DISASTER MANAGEMENT

A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating

and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-

● Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.

● Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences.
● Capacity-building.
● Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
● Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
● Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster.
● Evacuation, rescue and relief.
● Rehabilitation and reconstruction.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
Co-ordination of a variety of sectors to carry out-

•Evaluation of the risk.

•Adopt standards and regulations.
•Organize communication and response mechanism.
•Ensure all resources- ready and easily mobilized.
• Develop public education programmes.
•Coordinate information with news media.
•Disaster simulation exercises.
 Medical Preparedness & Mass Casualty Management

• Developing and capacity building of medical team for Trauma (shock)

& psycho-social care, Mass casualty management and Triage.
• Determine casualty handling capacity of all hospitals.
• Formulate appropriate treatment procedures.
• Involvement of private hospitals.
• Care centers that can function as a medical units.
• Identify structural integrity and approach routes.
PLANNING PROCESS
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
 DISASTER RESPONSE
Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is anticipated, or soon after
it begins in order to assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit the
spread and consequences of the disaster, open up the way to
rehabilitation.
By-
 Mass evacuation
 Search and rescue
 Emergency medical services
 Securing food and water
 Maintenance of Law & Order
Disaster impact & Response
Activities that occur during and immediately following a disaster

Search, Rescue & First Aid

Field care

Triage

Tagging

Identification of dead
Medical and Public Health response

Pre-hospital emergency services -

•Linkage to govt. incident command system.
•External medical services and extrication workers.

Search and Rescue teams.

Assessment of immediate health needs.
Identification of medical & health resources.
Temporary field treatment

Prompt and proper treatment to save lives.

 Consequences of Disaster

Health -
Physical – Entanglement, Injuries, Disabilities, Coma ,Death.
Psychological- Cognitive, Behavioural, Social.

Structural Damage – to variable extent.

Ecological- Changes in eco system.

Economical-Financial losses.
SYMPTOMS AFTER DISASTER
 RESCUE WORKERS IN DISASTER

Secondary victims of a disaster.

Stress reactions seen in non-professionals.

More emotional trauma if involved in a failed rescue attempts (especially if children

are involved).

Inexperienced body handlers become more sensitive.

 DISASTER RECOVERY

Repatriation - after the emergency is over, displaced people return to

their place of origin.
Rehabilitation -restoration of basic social functions.
Providing temporary shelters,
Stress debriefing for responders and victims,
Economic Rehabilitation,
Psycho-social Rehabilitation,
Scientific Damage Assessment,
Elements of recovery
Community recovery (including psychological).
Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines).
Economy recovery ( financial, political ).
Environment recovery.
 DISASTER MITIGATION

Permanent reduction of risk of a disaster, to limit impact on human suffering

and economic assets.

Primary mitigation - reducing hazard & vulnerability.

Secondary mitigation- reducing effects of hazard.

Components:
Reducing hazard - protection against threat by removing the cause of threat.
Reducing vulnerability - reducing the effect of threat

Natural hazards are inevitable, reduce vulnerability.

Disaster Life Period

Floods - Days
Earthquakes - Second/Minutes
Cyclones - Days
Droughts - Months
Landslides - Days
Avalanches - Days
Heat/Cold waves - Days/Weeks
Tsunami - Minutes/ Hours
Thunderstorm - Minutes/ Hours
 CONCEPTS OF MONITORING, FORECASTING AND EARLY WARNING
(1) Monitoring:
• Monitoring refers to systematic collection and analysis of
information during execution of an activity.

• It is based on targets and activities set during the planning

phase of the project. anemometer

• It helps to keep the work on track, and can let the

management know if things are going wrong so that
corrective measures can be taken.
wind shock
• Monitoring is performed for increasing efficiency and
effectiveness of a project.

Seismograph Stratus Rain Gauge

(2)Forecasting:

The term forecasting is generally used to indicate the qualitative and

quantitative information on the future type and magnitude of an event
(or a variable).

