D.K.T.E.
SOCIETY'S
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC, ICHALKARANJI
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, recognized by Government of Maharashtra and
MSBTE, Mumbai)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Year: 2023-2024
A Micro-Project report on
Study of Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
& Its Equivalent Circuit Diagram
Submitted by
Roll NO. Seat no. Enrollment no Student Name sign
46 Swapnil Pishte.
47 Niranjan Rokade.
48 Pranav Shinde.
49 Prathamesh Shinde.
50 Vaishnavi Shinde.
Under the valuable guidance of
Mr. A. S. Mane Sir
D.K.T.E. SOCIETY'S
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC, ICHALKARANJI
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, recognized by Government of Maharashtra and
MSBTE, Mumbai)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Year: 2023-2024
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro-project report on
Study of Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Submitted by ,
Mr. Swapnil Pishte.
Mr. Niranjan Rokade.
Mr. Pranav Shinde.
Mr. Prathamesh Shinde.
Miss. Vaishnavi Shinde.
Has been carried out under my supervision in partical fulfillment of requirements for
Micro-project at , D.K.T.E. Society's
Yashwantrao Chavan Polytechnic, Ichalkaranji
Mr. A.S.Mane Prof. V.M.Heralge Prof.A.P.Kothali
Project Guide HOD Principal
What is a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)?
What is an RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)?
A Resistance Temperature Detector (also known as a Resistance Thermometer or
RTD) is an electronic device used to determine the temperature by measuring the
resistance of an electrical wire. This wire is referred to as a temperature sensor. If
we want to measure temperature with high accuracy, an RTD is the ideal solution,
as it has good linear characteristics over a wide range of temperatures. Other
common electronics devices used to measure temperature include a thermocouple or
a thermistor.
The variation of resistance of the metal with the variation of the temperature is given
as,
Where, Rt and R0 are the resistance values at toC and t0oC temperatures. α and β are the
constants depends on the metals.
This expression is for huge range of temperature. For small range of temperature, the
expression can be,
In RTD devices; Copper, Nickel and Platinum are widely used metals. These three
metals are having different resistance variations with respective to the temperature
variations. That is called resistance-temperature characteristics.
Platinum has the temperature range of 650°C, and then the Copper and Nickel have
120°C and 300°C respectively. The figure-1 shows the resistance-temperature
characteristics curve of the three different metals. For Platinum, its resistance
changes by approximately 0.4 ohms per degree Celsius of temperature.
The purity of the platinum is checked by measuring R100/Ro. Because, whatever
the materials actually we are using for making the RTD that should be pure. If it will
not pure, it will deviate from the conventional resistance-temperature graph. So, a
and ẞ values will change depending upon the metals.
Construction of Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD
The construction is typically such that the wire is wound on a form (in a coil) on
notched mica cross frame to achieve small size, improving the thermal conductivity
to decrease the response time and a high rate of heat transfer is obtained. In the
industrial R'ID's, the coil is protected by a stainless steel sheath or a protective tube.
So that, the physical strain is negligible as the wire expands and increase the length
of wire with the temperature change. If the strain on the wire is increasing, then the
tension increases. Due to that, the resistance of the wire will change which is
undesirable. So, we don't want to change the resistance of wire by any other
unwanted changes except the temperature changes.
This is also useful to RTD maintenance while the plant is in operation. Mica is
placed in between the steel sheath and resistance wire for better electrical
insulation. Due less strain in resistance wire, it should be carefully wound over
mica sheet. The fig.2 shows the structural view of an Industrial Resistance
Temperature Detector.
Signal Conditioning of RTD
We can get this RTD in market. But we must know the procedure how to use it and
how to make the signal conditioning circuitry. So that, the lead wire errors and other
calibration errors can be minimized. In this RTD, the change in resistance value is
very small with respect to the temperature.
So, the RTD value is measured by using a bridge circuit. By supplying the constant
electric current to the bridge circuit and measuring the resulting voltage drop across
the resistor, the
RTD resistance can be calculated. Thereby, the temperature can be also determined.
This temperature is determined by converting the RTD resistance value using a
calibration expression. The different modules of RTD are shown in below figures
In two wires RTD Bridge, the dummy wire is absent. The output taken from the
remaining two ends as shown in fig.3. But the extension wire resistances are very
important to be considered, because the impedance of the extension wires may affect
the temperature reading. This effect is minimizing in three wires RTD bridge circuit
by connecting a dummy wire C
If wires A and B are matched properly in terms of length and cross section area, then
their impedance effects will cancel because each wire is in opposite position. So that,
the dummy wire C acts as a sense lead to measure the voltage drop across the RTD
resistance and it carries no current. In these circuits, the output voltage is directly
proportional to the temperature. So, we need one calibration equation to find the
temperature.
Expressions for a Three Wires RTD Circuit
If we know the values of VS and VO, we can find Rg and then we can find the temperature
value using calibration equation. Now, assume R1 = R2:
If R3 = Rg; then VO = 0 and the bridge is balanced. This can be done manually, but if we
don’t want to do a manual calculation, we can just solve the equation 3 to get the
expression for Rg.
This expression assumes, when the lead resistance RL = 0. Suppose, if RL is present in a
situation, then the expression of Rg becomes,
So, there is an error in the RTD resistance value because of the R L resistance. That is
why we need to compensated the RL resistance as we discussed already by connecting
one dummy line ‘C’ as shown in fig.4.
RTD Applications
Here are some examples of RTD applications:
It is used to measure the temperature of earth components such as air, liquid,
and gaseous substances due to its exceptional sensitivity rate over a wide
range.
It is utilized in home basics, including stoves, air conditioning, refrigeration,
grills, and more.
It is also used in textile manufacturing services.
Types of RTDs
There are two main types of resistance temperature detectors – wire-wound and thin-
film.
Wire-Wound RTDs
Wire wound RTDs are made from a minimal diameter wire made of platinum,
wound into a coil, and packaged inside a ceramic insulator.
Thin Film RTD Elements
Thin film RTDs are made by depositing a thin layer of resistive material, typically
platinum film, onto a ceramic substrate.
Conclusion
An RTD, resistance temperature detector, is a passive temperature sensing device
that operates on the principle that the resistance of a metal changes as the
temperature changes. There are a wind variety of a element types used to
manufacture RTD sensors.
