18 April, 2008

ELK 322E Power Transmission Systems

Midterm Exam, Spring 2008,
Dr. R.Çağlar

Problem 1 (30 points).

A 60-Hz 138- kV (phase to phase) three phase transmission line is 225 miles long has the
following per unit length distributed line parameters.
Resistance: r = 0.18 /mile
Inductance: l = 2.1 mH/mile
Capacitance: c = 0.08 F/mile
Conductance g = 0.0 Siemens/mile
1 mile is 1852 meters = 1.852 km
The transmission line delivers 40 MW at 132 kV with 95% power factor lagging.
a) Calculate the propagation constant , and the characteristic impedance Zc of the line.
b) Find A, B, C, D parameters of transmission matrix in the two-port representation.
c) Compute the lumped-circuit equivalent finding a -equivalent circuit that has the
same A, B, C, D parameters as the transmission line.
d) Find the sending-end voltage and current.

Solution 1

We must start finding z and y for  = 2f =260 = 376.9911 rd/s

𝑧 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑦 = 𝑔 + 𝑗𝑏 = 𝑔 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶

𝑥 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 60 × 2.1 × 10−3 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 2.1 × 10−3 = 0.7917

𝑏 = 𝜔𝐶 = 2𝜋 × 60 × 0.08 × 10−6 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 0.08 × 10−6 = 3.0159 × 10−5

𝑧 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 0.18 + 𝑗0.7917 = 0.8119 77.191 /mi

𝑦 = 𝑔 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 = 0 + 𝑗3.0159 × 10−5 = 3.0159 × 10−5 ∠90° mho/mi

We then calculate the characteristic impedance 𝑍𝐶 and the propagation constant 𝛾 as follows.

𝑧 0.18 + 𝑗0.7917 0.8119 77.191

𝑍𝐶 = = = = 26921 − 12.8090
𝑦 𝑗3.0159 × 10−5 3.0159 × 10−5 ∠90°

𝑍𝐶 = 163.05 − j18.302

𝑍𝐶 = 164.0748∠ − 6.4045° 

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 1
𝛾= 𝑧𝑦 = 0.18 + 𝑗0.7917 (𝑗3.0159 × 10−5 = −2.3877 × 10−5 + 𝑗5.4287 × 10−6

𝛾= 𝑧𝑦 = 2.4486 × 10−5 167.96° = 0.004983.595° = 0.00055 + 𝑗0.0049

ℓ𝛾 = 225 × 𝑧𝑦 = 0.12419 + 𝑗1.10643 = 1.113483.595°

b) Two-Port Representation of a long transmission line.

IS IR
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅
+ + 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅
VS ABCD VR
- - 𝑉𝑆 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑅
=
𝐼𝑆 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑅

For a long transmission line we have the equations, which give the relations between the
receiving-end voltage and current and sending-end end voltage and current as follows.

𝑉𝑆 = cosh⁡ (𝛾ℓ) × 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 × sinh⁡

(𝛾ℓ) × 𝐼𝑅
1
𝐼𝑆 = sinh⁡(𝛾ℓ) × 𝑉𝑅 + cosh⁡(𝛾ℓ) × 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝐶

Thus, the sending-end voltage and current equations in terms of ABCD constants, we have
A = cosh 𝛾ℓ B = 𝑍𝐶 × sinh⁡
(𝛾ℓ)
1
C = 𝑍 sinh⁡
(𝛾ℓ) D = cosh⁡
(𝛾ℓ).
𝐶