Forecasting differs from ‘prediction’ which generally refers to very

specific events based on measurement, and implies a level of
likelihood.
(3)Early Warning:

Early warning can be conceptualized as the

provision of timely and effective information, through
some identified institutions, that allows individuals
exposed to hazards to take action to avoid or reduce
risk and prepare for effective response.

Early warning systems can help reduce economic

losses and mitigate the number of injuries or deaths
from a disaster.
Earthquakes
Japan Railway’s Earthquake Early Warning System during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and
Tsunami

http://www.pr4gdm.org:8080/edu/storms_view?idx=69
On March 11th, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake with a maximum seismic intensity of 7
occurred on the north eastern Pacific coast of Honshu, Japan. The seismograph station at
Ouri was the first of over 380 seismic stations across Japan to record seismic movement at
14:46:40.2 JST (Risk Management Solutions Inc., 2011).
The first earthquake forecast was issued to advanced users 5.4 seconds After the initial
detection of p-waves. An earthquake warning was issued to the general public was issued
3.2 seconds after this forecast.
A total of 15 forecasts, warnings, and updates were issued within the two minutes of the
initial seismic detection.
These warnings were broadcasted to the general public using television and radio networks
and were also sent to approximately 52 million people.
EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
FLOOD
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIOUS FLOOD SITUATIONS
The Central Water Commission has categorized various flood situations, for monitoring the floods in the country
through its flood forecasting network, into the following four different categories, depending upon the severity of
floods i.e. based on floods magnitudes.
(i) LOW FLOOD The river is said to be in "LOW FLOOD" situation at any flood forecasting sites when the water
level of the river touches or crosses the warning level, but remains below the danger level of the forecasting
site.

(i) MODERATE FLOOD If the water level of the river touches or crosses its danger level, but remains 0.50 m
below the Highest Flood Level of the site (commonly known as "HFL") then the flood situation is called the
"MODERATE FLOOD" situation.

(i) HIGH FLOOD If the water level of the river at the forecasting site is below the Highest Flood Level of the
forecasting site but still within 0.50m of the HFL then the flood situation is called “HIGH FLOOD" situation. In
"High Flood Situations" a special "Orange Bulletin" is being issued by the Central Water Commission to the
users agencies which contains the "special flood message" related to the high flood.

(i) UNPRECEDENTED FLOOD The flood situation is said to be "UNPRECEDENTED" when the water level of the
river surpasses the "HIGHEST FLOOD LEVEL" recorded at any forecasting site so far. In "Unprecedented
Flood Situations" a special "Red Bulletin" is being issued by the Central Water Commission to the users
agencies which contains the "special flood message" related to the unprecedented flood.
Tropical storm warning system
Tracking the path of Hurricane Maria and Tropical Storm Jose
DEVELOPMENT OF A CYCLONE
 Four Stage Warning

The cyclone warnings are issued to state government officials in four stages. The First Stage warning known
as "PRE CYCLONE WATCH" issued 72 hours in advance contains early warning about the development of a
cyclonic disturbance in the north Indian Ocean, its likely intensification into a tropical cyclone and the coastal belt
likely to experience adverse weather. This early warning bulletin is issued by the Director General of Meteorology
himself and is addressed to the Cabinet Secretary and other senior officers of the Government of India including
the Chief Secretaries of concerned maritime states.

The Second Stage warning known as "CYCLONE ALERT" is issued at least 48 hrs. in advance of the expected
commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas. It contains information on the location and intensity of
the storm likely direction of its movement, intensification, coastal districts likely to experience adverse weather and
advice to fishermen, general public, media and disaster managers

http://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=170&lang=en
The Third Stage warning known as "CYCLONE WARNING" issued at least 24 hours in advance of the
expected commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas. Landfall point is forecast at this stage.
These warnings are issued at 3 hourly interval giving the latest position of cyclone and its intensity, likely point
and time of landfall, associated heavy rainfall, strong wind and storm surge along with their impact and advice
to general public, media, fishermen and disaster managers.

