HKDSE NEW CHEMISTRY  A Modern View Book 3A

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HKDSE NEW CHEMISTRY  A Modern View

Suggested Answers  Book 3A

Table of contents
Chapter 24 Simple molecular substances with non-octet structures and shapes
of simple molecules

Class practice 24.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………............3

Class practice 24.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………............3

Class practice 24.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………............4

Class practice 24.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………............5

Reading to learn …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...9

Chapter 25 Polarity of bond and molecule

Class practice 25.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........12

Class practice 25.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........12

Class practice 25.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........12

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...13

Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........15

Chapter 26 Intermolecular forces

Class practice 26.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........17

Class practice 26.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........17

Class practice 26.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........18

Class practice 26.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........18

Class practice 26.5………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........18

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Class practice 26.6………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........18

Writing practice 26.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………......19

Reading to learn…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...19

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...19

Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........20

Chapter 27 Structure and properties of ice

Class practice 27.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........25

Class practice 27.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........25

Feature reading………………………………………….……………………………………………………...............25

Chapter exercise………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….….26

Exam practice……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………….27

Part exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….28

Revision test…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….30

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Chapter 24 Simple molecular substances with non-octet

structures and shapes of simple molecules

Class practice 24.1 (p.5)

(a) Electron diagram for a BeCl2 molecule:

Electron diagram for an NCl3 molecule:

Electron diagram for a Cl2O molecule:

Electron diagram for an IF3 molecule:

(b) Be atom in the BeCl2 molecule has only four outermost shell electrons and I atom in
the IF3 molecule has 10 outermost shell electrons. Hence, both BeCl2 and IF3 have a
non-octet structure.

Class practice 24.2 (p.8)

(a) (i) Electron diagram of a BCl3 molecule:

(ii) Shape of BCl3 molecule: trigonal planar

Three-dimensional structure of a BCl3 molecule:

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(b) (i) Electron diagram of an HCN molecule:

(ii) Shape of HCN molecule: linear

Three-dimensional structure of an HCN molecule: HC≡N

Class practice 24.3 (p.10)

(a)
Number of Number of Number of
electron pairs bond pairs lone pairs Shape of
Molecule
around the around the around the molecule
central atom central atom central atom
CCl4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral
NF3 4 3 1 Trigonal
pyramidal
H2S 4 2 2 V-shaped

(b) Three-dimensional structure of a CCl4 molecule:

Three-dimensional structure of an NF3 molecule:

Three-dimensional structure of an H2S molecule:

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Class practice 24.4 (p.14)

(a)
Number of Number of Number of
electron pairs bond pairs lone pairs Shape of
Molecule
around the around the around the molecule
central atom central atom central atom
SiH4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral
PH3 4 3 1 Trigonal
pyramidal
PCl5 5 5 0 Trigonal
bipyramidal
SF6 6 6 0 Octahedral

(b) Three-dimensional structure of an SiH4 molecule:

Three-dimensional structure of a PH3 molecule:

Three-dimensional structure of a PCl5 molecule:

Three-dimensional structure of an SF6 molecule:

Reading to learn (p.15)

1. The shape of water molecule is determined by the arrangement of the bonded atoms
in space rather than the spatial arrangement of the electron pairs around the central
atom.
2. The two lone pairs of electrons in the water molecule exert a greater repulsive force
than the two bond pairs of electrons. As a result, the HOH bond angle in the water
molecule is smaller than 109.5.

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3. (a) Tetrahedral
(b) V-shaped

Chapter 24 Chapter exercise (p.18)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.18)

1. eight 5. 12 9. one; three

2. non-octet 6. linear 10. two; two
3. six 7. trigonal planar 11. trigonal bipyramidal
4. 10 8. tetrahedral 12. octahedral

B. Practice question (p.18)

13. (a)
Number of
electron pairs
around the
central atom Number of Number of
(a double bond pairs lone pairs Shape of Is the octet
Molecule
bond or a around the around the molecule rule obeyed?
triple bond is central atom central atom
treated as
‘one’ electron
pair)

COCl2 3 3 0 Trigonal planar Yes

BF3 3 3 0 Trigonal planar No

H 2S 4 2 2 V-shaped Yes

SiCl4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral Yes

Trigonal
NCl3 4 3 1 Yes
pyramidal

Trigonal
PBr5 5 5 0 No
bipyramidal

SBr6 6 6 0 Octahedral No

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(b)Molecule (i) Electron diagram (ii) Three-dimensional structure

COCl2

BF3

H2S

SiCl4

NCl3

PBr5

SBr6

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C. Multiple-choice questions (p.19)