We need to compute

𝑒 𝛾ℓ + 𝑒 −𝛾ℓ 𝑒 𝛾ℓ − 𝑒 −𝛾ℓ
cosh 𝛾ℓ = and sinh 𝛾ℓ =
2 2

2cosh 𝛾ℓ = 𝑒 𝛾ℓ + 𝑒 −𝛾ℓ = 𝑒 1.1242 +𝑗 1.106 + 𝑒 −1.1242 −𝑗 1.106

= 𝑒 1.1242 𝑒 𝑗 1.106 + 𝑒 −1.1242 𝑒 −𝑗 1.106 = 0.9026 + 𝑗0.2227

cosh 𝛾ℓ = 0.4513 + 𝑗0.1113 = 0.4648 ∠13.8569°

2sinh 𝛾ℓ = 𝑒 𝛾ℓ − 𝑒 −𝛾ℓ = 𝑒 1.1242 +𝑗 1.106 − 𝑒 −1.1242 −𝑗 1.106 = 0.1115 + 𝑗1.802

sinh 𝛾ℓ = 0.0558 + 𝑗 0.9010 = 0.9027∠86.4585°

Thus

A = D = cosh 𝛾ℓ = 0.4648 ∠13.8569°

B = 𝑍𝐶 × sinh 𝛾ℓ = 164.0748∠ − 6.4045° × (0.9027∠86.4585°)

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 2
B = 25.583 + 𝑗145.89 = 148.1167∠80.05°

1 (0.9027∠86.4585°)
C= sinh 𝛾ℓ = = 0.055 ∠92.8629°
𝑍𝐶 (164.0748∠ − 6.4045°)

c) Computations of the lumped-circuit equivalent:

We consider a -equivalent circuit parameters that has the same A, B, C, D parameters as
the transmission line:

Z’ 𝑍 ′ = 𝑍𝐶 sinh 𝛾ℓ
IS IR
𝑌′ 1 𝛾ℓ
+ + = tanh
VS
2 𝑍𝐶 2
Y’/2 Y’/2
VR
- - 𝛾ℓ cosh 𝛾ℓ − 1
tanh =
2 sinh 𝛾ℓ

𝑍 ′ = 𝑍𝐶 sinh 𝛾ℓ = 164.0748∠ − 6.4045° 0.9027∠86.4585° = 25.583 + 𝑗145.89

𝑍 ′ = 148.1167∠80.05°
𝑌′ 1 𝛾ℓ 1 0.6202∠82.072°
= tanh = 0.0855 + 𝑗0.6143 =
2 𝑍𝐶 2 163.05 − j18.302 164.0748∠ − 6.4045°
= 0.0001 + 𝑗 0.0038 = 0.0038 ∠88.4767°

d) The quantities in the statement of the problems refer to three phase and line to line
quantities. It is convenient to pick the receiving end phase angle ∠𝑉𝑅 = 0°. Thus the
receiving-end voltage per phase is
132
𝑉𝑅 = × 103 = 76.2 ∠0° 𝑘𝑉
3
The receiving-end rated load is 40 MW, we are also given the power factor (cos φ = 0.95
lagging), the receiving end apparent power is

𝑆𝑅(3∅) × cos φ = 𝑆𝑅(3∅) × 0.95 = 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (3∅) = 40 𝑀𝑊 ⟹ 𝑆𝑅(3∅) = 42.1053 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝜑 = acos 0.95 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.95 = 0.3176 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 18.1949°

and the receiving-end complex power is

𝑆𝑅(3∅) = 𝑆𝑅(3∅) ∠𝜑 = 42.105∠18.1949° 𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 40 + 𝑗13.1474 𝑀𝑉𝐴.

The receiving-end current per phase is given by

∗
𝑆𝑅(3∅) 42.105 × 106 ∠ − 18.195°
𝐼𝑅 = = = 184.1876 ∠ − 18.195° 𝐴
3𝑉𝑅∗ 3 × 76.2 × 103 ∠0°

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 3
 𝐼𝑅 = 174.98 − 𝑗57.513
Per phase real power supplied to the load can also be used to find the sending-end current.
40
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (3∅) = 3 × 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (1∅) = 40 𝑀𝑊 ⟹ 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (1∅) = = 13.33 𝑀𝑊
3
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (1∅) = 0.95 × 𝑉𝑅 × 𝐼𝑅 = 13.33 𝑀𝑊
13.33
𝐼𝑅 = × 103 = 184.2 𝐴
0.95 × 76.2
The power factor is (cos φ = 0.95 lagging),