The Fourth Stage of warning known as "POST LANDFALL OUTLOOK" is issued at least 12 hours in
advance of expected time of landfall. It gives likely direction of movement of the cyclone after its landfall and
adverse weather likely to be experienced in the interior areas.

Different colour codes as mentioned below are being used since post monsoon season of 2006 the different
stages of the cyclone warning bulletins as desired by the National Disaster Management.
The general public, the coastal residents and fishermen are warned through State Government officials and
broadcast of warnings through All India Radio and National Television (Doordarshan) telecast programmes in
national and regional hook-up. A system of warning dissemination for fishermen through World Space Digital
Based radio receivers is being planned
Cyclone Awareness- Do's and Don't
 DOs
• Check houses, secure loose tiles by cementing wherever necessary, repair doors and windows.
• Check the area around the house. Remove dead or dying trees, anchor removable objects like lumber piles, loose bricks,
garbage cans, sign-boards, loose zinc sheets etc.
• Keep some wooden boards ready so that glass windows can be boarded.
• If you do not have wooden boards handy, paste paper strips on glasses to prevent splinters flying into the house.
• Keep a hurricane Lantern filled with kerosene, flash light and enough dry cells and keep them handy.
• Promptly demolish condemned buildings.
• Those who have radio sets should ensure that the radio is fully serviceable. In the case of transistors an extra set of batteries
should be kept handy.
• Keep your radio on and listen to latest weather warnings and advisories from the nearest AIR station. Pass the information to
others.
• Pass only the official information you have got from the radio to others.
• Get away from low lying beaches or other locations which may be swept by high tides or storm waves. Leave sufficiently
early before your way to high ground gets flooded. Do not delay and run the risk of being marooned.
• Get extra food, especially things which can be eaten without cooking or with very little preparation. Store extra drinking
water in suitably covered vessel.
• If you are in one of the evacuation areas, move your valuable articles to upper floors to minimise flood damage
• Be sure that a window or door can be opened on the lee side of the house i.e. the side opposite the one facing the wind.
• Be sure that a window or door can be opened on the lee side of the house i.e. the side opposite the one facing the wind.
• You should remain in shelters until informed by those in charge that you may return home.
• Any loose and dangling wire from the lamp post should be strictly avoided.
• People should keep away from disaster areas unless you are required to assist.
• Anti-social elements should be prevented from doing mischief and reported to the police.
• Cars, buses, lorries and carts should be driven carefully.
• The houses and dwellings should be cleared of debris
• The losses should be reported to the appropriate authorities.
• Relatives should be promptly informed about the safety of persons in the disaster area.
Don’ts

•Avoid being misled by rumours.

•Don’t leave shelters until informed by the rescue personals.
•Don’t touch the loose and dangling wire from lamp post, it may have electric
current.
LANDSLIDE
LANDSLIDE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
SIGNS OF A POSSIBLE LANDSLIDE

•Springs, seeps or saturated ground in areas that are not usually wet.
•New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street or sidewalks.
•Soil moving away from foundations, or the tilting or cracking of concrete floors and
foundations.
•Sunken or down-dropped road beds.
•Rapid increase in water levels, possibly accompanied by increased soil content.
•A sudden decrease in water levels even though rain is still falling or just recently
stopped.
•Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together, might
indicate moving debris
AREAS PRONE TO LANDSLIDES

•On existing old landslides.

•On or at the base of slopes.
•In or at the base of minor drainage hollows.
•At the base or top of an old fill slope.
•At the base or top of a steep cut slope.
•Developed hillsides where leach field septic systems are used.
 WHAT TO DO AFTER A LANDSLIDE
•Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides.
•Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information.
•Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow. Floods sometimes follow landslides and debris flows
because they may both be started by the same event.
•Help a neighbor who may require special assistance - infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities. Elderly people
and people with disabilities may require additional assistance. People who care for them or who have large families may
need additional assistance in emergency situations.
•Look for and report broken utility lines and damaged roadways and railways to appropriate authorities. Reporting potential
hazards will get the utilities turned off as quickly as possible, preventing further hazard and injury.
•Check the building foundation, chimney, and surrounding land for damage. Damage to foundations, chimneys, or
surrounding land may help you assess the safety of the area.
•Replant damaged ground as soon as possible since erosion caused by loss of ground cover can lead to flash flooding and
additional landslides in the near future.
•Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards or designing corrective techniques to reduce
landslide risk. A professional will be able to advise you of the best ways to prevent or reduce landslide risk, without creating
further hazard.
 HOW TO PREVENT LANDSLIDES
Plant Vegetation