14. D
15. C
16. A

D. Structured questions (p.19)

17. (a) Molecular formula of A: WZ3; 1

molecular formula of B: YZ3 1

(b) Electron diagram for a molecule of A: 1

Electron diagram for a molecule of B: 1

(c) A. This is because W atom in the molecule of A has only six outermost
shell electrons. 1
18. (a) No. The three-dimensional structure of a BeF2 molecule is FBeF. 1

(b) No. The three-dimensional structure of an NH3 molecule is . 1

(c) No. The three-dimensional structure of an SF6 molecule is . 1

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Chapter 24 Exam practice (p.21)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.21)

1. B
As shown by its electron diagram appearing in Extended learning 24.1 on p.5, N
atom in the NO2 molecule has only seven outermost shell electrons. Hence, NO2 has
a non-octet structure.
2. B (77%)
3. A
4. C (72%)
5. D
In an H2SO4 molecule, the central sulphur atom has 12 outermost shell electrons.
Besides, there are four electron pairs (all bond pairs) around the central sulphur atom.
These electron pairs take up a tetrahedral arrangement such that they experience the
least repulsion.

B. Structured questions (p.21)

6. (a) Electron diagram of a BF3 molecule: 1

Electron diagram of an NH3 molecule: 1

(b) Shape of BF3 molecule: trigonal planar 1

Three-dimensional structure of a BF3 molecule: 1

Shape of NH3 molecule: trigonal pyramidal 1

Three-dimensional structure of an NH3 molecule: 1

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(c) (i) When NH3 combines with BF3, the N atom in an NH3 molecule
can share its lone pair of electrons with the B atom in a BH3
molecule, forming a dative covalent bond. 1
(ii)

7. (a) It refers to the electrostatic attraction between the shared electrons

(negatively charged) and the two nuclei (positively charged) of the
bonded atoms. 1
(b) Intermolecular forces/van der Waals’ forces 1

(c) (i) Simplified electron diagram of a POCl3 molecule: 1

Simplified electron diagram of a PCl3 molecule: 1

(ii) Shape of POCl3 molecule: tetrahedral 1

Shape of PCl3 molecule: trigonal pyramidal 1

(iii) Three-dimensional structure of a POCl3 molecule: 1

Three-dimensional structure of a PCl3 molecule: 1

8. (a) 3
S O F
Mass / g 25.9 12.9 61.2
Number of moles of 25.9 12.9 61.2
= 0.807 = 0.806 = 3.221
atoms / mol 32.1 16.0 19.0
Simplest whole
0.807 0.806 3.221
number mole ratio of = 1.00 = 1.00 = 4.00
0.806 0.806 0.806
atoms
∴the empirical formula of X is SOF4.

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Let the molecular formula of X be (SOF4)n, where n is an integer.

100 < n × (32.1 + 16.0 + 19.0 × 4) < 200
n=1
∴ the molecular formula of X is SOF4.
(1 mark for correct calculations of the number of moles of atoms; 1
mark for the correct calculations of the simplest whole number mole
ratio of atoms; 1 mark for the correct deduction of the molecular
formula of X)
(b)

1
(c) Trigonal bipyramidal 1
(d)

OR

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Chapter 25 Polarity of bond and molecule

Class practice 25.1 (p.26)
A

Class practice 25.2 (p.29)

(a) (i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(b) BF > PCl > NH > ICl

Class practice 25.3 (p.35)

1. (a) C and F atoms have different electronegativities.
(b)

(c) CF4 molecules are tetrahedral in shape and the four CF bonds are arranged
symmetrically in space. The polarities of these bonds cancel out each other, so
CF4 molecules are non-polar.
(d)

2. B
3. A

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Chapter 25 Chapter exercise (p.40)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.40)

1. Electronegativity 4. greater; polarity 7. deflection

2. non-polar 5. polar
3. polar 6. polarities

B. Practice question (p.40)

Three-dimensional
Molecule
structure of the
(the underlined Electron diagram
molecule (using
atom is the (showing electrons in Shape of the Is it polar or
the notation ‘ ’
central atom, the outermost shells molecule non-polar?
to denote the
where only)
polarity of
appropriate)
individual bonds)

HCl Linear Polar

SCl2 V-shaped Polar

BCl3 Trigonal planar Non-polar

Trigonal
PCl3 Polar
pyramidal

CCl4 Tetrahedral Non-polar

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COF2 Trigonal planar Polar

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.41)

9. C
10. B
11. C
12. B

D. Structured questions (p.42)

13. (a)

(b)

1
(c)

14. (a) Both BF3 and BeF2 are non-polar. 1

(b) NCl3 is polar because the polarities of the NCl bonds in NCl3 do not
cancel out each other. 1

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Chapter 25 Exam practice (p.43)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.43)