𝜑 = acos 0.95 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.95 = 0.3176 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 18.1949°

𝐼𝑅 = 184.2 ∠ − 18.19°
Finally putting all the values into following equations gives us

𝑉𝑆 = cosh⁡ (𝛾ℓ) × 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 × sinh⁡

(𝛾ℓ) × 𝐼𝑅
1
𝐼𝑆 = sinh⁡(𝛾ℓ) × 𝑉𝑅 + cosh⁡(𝛾ℓ) × 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝐶
𝑉𝑆 = 0.4648 ∠13.85° × 76.2 103 ∠0° + 164.075∠ − 6.4045° × 0.9027∠86.458° × 184.2 ∠ − 18.19°

𝑉𝑆 = 35417.8∠13.85° + 27281.12∠61.873°

𝑉𝑆 = 34388.05 + 𝑗8478.34 + 12861.07 + 𝑗24059.35 = 47249.12 + 𝑗32537

𝑉𝑆 = 57368∠34.55° 𝑉 = 57.368∠34.55° 𝑘𝑉

Or using complex values we have

3
𝑉𝑆 = 0.4513 + 𝑗0.1113 × 76.2 × 10
+ 163.05 − 𝑗18.302 0.0558 + 𝑗 0.9010 174.98 − 𝑗57.513

𝑉𝑆 = 47257 + 𝑗 3.2537 = 57375∠34.5479° 𝑉 = 57.375∠34.5479° 𝑘𝑉

These two results can be considered as same knowing that the difference due to truncations
and rounding errors.

1
𝐼𝑆 = sinh⁡
(𝛾ℓ) × 𝑉𝑅 + cosh⁡
(𝛾ℓ) × 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝐶

0.0558 + 𝑗 0.901
𝐼𝑆 = 76.2 × 103 + 0.4513 + 𝑗0.1113 × (174.98 − 𝑗57.513)
163.05 − 𝑗18.302

𝐼𝑆 = 64.446 + 𝑗412.25 = 417.2569 ∠81.115°

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 4
Problem 2 (25 points).
Prepare per phase schematic of the system shown in Fig. 1 and show all impedances in p.u.
on a 100 MVA, 161 kV base in the transmission line circuits. The necessary data for this
problem are also given in the same figure.

T1 T2
40+j160 
G1 G2

50 MVA,
20+j80  20 MVA,
12.2 kV D-Y 20+j80  Y-D 13.8 kV
x = 0.15 pu 12.2 /161 kV 161 /13.8 kV x = 0.15 pu
80 MVA, 40 MVA,
xtr1 = 10% pu xtr2 = 10% pu
Load
50 MVA,
0.80 power factor lagging,
operating at 154 kV

Figure 1

Solution 2

Let’s convert all quantities to a common system base that has been specified in the transmission
circuit.

Base kV in the transmission line 161 kV

Base kV in the generator circuit G1

12.2
𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝐺1 = 161 = 12.2 𝑘𝑉
161
Base kV in the generator circuit G2
13.8
𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝐺2 = 161 = 13.8 𝑘𝑉
161

Base kV in the primary side of transformer T1 (same region G1)

12.2
𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑇11 = 161 = 12.2 𝑘𝑉
161

Base kV in the secondary side of transformer T1

161
𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑇12 = 161 = 161 𝑘𝑉
161

Base kV in the primary side of transformer T2

161
𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑇21 = 161 = 161 𝑘𝑉
161

Base kV in the secondary side of transformer T2 (same region G2)