Altering the Slope Gradient

Retaining Walls

1.Covering the land with impermeable membranes in order to prevent water infiltration in the landslide;
2.Directing surface water sources away from the landslides;
3.Draining ground water streams away from the landslides;
4.Minimizing irrigation on the surface of the soil.
CAUSES OF TSUNAMI

• Underwater explosions (including detonations of

underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier
calving, meteorite impacts and other disturbances
above or below water all have the potential to
generate a tsunami.

• Most commonly tsunami is caused by

underwater earthquake or underwater volcanic
activity
 Precautions during Tsunami
• Listen to a radio or television to get the latest emergency
information, and be ready to evacuate if asked to do so.
• If you hear an official tsunami warning or detect signs of a
tsunami, evacuate at once. Climb to higher ground.
• Stay away from the beach.
• Never go down to the beach to watch a tsunami come in. If you
can see the wave you are too close to escape it.
• Return home only after authorities advise it is safe to do so. A
tsunami is a series of waves. Do not assume that one wave means
that the danger over. The next wave may be larger than the first
one. Stay out of the area.
Precautions after Tsunami

• Stay tuned to a battery-operated radio for the latest emergency

information.
• Help injured or trapped persons.
• Give first aid where appropriate. Do not move seriously injured
persons unless they are in immediate danger of further injury. Call for
help.
• Remember to help your neighbors who may require special
assistance--infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities.
• Enter your home with caution.
TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
Global distribution of deep sea
pressure sensors
International Tsunami Information Centre
The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System comprises a real-time seismic monitoring network of 17

broadband seismic stations to detect tsunamigenic earthquakes, a network of real-time sea-level

sensors with 4 Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR) in the open ocean and 25 tide gauge stations at

different coastal locations monitor tsunamis and a 24 X 7 operational tsunami warning centre to provide

timely advisories to vulnerable community. It also receives earthquake data from all other global

networks to detect earthquakes of M>6.5.

 Persons with Mobility or Agility Disabilities

• Additional wheelchairs
• transport people in wheelchairs
• Plan for when an elevator does not work
• Reception centers wheelchair accessible
• List of homes and hotels that can accept wheelchairs
• Plans in workplaces
• Chargers for wheelchairs
• Canes/walkers and other equipment
• List of local resources (equipment and expertise)
 Persons who are deaf or hard of hearing

• Interpreters
• Portable TTY”s
• Pads of paper, pens
• Sheet with Sign language
• Reception center kit with pictures or phrases

TTY is a special device that lets people who are deaf,

hard of hearing, or speech-impaired use the telephone to
communicate, by allowing them to type text messages.
Children
Elementary schools
Day Cares
Art
Keep them busy
recovery

• Assistance with clean-up

• Consumer counselling service
• Emotional support.
• Helping with problem solving and decision making.
• Advocating for specific programs, funding
• Loss of neighbor or friend
• Avoiding the welfare image
• Extending the time period for Disaster service programs and benefit.
Definition of EMERGENCY RELIEF
LOGISTICS (ERL)

• Emergency relief logistics is the processes and systems

involved in mobilizing people, resources, skills and
knowledge, to help vulnerable people affected by disaster.
 LOGISTICS IN DISASTER OPERATIONS

• Meet disaster victims’ needs quickly.