1. A
Chemical Electronegativity difference
bond between the bonded atoms

A. OH 3.44  2.20 = 1.24

B. SH 2.58  2.20 = 0.38
C. NH 3.04  2.20 = 0.84
D. CH 2.55  2.20 = 0.35
2. C
3. C
4. C

B. Structured questions (p.43)

5. (a) It is decreasing. 1
(b) It is increasing. 1
(c) C and H 1
(d) Methane molecules are tetrahedral in shape and the four CH bonds are
arranged symmetrically in space. The polarities of these bonds cancel
out each other, so methane molecules are non-polar, and this makes
methane a non-polar substance. 1
6. (a) In an SbCl3 molecule, there are three bond pairs of electrons and one
lone pair of electrons around the central Sb atom. To minimize the
electronic repulsion, these four electron pairs will take up a tetrahedral
arrangement. 1
Due to the stronger repulsion exerted by the lone pair of electrons than
the bond pairs of electrons, the ClSbCl bond angles are squeezed to a
value of about 107. 1
Hence, the shape of SbCl3 molecule is trigonal pyramidal. 1
(b) There is a difference in electronegativity between Sb and Cl atoms (or
SbCl bonds are polar). 1
As SbCl3 molecules are not symmetrical, the polarities of the three
SbCl bonds in SbCl3 do not cancel out each other. 1
Hence, SbCl3 molecules are polar.

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7. (a)

Trichloromethane

(b) Trichloromethane (CHCl3) molecules are tetrahedral in shape. As the

polarities of the CH bond and CCl bonds in CHCl3 are not identical,
they do not cancel out each other. Hence, CHCl3 molecules are polar. 1
The polar CHCl3 molecules are attracted by the electric field. 1
(c) Yes. The CHCl3 molecules will orientate themselves so that their
positive ends are attracted to the negatively charged rod. 1
8. (a) Fill a burette with pentane. Slowly run the liquid from the burette. 1
Place a charged rod near the jet of the liquid. Observe whether or not
the liquid shows deflection. 1
Repeat the experiment by using ethanol instead of pentane. 1
(b) If a liquid jet does not show deflection, the liquid is pentane. 1
This is because pentane is non-polar while ethanol is polar. 1

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Chapter 26 Intermolecular forces

Class practice 26.1 (p.49)
(a) Gas
(b)

(c) Van der Waals’ forces

(d) The electrons in a neon molecule are in constant motion. At a given instant of time,
the electron distribution may be uneven. This leads to the formation of partial
positive charge on one side of the neon molecule and partial negative charge on the
other side temporarily.
At a given instant of time, the partial charges on one neon molecule can induce a
separation of charge on the neighbouring neon molecules. As a result, the positive
end of one neon molecule is attracted to the negative end of another neon molecule.
This explains how the van der Waals’ forces in neon arise.

Class practice 26.2 (p.54)

1. (a) Molecules of propane: non-polar;
Molecules of butane: non-polar
Molecules of methylpropane: polar
Molecules of pentane: non-polar
(b) Van der Waals’ forces
(c) As butane molecules are rod-shaped while methylpropane molecules are
spherical in shape, butane molecules have a greater area of contact with one
another compared with methylpropane molecules. Thus, the van der Waals’
forces between butane molecules are stronger than those between
methylpropane molecules. That is why the boiling point of butane is higher than
that of methylpropane.
2. HKDSE 2016 Paper 1B Q4c
3. Both molecules of hydrogen chloride and fluorine are held together by van der Waals’
forces.
As hydrogen chloride is polar while fluorine is non-polar, the van der Waals’ forces
between hydrogen chloride molecules are stronger than those between fluorine
molecules.

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Class practice 26.3 (p.59)

1. C (54%)
2. (a) Van der Waals’ forces
(b) Van der Waals’ forces
(c) Van der Waals’ forces
(d) Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals’ forces

Class practice 26.4 (p.62)

1. The attraction between H2O molecules is predominantly hydrogen bonds, which are
stronger than the van der Waals’ forces between H2 molecules and those between O2
molecules.
As O2 has a larger molecular size than H2, the van der Waals’ forces between O2
molecules are stronger than those between H2 molecules.
2. C (59%)

Class practice 26.5 (p.66)

1. B
2. (i) (a) hydrogen bonds
(b) molecular size
(c) van der Waals’ forces
(d) stronger
(ii) (a) molecular
(b) hydroxyl
(c) rod-shaped
(d) spherical
(e) area of contact
(f) stronger
(g) more closely

Class practice 26.6 (p.69)

The van der Waals’ forces between heptane molecules are weaker than the hydrogen bonds
between water molecules. Less energy is required to overcome the intermolecular forces
between heptane molecules than those between ethanol molecules during evaporation.
Hence, heptane evaporates faster than ethanol.

