry manure to the soil and mixed the

poultry manure into the soil.

Rice hulls

- The researchers directly applied the carbonized rice hulls to the soil and mixed

them with the soil.

Eggshells

- The researchers directly applied the crushed eggshells to the soil and mixed them

with the soil.

Banana peels

- The researchers applied the broth of the banana peels and directly applied the

chopped and grounded banana peels to the soil and mixed the soil.
Figure 1: Image of the procedure of the experimentation.

Table 2: Documentation of each set-ups with their organic fertilizers used.

Set-up A

Contains all organic fertilizers

Set-up B

Contains the poultry manure organic fertilizer

Set-up C

Contains the banana peel organic fertilizer

Set-up D

Contains the carbonized rice hull organic fertilizer

Set-up E

Contains the crushed eggshell organic fertilizer

Set-up F

Contains no organic fertilizer

Data Analysis

With the use of the acquired data, evaluation and further quantitative data were evaluated.

The researchers used tables, graphs, and a color evaluator to assess the data in order to support

the hypotheses provided as well as other new discoveries that could lead to significant concerns

about the effect of the various organic fertilizers applied to the Pechay Plant (Brassica rapa

subsp. Chinensis). Furthermore, there may be current studies that can assist the researchers in

explaining some concepts that are fairly difficult to examine.

The researchers also employed a statistical treatment called Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA), specifically a one-way classification, to account for one variable: the influence of

various types of organic fertilizer applied in the various set-ups of pechay plants. The length of

the pechay plant's leaves was the specific variable for which the researcher used an ANOVA.

.
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