• Provide assistance, materiel, transport and facility support to
responders.
• Integrate into the Centralized logistics system where the disaster
occurs.
• Control and account for property.
• Maintain full logistics readiness during disaster and non-disaster
periods.
LOGISTICS IN EMERGENCY RELIEF
Emergency logistics requires:
• Delivery of the appropriate supplies in good condition, when and where they are needed.

• A wide range of transport.

• Limited, rapid, and specific deliveries from outside the area.

• A system of prioritizing various relief inputs.

• Storing, staging, and moving bulk commodities.

• Moving people

• Coordination and prioritization of the use of limited and shared transport assets.

• Possible military involvement in logistics support

 LOGISTICS IN EMERGENCY RELIEF
Before an emergency During an emergency
logistics may entail logistics may entail
• Acquiring equipment  Providing utility maps to emergency
• Stockpiling supplies responders
• Designating emergency facilities  Providing material safety data sheets to
• Establishing training facilities employees
• Establishing mutual aid agreements  Moving backup equipment in place
• Preparing a resource inventory  Arranging for medical support, food and
transportation
 Arranging for shelter facilities
 Providing for backup power
 Providing for backup communications
EMERGENCY RELIEF LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN
CHALLENGES OF EMERGENCY RELIEF LOGISTICS
Emergency relief exercises are usually executed in complex environments
due to:
 Dependence on voluntary contributions

 Involvement of many stakeholders

 High levels of uncertainty (demand, supplies, assessment)

 Degraded infrastructure and no established logistics community

 Delivery constraints due to Government or military involvement

 Politically unstable environment

LOGISTICS ORGANIZATION
 OPERATIONS AND LOGISTICS FUNCTIONS

Operations Logistics
• Responds to Requirements
• Develops Requirements
• Collects Orders & Performs
• Places Orders (Based on Sourcing Analysis
Requirements)
• Provides Material,
• Develops Tactical Teams for Transportation, Facility
Operational Performance Support, and Other Services

• Develops Operating Plans & • Develops Support Plans &

Procedures Procedures
 MOBILIZATION CENTER Key Functions

• Management & Coordination

Logistics Administration
• External Affairs & Liaison
Human Resources
• Safety & Security
Procurement/Contracting
• Logistics Operations Logistics Support
• Traffic Management Facilities Management
• Receiving & Distribution Warehousing

• Materials Handling Information Technology

Property Management
• Logistics Planning
Transportation
• Plans Development Resource Tracking
• Reporting
 Initial Response Resources (IRR)

Supplies Equipment
• Blankets • Emergency Generators (50-
• Cots packs)
• Flashlights • Personal Toilet Kits
• Meal, Ready-to-Eat • Refrigerated Vans (Limited
Quantity)
• Tarps,
• Roofing
• Misc.
• Sleeping Bags
• Tents
• Water ( Asst Sizes)
 Water-borne

Patterns of mortality and injury diseases

. Polio
•Malaria
• Disaster events that involve water are the most significant in terms of •Cholera
•Dengue
mortality •Typhoid
•Anaemia
•Fluorosis
• Floods, storm surges, and tsunamis all have a higher proportion of deaths •Hepatitis
•Diarrhea
relative to injuries

• Earthquakes and events associated with high winds tend to exhibit more
injuries than deaths, as in Haiti

• The risk of injury and death is much higher in developing countries – at

least 10 times higher because of little preparedness, poorer infrastructure.
Public Health Impact of Floods
•Loss of livelihoods
•Epidemic outbreaks:
Socio & assets (reduced measles
economi access to food) •Increased
c impact •Loss of shelter malnutrition
•Displacement •Mental & psychosocial
disorders
•Erosion of
community social
structures & coping
•Destruction of
mechanisms •Reduced access to
Effect on health care healthcare Increased sickness
Floods Infrastruct infrastructure • outcomes for and mortality
ures •Disruption of social chronic diseases
services (water •Electric shock
supplies, electricity,
latrines)
•Destruction
•Destruction ofof •Epidemics: cholera,
sanitation facilities malaria, typhoid
roads
Environ •Increased snake
•Lack of clean water
mental bites
•Increased parasites
impact in the environment
 Public Health Impact of Drought

