Computer Applications (Commerce) – XII Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Review of C++ Programming
Basics of C++
Character set Fundamental unit of C++ language. Classified into letters, digits, special
characters and white spaces.
Tokens Building blocks of C++ programs. Classified into keywords, identifiers, literals,
punctuators and operators.
Keywords Reserved words that convey specific meaning to the language compiler.
Identifiers User-defined words to identify memory locations, statements, etc. Identifiers
include variables, labels, function names, etc.
Literals Tokens that do not change their value during the program run. Classified into
(Constants) integer constants, floating point constants, character constants and string
constants.
Operators Symbols that represents some operations. They consist of arithmetic, relational
and logical operators. There are some special operators named get from (>>),
put to (<<) and assignment (=). Another category of operators include increment
(++), decrement (--) and arithmetic assignment (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=) operators.
Punctuators Special characters like comma (,), semi colon (;), etc. used for the perfection of
syntax of various constructs of the language.
Data types These are means to identify the type of data and associated operations.
Data types are classified into fundamental and user-defined data types.
Fundamental data types include int, char, float, double and void.
Type modifiers The keyword signed, unsigned, short and long are the type
modifiers. They are used with data types to modify the size and range of
data.
Expressions Operators and operands are combined to form expressions. Classified
into arithmetic expressions, relational expressions and logical
expressions. Arithmetic expression is divided into integer expression and
real expression. Integer expression - Only integer data and integer results.
Real expressions – Only floating point data and float type result.
Relational and logical expressions return True or False as outputs.
Type conversion The process of converting the current data type of a value into another
type. Two types - implicit and explicit conversions. In implicit type
conversion, complier is responsible for the conversion. Also known as
type promotion. In explicit conversion, user is responsible for the
conversion. Also known as type casting.
Statements Declaration statement (eg: int a; float b;),
Variable initialization statement (eg: int a=5; const float pi=3.14;)
Input statement (eg: cin>>a;),
Output statement (cout<<a; cout<<”hello”;),
Assignment statement (eg: a=5; a=b+c; )
Increment and a++; (postfix form) ++a; (prefix form) : Same as a = a + 1;
Decrement a--; (postfix form) --a; (prefix form) : Same as a = a – 1;
operators
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Computer Applications (Commerce) – XII Chapter 1
Arithmetic num+=10; Same as num = num + 1;
assignment p –= q; Same as p = p – q;
operators m*=n; (m = m * n;) n/=10; (n = n/10;) n%=2; (n = n %2;)
Structure of C++ Three parts – preprocessor directive (#include statement),
program using namespace statement,
main() function.
Control Two types – Selection statements (if, switch)
statements Looping statements (while, for, do – while)
while and for are entry controlled loops
do – while is exit controlled loop
Looping There will be four components – initialization expression, test expression,
statements update expression, loop-body.
In the case of entry-controlled loop, body will be executed only after
evaluation the test expression (condition).
But, in the case of the exit-controlled loop, condition will be checked only
after executing the loop-body.
Conditional Ternary operator. Used instead of if – else statement.
Operator ( ? : ) Eg: The statement if (n%2==) cout<< “Even” ;
else cout<< “Odd”; can be replaced by
(n%2==0) ? cout<< “Even” : cout<< “Odd”;
Nested loop If the body of a loop contains another loop, it is called nested loop.
Nested loop example:
The output
for (i=1; i<=5; i++) 1
{
1 2
cout << “\n”;
1 2 3
for (j=1; j<=i; j++)
1 2 3 4
Cout<< j << “\t”;
1 2 3 4 5
}
switch V/s if – else if statement
switch if – else if
• Only equality conditions are checked. • Any relational expression can be used for
conditions.
• Program control goes outside the block • No need of break to take the control
only if break is used after each case. outside after executing a block.
• default case is for an action where all the • else is used for an action where all the
conditions fail. conditions fail.
Jump statements
Transfers program control from one place to another part of a program. There are four jump
statements – return, goto, break and continue.
The goto statement can transfer the program control to a labeled statement.
When a break statement is encountered in a loop (for, while, do-while), it takes the
program control outside the loop.
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Computer Applications (Commerce) – XII Chapter 1
The continue statement is used for skipping the remaining statements within the loop-
body and forcing the next iteration.
break V/s continue
break continue
• Used with switch and loops. Used only with loops.
• Takes the control outside the loop by • Takes the control to the beginning of the
skipping the remaining part of the body. loop by skipping the remaining part of
the body.
• Program control goes outside the loop Program control goes outside only when
even though the test expression returns the test expression of the loop returns
true. false.
Questions from Previous Years’ Question Papers
1. Which among the following is an insertion operator?
(a) << (b) >> (c) < (d) > (1) (March 2016)
2. What are the main components of a looping statement? (2) (March 2016)
3. How do break and continue differ in a loop. Explain with an example. (3) (March 2016)
4. ____ is an exit-controlled loop. (1) (SAY 2016)
5. Explain switch statement with an example. (3) (SAY 2016)
6. How does a ‘goto’ statement work? (2) (SAY 2016)
7. Which among the following statement is equivalent to the statement series
b = a; a = a+ 1; ?
(a) b += a; (b) b = a++; (c) b = ++a; (d) b += a + b; (1) (March 2017)
8. Rewrite the following C++ code using ‘switch’ statement:
cin>>pcode;
if (pcode == ‘C’)
cout<< “Computer”;
else if (pcode == ‘M’)
cout<< “Mobile Phone”;
else if (pcode == ‘L’)
cout<< “Laptop”;
else
cout<< “Invalid code”; (3) (March 2017)
9. A ____ statement in a loop forces the termination of that loop. (1) (March 2017)
10. Identify the following C++ tokens:
(a) “welcome” (b) int (c) >= (d) ++ (2) (SAY2017)
11. _____ operator is the arithmetic assignment operator.
(a) >> (b) = = (c) += (d) = (1) (SAY 2017)
12. Explain break and continue statements with example. (3) (SAY 2017)
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