“To determine the relation between the ratio of

Input/Output voltage and the number of turning in the

secondary and Primary Coil of a Transformer”

An investigatory Project submitted in patrol

Fulfilment

Of

Class XII CBSE 2024-25

Practical Examination

By

Aum Pandya
Roll no. 11619882
Under the guidance of
Suresh Savlani,
(PGT Physics)

150 Feet Ring Road, Jamnagar Morbi Bypass, Near ADB

Hotel, Ronki, Bedi , Rajkot, Gujarat 360028
 The Westwood School, Rajkot
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that _______________________________, a

Student of class XII SCIENCE, has successfully completed the

investigatory project of subject -Physics on topic

_____________________________________________________

Under the guidance of

Mr./Mrs./Ms. _______________________________

during the academic year 2024-25 as per the guidelines of

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), NEW Delhi.

Teacher’s signature Principal’s signature/School Seal External Examiner

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks pf gratitude to

my teacher Mr. Suresh Savlani, PGT Physics who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic TRANSFORMER, which has
also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to
know about so much new things. I am really thankful to
him.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and friends

who helped me a lot in the process

1
 Index
Sr No. Topic Page
No.
1 Introduction 3
2 Objective 4
3 Principle 4
4 Construction 5
5 Theory and Writing 7
6 Efficiency 9
7 Energy Loss 10
8 Apparatus 11
9 Circuit Diagram 11
10 Procedure 12
11 Uses of Transformer 13
12 Sources of Error 14
13 Conclusion 14
14 Precaution 15
15 Bibliography 15

2
 Introduction
A transformer is a device that changes low alternating
voltage to high alternating voltage or high alternating
voltage to low alternating voltage. It is a stationary
electrical device that transfers energy between circuits
through inductive coupling.

Transformers come in various sizes, from tiny ones

inside microphones to large ones used in power plants
and power grids. All transformers work on the same
basic principles, although their designs vary widely.

Even though some new technologies do not use

transformers in electronic circuits, they are still
commonly found in many devices. Transformers are
crucial for transmitting high-voltage power over long
distances efficiently and economically.

In a transformer, energy is transferred from one circuit

to another without any moving parts.

• A step-up transformer increases voltage.

• A step-down transformer decreases alternating
current (AC) voltage.
Transformers are essential for both high and low
current circuits.

3
 Objective
To Determine the relation between the ratio
Input/Output and the number of turning in the primary
and the secondary coil of then transformer

Principle
It is based on the principle of the Electromagnetic
Induction.
Varying magnetic flux (𝜙B), given by:

d𝜙B = d (𝐵 #⃗ . 𝐴⃗)
#⃗ is the magnetic field bounded by area, 𝐴⃗
Here, 𝐵

If d𝜙B changes with respect to time in a very minute

period, it produces a potential difference and its
magnitude is given by:

𝑑𝜙B
𝑚𝑜𝑑(𝑣 ) = 𝑁
𝑑𝑡

The actual formula is given by Heinrich Friedrich Emil

Lenz in 1834 which was

𝑑(𝜙B)
𝑉 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
4
 Construction
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another.

Two coils primary (p) and secondary (s) are wound on

the same core, but are well insulated with each other.

Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core,
the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to primary
(p) and a load resistance R is connected to secondary
(s), the secondary coil through an open switch S.

Thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so

long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance

of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core
is also negligible.

For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft

iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron
strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents.
The input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.

5
6
 Theory and Working
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p, an alternating current starts falling in it.

The altering current in the primary produces a

changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage
in the primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.

Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the

emf’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and,

!фь
= Rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at
$%
this instant, we have

!фь
Ep = -Np -------------------------------------(1)
$%
&
!фь
Es = -Ns ------------------------------------(2)
$%

7
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so
by dividing 2 by 1, we get

&' )'
=
&( )(

Therefore, from the above result, we get the following

*' )'
=
*( )(

)'
If we let =𝜂
)(

8
 Efficiency

In an ideal transformer, there is no power loss. In

actuality, transformer loses some energy which is given
by

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜇=
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

For an ideal transformer, 𝜇 = 1 , i.e.

Output power = Input power, i.e., no power loss.

9
 Energy Loss
In practice, the output energy of the transformer is
always less than the input energy, because energy
losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained
below:

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the

coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux
produced by the primary coil is not linked up with
the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination.

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy
current, however be small. And a part of energy is
lost as heat from the iron core.

3. Copper loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due
to the heat produced in the coils.

4. Hysteresis loss: The Alternating current in the

transformer may set it parts into vibrations and
sound may be produced. It is called hummin. Thus, a
part of the energy may be lost due to humming.

10
 Apparatus
1. Iron Rod

2. Voltmeter

3. Ammeter

4. Coper Wire

5. AC Supply

Circuit Diagram

11
 Procedure
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of thin copper wire on
thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil
of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and

wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20)
of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.

3. Connect primary coil to the AC mains and measure

the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current

through secondary coil.

5. Now connect secondary coil to A.C mains and

measure voltage and current though primary and
secondary coil of step-up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers

by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.

12
Uses of Transformer
1. In voltage regulation for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, stabilizing power supply
etc.

2. In induction furnace.

3. A step-down transformer is used for welding

purposes and for obtaining large current.

4. A step-up transformer is used for the production of

X-rays and NEON advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in the transmission of

alternating current over long distances.

6. Small transformers are used in radio set,

telephones, loud speakers, electric bells etc.

13
 Sources of Error
1. Values of the current can be changed due to
heating effect.

2. Eddy current change the reading

Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage.

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p)
with respect to the input voltage.

3. There is a loss of power between input and output

coil of a transformer.

14
 Precaution
1. Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of the current and

voltage, the alternating current should remain
constant.

Bibliography
1. NCERT Textbook Class 12

2. NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12

3. Google

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