•Epidemics: cholera, typhoid

Water •Skin diseases
shortage •Eye diseases

Drought •Reduced •Malnutrition and

avitaminosis
food Increased
intake morbidity
•Crop and
failure •Loss of mortality
•Loss of purchasing •Reduced access
•Increased
illnesses
livestock power to health care •child health risks
•Increased •Loss of caring
capacity
food price •Displacem
•Reduced ent/forced •Distortion of
•Alcholism
access to migration community
food social structures
 BASIC NEEDS
Provision of adequate
• Food,
• Water and sanitation,
• Shelter,
• Clothing and
• Essential health services:

• Available
• Accessible
• Acceptable
• Adaptable
Hyperglycemia or high blood sugar
(an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells)
 Suggested Emergency Food Supplies

Consider the following things when putting together your

emergency food supplies:

•Store at least a three-day supply of non-perishable food.

•Choose foods your family will eat.
•Remember any special dietary needs.
•Avoid foods that will make you thirsty.

https://www.ready.gov/food
The following items are suggested when selecting emergency food
supplies.
•Ready-to-eat canned meats, fruits, vegetables and a can opener
•Protein or fruit bars
•Dry breakfast cereal (maize (corn),rice (paddy), wheat, barley)
•Peanut butter
•Dried fruit
•Canned juices
•Non-perishable pasteurized milk
•High energy foods
•Food for infants

https://www.ready.gov/food
Food Safety & Sanitation

https://www.ready.gov/food
 Cooking

Alternative cooking sources can be used in times of emergency including candle

warmers, chafing dishes, fondue pots or a fireplace. Charcoal grills and camp stoves are
for outdoor use only. Commercially canned food may be eaten out of the can without
warming.

To heat food in a can:

1.Remove the label.
2.Thoroughly wash and disinfect the can. (Use a diluted solution of one part bleach to
ten parts water.)
3.Open the can before heating.

fondue pots fondue pots

https://www.ready.gov/food
 Preparing Food

Preparing food after a disaster or emergency may be difficult due to damage to your home and loss of electricity,
gas, and water. Having the following items available will help you to prepare meals safely:

•Cooking utensils
•Knives, forks, and spoons
•Paper plates, cups, and towels
•A manual can- and bottle-opener
•Heavy-duty aluminum foil
•Propane gas or charcoal grill; camp stove
•Fuel for cooking, such as charcoal. (CAUTION: Only use charcoal grills or camp stoves outside of your
home to avoid smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning.)

https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/foodwater/prepare.html
Managing Food without Power

•Keep the refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as possible.

•The refrigerator will keep food cold for about 4 hours if it is unopened.
•Refrigerated or frozen foods should be kept at 40° F or below for proper food storage.
•Use a refrigerator thermometer to check temperature.
•Refrigerated food should be safe as long as the power was out for no more than 4 hours.
•Discard any perishable food (such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs or leftovers) that has been
above 40° F for two hours or more.

https://www.ready.gov/food
 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

The World Bank defines NGOs as “private organizations that

pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the
poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or
undertake community development.”

Some are organized around specific issues:

→ Human rights
→ Environment
→ Health
→ Poverty eradication
→ Rehabilitation
→ Employment
 TYPES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

There are numerous possibilities to classify NGOs. The following is the typology the World Bank uses;

1. Operational NGOs

Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects". They mobilize
financial resources, materials, and volunteers to create localized programs. They hold large-
scale fundraising events and may apply to governments and organizations for grants or contracts to raise
money for projects.

2. Advocacy NGOs

Their primary purpose is to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational project
management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying,
press work and activist events
 Other Types of NGOs
NGO type can be understood by orientation and level of operation.

NGO Types by Orientation:

1.Charitable Orientation - It includes NGOs with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor -
distribution of food, clothing or medicine; provision of housing, transport, schools etc. Such NGOs may also
undertake relief activities during a natural or man-made disaster.