13.8
𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑇22 = 161 = 13.8 𝑘𝑉
161
Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 5
Base impedance
𝑉𝐵 2 161 2
𝑍𝐵 = = = 259.21 Ω
𝑆𝐵 100
We now proceed to convert all the parameter values to p.u. on the common base specified.
(𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑜𝑙𝑑 )2 𝑆3∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑝𝑢 ,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 ,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∙
(𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑛𝑒𝑤 )2 𝑆3∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ,𝑜𝑙𝑑
G1:
(12.2)2 100
𝑋𝐺1,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.15 ∙ = 0.3 p. u.
(12.2)2 50
G2:
(13.8)2 100
𝑋𝐺2,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.15 ∙ = 0.75 p. u.
(13.8)2 20
T1:
(12.2)2 100
𝑋𝑇1,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.1 ∙ = 0.125 p. u.
(12.2)2 80
T2:
(13.8)2 100
𝑋𝑇2,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.1 ∙ = 0.25 p. u.
(13.8)2 40
The p.u. impedance of the transmission lines connecting the generation buses is given by
40 + 𝑗160
𝑍𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 _𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = 0.1543 + 𝑗0.6173 p. u.
259.21
The p.u. impedance of the transmission lines connecting the load bus to the high voltage buses is
given by
20 + 𝑗80
𝑍𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 0.0772 + 𝑗0.3086 p. u.
259.21
The load is specified as
𝑆 3𝜙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑗𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = 50 0.8 + 𝑗0.6 = 40 + 𝑗30 𝑀𝑉𝐴

40 + 𝑗30
𝑆 3𝜙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 −𝑝𝑢 = = 0.4 + 0.3 p. u.
100

a) Series combination of Resistance and Inductance

2
∗
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1542
𝑍𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = ∗ = = 379.456 − 𝑗284.592
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 40 + 𝑗30
𝑍𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 379.456 + 𝑗284.592
𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 −𝑝𝑢 = 1.4639 + 𝑗1.0979 p. u.

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 6
 b) Parallel combination of Resistance and Inductance
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 1542
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 592.9 Ω
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 40
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 1542
𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 790.53 Ω
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 30
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 _𝑝𝑢 = 2.2873 p. u.

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑢 = 3.0498 p. u.

0.1543 j 0.6171

j 0.125 j 0.25

0.0772
j 0.3
j 0.3086 j 0.75
0.0772 j 0.3086

G1 Load G2

2.2873 j 3.0498

Impedance diagram with per unit represantation.

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 7
Problem 3 (25 points).
Form the one-line diagram of a there bus system shown below (in Fig. 3), find the bus
admittance matrix.
Bus 1 Bus 2
z12 = j0.2 pu

G1 G2
z13 = j0.4 pu z23 = j0.1 pu

V1 = 1.02 pu Ð0 | V2 |= 1.01 pu

P2 = 0.4 pu

Bus 3

S3 = 1.0 + j0.7 pu

Figure 2

Solution 3

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒚𝟏𝟐 = 𝒛 = 𝒋𝟎.𝟐 = −𝒋𝟓 𝒚𝟏𝟑 = 𝒛 = 𝒋𝟎.𝟒 = −𝒋𝟐. 𝟓 𝒚𝟐𝟑 = 𝒛 = 𝒋𝟎.𝟏 = −𝒋𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟑

The bus admittance matrix of the transmission system is

𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝟏𝟐 𝒀𝟏𝟑
𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔 = 𝒀𝟐𝟏 𝒀𝟐𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟑 .
𝒀𝟑𝟏 𝒀𝟑𝟐 𝒀𝟑𝟑

𝒀𝟏𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏𝟐 + 𝒚𝟏𝟑 = −𝒋𝟓 − 𝒋𝟐. 𝟓 = −𝒋𝟕. 𝟓

𝒀𝟏𝟐 = 𝒀𝟐𝟏 = −𝒚𝟏𝟐 = 𝒋𝟓
𝒀𝟏𝟑 = 𝒀𝟑𝟏 = −𝒚𝟏𝟑 = 𝒋𝟐. 𝟓
𝒀𝟐𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐𝟑 = −𝒋𝟓 − 𝒋𝟏𝟎 = −𝒋𝟏𝟓
𝒀𝟐𝟑 = 𝒀𝟑𝟐 = −𝒚𝟐𝟑 = 𝒋𝟏𝟎
𝒀𝟑𝟑 = 𝒚𝟏𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐𝟑 = −𝒋𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝒋𝟏𝟎 = −𝒋𝟏𝟐. 𝟓