2.Service Orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of health and education services.

3.Participatory Orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people are involved particularly in
the implementation of a project by contributing cash, tools, land, materials, labor etc.

4.Empowering Orientation is where the aim is to help poor people develop a clear understanding of the social,
political and economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen their awareness of their own potential power to
control their lives.
NGO Types by Level of Operation:

1.Community-based Organizations (CBOs) arise out of people’s own initiatives. These can include sports clubs,
women’s organizations, and neighborhood organizations, religious or educational organizations.

2.Citywide Organizations include organizations such as the Rotary or lion’s Club, chambers of commerce and
industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups and associations of community organizations.

3.National NGOs include organizations such as the Red Cross, YMCAs/YWCAs, professional organizations etc. Some
of these have state branches and assist local NGOs.

4.International NGOs range from secular agencies such as Save the Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, UNDP,
UNICEF, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations to religiously motivated groups.
 Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations
NGOs play a critical role in all areas of development. Role of NGOs vary over the years as the policy of government changes. NGOs are almost dependent
on polices of government. Socio economic development is a shared responsibility of both i.e. government and NGOs.

1.Planner and implementer of development programmers,

2.Mobiliser of local resources and initiative,
3.Promoter, enabler and innovator,
4.Builder of self reliant sustainable society,
5.Mediator of people and government,
6.Supporter and partner of government programme in activating delivery system implementing rural development programmes,
etc.,
7.Agents of information,
8.Factor of improvement of the poor, and
9.Facilitator of development education, training, professionalization, etc.
https://www.mbaknol.com/general-business-articles/non-governmental-organization-ngo/
 Features of NGOs

Support democratic system

Function on no profit basis
Non Political in character
Clearly defined objectives
Limited external control
Voluntary Character
Wide operational area
Positive contribution
Need financial support
Interest in long-term projects
 Activities of NGOs

Create awareness
Protect human rights
Encourage rehabilitation
Gainful employment
Combat man made crisis
Protect environment
Advantages of NGOs

→ Ability to experiment freely

→ Flexible in adapting to local needs
→ Enjoy Good rapport with people
→ Ability to communicate at all levels
→ Ability to recruit experts and highly motivated staff
→ Less restrictions from the Government
 Disadvantages of NGOs

 Lack of funds
 Lack of dedicated leadership
 Inadequate trained personnel
 Misuse of Funds
 Monopolization of leadership
 Lack of public participation
 Centralization in Urban Areas
 Lack of Coordination
Tamil Nadu NGOs in tsunami rehabilitation

The NGOs put up temporary shelters and donated fibreglass

boats with nets to the fishermen besides fulfilling their basic
needs including protected drinking water, sanitation, essential
commodities and utensils. Besides, free medical camps and
counselling were conducted for the tsunami-hit people.

Five desalination plants were set up in the coastal

hamlets and best quality drinking water was being
provided to the people.

The Exnora International with USAID support

provided skill training for more than 400
fisherwomen in tsunami-hit areas.
 Most Famous NGO’s in The World
Most Famous NGO’s in India

1. Smile Foundation 1. Mercy Corps:

2. Help age India 2. Cure Violence:
3. Goonj limited 3. Medecins Sans Frontières:
4. Give India 4. CARE international:
5. CRY 5. Ceres:
6. Nanhi Kali 6. Partners in Health:
7. Sargam Sanstha 7. Danish Refugee Council:
8. Sammaan foundation 8. Acumen Fund:
9. Lepra society 9. Wikimedia foundation:
10. Pratham 10.BRAC:
 The official mission statement says that: "The International Committee of
the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral, and independent organization
whose independently humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of
victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with assistance."

The American Red Cross shelters, feeds and counsels victims of disasters; provides nearly half of
the nation's blood supply; teaches lifesaving skills; and supports military members and their
families.
The Red Cross is a charitable organization
not a government agency
and depends on volunteers