−𝟕. 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐. 𝟓
𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔 = 𝒋 𝟓 −𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝟐. 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟐. 𝟓

∗ ∗
𝑺𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟕
𝒀𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = = = 𝟏 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟕
𝑽𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟏. 𝟎

−𝒋𝟕. 𝟓 𝒋𝟓 𝒋𝟐. 𝟓
𝒀′𝒃𝒖𝒔 = 𝒋𝟓 −𝒋𝟏𝟓 𝒋𝟏𝟎
𝒋𝟐. 𝟓 𝒋𝟏𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒋𝟏𝟑. 𝟐
Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 8
Problem 4 (20 points).
The circuit between k and m buses is represented with its -equivalent admittance
parameters in Fig.3. Write Power flow equation on the circuit k-m in polar coordinates and
~
Cartesian coordinates. Use phasors values of voltages in the form of Vk  Vrk  jVik for
~
complex Cartesian coordinates and in the form of Vk  Vk  k for polar coordinates.
to the other buses

k ~ ~ m
I km ~
y km I mk
~ ~
Vk Vm ~
y km  g km  jbkm
~
y skm  g skm  jb skm
~
y s km ~
y s mk ~
y  g  jb
smk smk smk

Figure 3

Solution 4

Power flows on the circuit km

The circuit is represented with its -equivalent admittance parameters. Let’s ignore
gskm values of shunt admittances and include contingency control variable uc. Then we
have the following circuit.

k m
(gkm+jbkm)uc

jbskm uc jbskm uc

~ * ~ ~ ~* ~~* *
Skm  Vk .[ ykm (Vk  Vm )*  Vk ( jbskm )* ]  Vk ( ykm  jbskm )  VkVm ykm
2 *

 [Vk ( g km  jbkm  jbskm )  Vk (cos  k  j sin  k )  Vm (cos  m  j sin  m )  ( g km  jbkm )]uc

2

 {Vk [ g km  j(bkm  bskm )]  VkVm [cos( k   m )  j sin( k   m )]  ( g km  jbkm )}uc

2

 {Vk g km  VkVm [ g km cos( k   m )  bkm sin( k   m )]

2

 j{(bkm  bskm )Vk  VkVm  bkm cos( k   m )  g km sin( k   m ) } uc

2

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 9
 
Pkm  g kmVk  VkVm  g km cos( k   m )  bkm sin( k   m )  uc
2

  (b 
 bskm )Vk  VkVm  bkm cos( k   m )  g km sin( k   m )  uc
2
Qkm km

uc is contingency control variable, and it has the following property

 1.0 if the componet is in the operation

uc  
 0.0 if the componet is in outaged

End of the solution.

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 10
TRADITIONAL POWER FLOW MODELLING
Under the assumption that system is blanced, only one phase is necessary to model
the system. The phasors of voltages and currents can be use to represent the actual
voltages and currents.

V  V I  I

Full System Model:

1.Generator buses (PV bus)

P

V
2. Slack bus (reference):


V0

3. Load buses (PQ bus)

P+jQ

Power Flow Equations:

All the models described above can be put together to form the following system:

SG1
 SL1

VG1 VL1
… …
. Transmission .
System
. .
Ybus
SGn
N= n+m
 SLm
VGn VLm

Using Kirchoff’s current low, nodal current injections can be written in terms of
circuits’ admittances and nodal voltages.
Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 11
  I 1   Y11 Y12  Y1i  Y1N   V1 
 I   Y21 Y22  Y2 i  Y2 N  V2 
 2   
           
 Ii    
Y Yi 2  Yii  YiN   Vi 
    i1
           

 I N  Y  
 N 1 YN 2  YNi  YNN  VN 

I = YbusV

Ybus is the bus admittance matrix, which is constructed as follows:

N
Yii= Y
k 1
ik = sum of the admittances of all elements connected to node i

1
Yik  = Gik + j B ik
Z ik

1
Yij   = negative of the admittance of the element connected between nodes i and
Z ij
j

For any system bus i

N
Si  Vi  I i  Vi  Y *ik V * k


k 1
N
 Vi  i  (Gik  jBik ) Vk    k
k 1

This complex equation can be resolved into real and imaginary parts, we obtain

N
Pi  ViVk Gik cos( i   k )  Bik sin( i   k ) 
k 1
N
Qi  ViVk Gik sin( i   k )  Bik cos( i   k ) 
k 1

where Si is the complex power injection.

 SG for generator buses

Si   i
  S Li for load buses

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 12
Solution technique:

Newton-Raphson method.

1
 1   g ( x  , u ) 
x  x    g ( x  , u)
 x 
 g1 g1 
 x  x n 
 g ( x, u )   1   g ( x, u ) 
        = if ~converged
 x   g n g n   x 
 
 x1 x n 


Jacobian matrix

Dx  x  1  x  DPi  Pi  Pi (x ) DQi  Qi  Qi (x)

In these equations Pi and Qi are specified constants, while the Pi (x ) and Qi (x ) are
specified functions of the unknown x. The all DPi ’s and DQi ’s form the power
mismatch vector.
 P P 
 DP     V / V   D 
       
   Q Q   
DQ     DV / V 
  V / V 
Pi
 ViVk [Gik sin( i   k )  Bik cos( i   k )]
 i
Pi
 ViVk [Gik sin( i   k )  Bik cos( i   k )]
 k
Qi
 ViVk [Gik cos( i   k )  Bik sin( i   k )]
 i
Qi
 ViVk [Gik cos( i   k )  Bik sin( i   k )]
 k
Pi
 ViVk [Gik cos( i   k )  Bik cos( i   k )]
Vi / Vi
Pi
 ViVk [Gik cos( i   k )  Bik sin( i   k )]
Vk / Vk
Qi
 ViVk [Gik sin( i   k )  Bik sin( i   k )]
Vi / Vi
Qi
 ViVk [Gik sin( i   k )  Bik sin( i   k )]
Vk / Vk

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 13
Traditional Power Flow Algorithm based on Cartesian Coordinates:

The nodal power injections can be written for a N bus network as follows:

S = Vbus .I*bus (1)

Ibus = Ybus. Vbus (2)

I*bus = Y*bus. V*bus

V= e+jf (3)

Ybus = [ G + j B ]

S = [S1 S2 … SN ]T V = [V1 V2 … VN ]T

S = diag (V)  Y*bus. V*bus

V1 0  0  e  jf 0  0 
0  0  0
1 1
V2 e2  jf 2 0 
diag (V )    
 (4)
          
   
0 0  VN   0 0  eN  jf N 

Y*bus. V*bus = [ G - j B ]  [e - j f ] = { [ Ge - Bf ] –j[ Be + Gf ] } (N x 1)

 N 
  [G1k  ek  B1k  f k ]  j  [ B1k  ek  G1k  f k ] 
 kN1 
 [G  e  B  f ]  j  [ B  e  G  f ] 
Y*bus. V*bus = k 1
2k k 2k k 2k k 2k k

  
N 
 [G Nk  ek  BNk  f k ]  j  [ BNk  ek  G Nk  f k ]
 k 1 

N
[Y*bus. V*bus ] ( i ) = {  [Gik  ek  Bik  f k ]  j  [ Bik  ek  Gik  f k ] }
k 1
i = 1, 2 , …, N

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 14
  N 
e1  jf 1 0  0  k 1   [G1k  ek  B1k  f k ]  j  [ B1k  ek  G1k  f k ] 
 N 
 0 e2  jf 2 0   [G  e  B  f ]  j  [ B  e  G  f ] 
 .   2k k

S  2k k 2k k 2k k

       k 1 
  N 
 0 0  eN  jf N  
 [G Nk  ek  BNk  f k ]  j  [ BNk  ek  G Nk  f k ]
 k 1 

 N N

 e 1  [G1k  e k  B 1k  f k ]  f 1   [ B1k  ek  G1k  f k ] 
 k 1
N
k 1
N 
e 
S= [P + j Q] =  2 k 1
[G 2k  e k  B2k  f k ]  f 2 

k 1
[ B 2k  e k  G 2k  f k ]

  
 N N 
eN  [G Nk  ek  BNk  f k ]  f N   [ BNk  ek  G Nk  f k ]
 k 1 k 1 

 N N

  e 1  [ B1k  e k  G 1k  f k ]  f 1   [G1k  ek  B1k  f k ] 
 k 1
N
k 1
N 
 e 
+j  2 [ B  e  G  f ]  f 2 
 [G  e  B  f ]
k 1
2k k 2k k
k 1
2k k 2k k

  
 N N 
 eN  [ BNk  ek  G Nk  f k ]  f N   [G Nk  ek  BNk  f k ]
 k 1 k 1 

N N
Pi = ei  [Gik  ek  Bik  f k ]  f i   [ Bik  ek  Gik  f k ] (5)
k 1 k 1
N N
Qi =  ei  [ Bik  ek  Gik  f k ]  f i   [Gik  ek  Bik  f k ] (6)
k 1 k 1

Pi N N
 2Gii .ei   Gik ek   Bik f k (7)
ei k 1 k 1
k i k i

Pi
 Gik ei  Bik f i
ek
Pi N N
 2Gii f i   Bik ek   Gik f k (8)
f i k 1 k 1
k i k i

Pi
 Gik f i  Bik ei (9)
f k

Qi N N
 2 Bii ei   Bik ek   Gik f k (10)
ei k 1 k 1
k i k i

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 15
Qi
 Gik f i  Bik ei (11)
ek
Qi N N
 2 Bii f i   Gik ek   Bik f k (12)
f i k 1 k 1
k i k i

Qi
 Gik ei  Bik f i (13)
f k

g = [ g1 g2 … gN gN+1 gN+2 … g2N ]T

g = [ P1 P2 … PN Q1 Q2 … QN ]T

The values of Slack Bus:

Assuming that slack bus is bus 1 than,

e1 = 1.0 f1 = 0.0

The values of PV buses:

The voltage magnitudes have generally been predetermined for this type buses.

2
gi pv : ei  f i  Vi pv 0
2 2
( Vi p v ~ = 1.0 ) (14)

g i pv
 2ei (15)
ei

g i pv
 2 fi (16)
f i

Solution technique. (Newton-Raphson method.)

1
 1   g ( x  , u ) 
x  x    g ( x  , u )
 x 

 g ( x, u ) 
  : Jacobian matrix
 x 
 g1 g1 
 x  x 
 g ( x, u )   1 n
  g ( x, u )   J 11 J 12 
       = J  
 x   x  J 22 
 g n  g n   J 21
 x1 x n 


Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 16
  g1 g1 g1 g1 g1 g1 
 e  
e3 eN f 2 f 3 f N 
 2 
       
 g ( x, u )   g i g i g i g i g i g i 
   
 x   e2 e3 eN f 2 f 3 f N 
  
 g    
g N  g N g N g N  g N
 N 
 e2 e3 eN f 2 f 3 f N 

The initial state vector can be set as x=[ 1.0, 1.0,….1.0, 0.0,0.0…0.0]T

N N N N ei
2Gii .ei   Gik ek   Bik f k Gik ei  Bik f i 2Gii f i   Bik ek   Gik f k Gik f i  Bik ei
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
k i k i k i k i ek

N N N N fi
 2 Bii ei   Bik ek   Gik f k Gik f i  Bik ei  2 Bii f i   Gik ek   Bik f k
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
k i k i k i k i fk
 Gik ei  Bik f i

Power Transmission Systems, Spring 2008, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ramazan Çağlar Page 17