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Writing practice 26.1 (p.51)

1. (a) larger
(b) stronger
2. As methane has a smaller molecular size than butane, the van der Waals’ forces
between methane molecules are weaker than those between butane molecules. Hence,
methane has a lower boiling point.

Reading to learn (p.67)

1. The presence of hydrogen bonding in DNA molecules helps maintain the double
helix structure of the molecules.
2. An H atom in the amine group of adenine forms a hydrogen bond with a lone pair of
electrons on the O atom in an amide group of thymine. Besides, H atom in the amide
group of thymine forms a hydrogen bond with the lone pair of electrons on an N
atom in adenine.

Chapter 26 Chapter exercise (p.73)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.73)

1. (all) molecules; electrostatic

2. van der Waals’ forces; hydrogen
3. size; area of contact; stronger
4. electronegative; lone pair
5. higher; hydrogen bonds
6. surface tension; viscosity
7. high; viscosity; hydrogen bonds
8. miscible
9. higher

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.73)

10. B
11. B
12. C
13. A
Both molecules of NH3 and CH3CH2OH are held together predominantly by
hydrogen bonds. As CH3CH2OH has a larger molecular size than NH3, the van der
Waals’ forces between CH3CH2OH molecules are stronger than those between NH3
molecules.

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D. Structured questions (p.74)

14. Both molecules of CCl4 and CHCl3 are held together by van der Waals’
forces. 1
As CCl4 has a larger molecular size than CHCl3, the van der Waals’ forces
between CCl4 molecules are stronger than those between CHCl3 molecules. 1
15. Hexane molecules do not have any atom or group of atoms that can form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules. 1
16. (a) Ethane-1,2-diol has a small molecular size. 1
Besides, the two OH groups in it can form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules. 1
(b)

hydrogen bond

1
17. As nitrogen is much more electronegative than carbon, NH bond is much
polar than CH bond. 1
Thus, NH3 molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules but
CH4 molecules cannot. 1
OR
Thus, the intermolecular forces between NH3 molecules and that between
NH3 and water molecules are of comparable strength, but it is not for CH4
molecules. (1)
18. Ethanol molecules are held together predominantly by hydrogen bonds,
which are stronger than the van der Waals’ forces between hexane molecules. 1
Hence, ethanol molecules move past one another less easily than hexane
molecules.

Chapter 26 Exam practice (p.75)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.75)

1. C
Intermolecular forces are not present in some substances with giant covalent
structures (e.g. diamond).
2. D
3. D

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4. A (68%)
5. A (59%)
6. A

7. C (68%)

B. Structured questions (p.76)

8. (a) Group 0 1
(b) Van der Waals’ forces 1
(c) The electrons in a molecule of X are in constant motion. At a given
instant of time, the electron distribution may be uneven. This leads to
the formation of partial positive charge on one side of the molecule and
partial negative charge on the other side temporarily. 1
At a given instant of time, the partial charges on one molecule of X can
induce a separation of charge on the neighbouring molecules of X. The
van der Waals’ forces in X are a result of the electrostatic attraction
between the positive end of one molecule of X and the negative end of
another molecule of X. 1
(d) As the molecular size of these elements increases in the order of X < Y < Z,
the van der Waals’ forces between the molecules of Z are the strongest while
those between the molecules of X are the weakest. 1
9. HKDSE 2017 Paper 1B Q5
10 HKDSE 2018 Paper 1B Q3b
11. (a) (i) Hydrogen bonding 1
(ii) 3
OR

hydrogen bond hydrogen bond

(1 mark for all lone pairs; 1 mark for partial charges on the O and
the H that are involved in hydrogen bonding; 1 mark for the
hydrogen bond, from H+ on one molecule to lone pair on O of
other molecule)

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(b) The electronegativity of sulphur is lower than that of oxygen. 1

No hydrogen bonds form between H2S2 molecules. 1
OR
Only van der Waals’ forces form between H2S2 molecules. (1)
(The author is responsible for the solutions and that (a) they have
neither been provided nor approved by AQA and (b) they may not
necessarily constitute the only possible solutions.)
12. (a) N2H4 molecules are held together predominantly by hydrogen bonds,
which are stronger than the van der Waals’ forces between H2 molecules. 2
(b) In an N2H4 molecule, H atoms are attached to the highly electronegative
N atoms. 1
Thus, the NH bonds in N2H4 are highly polar. 1
(c) More liquid fuel can be stored in containers compared with gaseous fuel. 1
OR
There is a lower risk of leakage for liquid fuel than gaseous fuel. (1)
13. (a) In an HF molecule, H atom is attached to a highly electronegative F
atom. Hence, H atom has a partial positive charge. 1
Hydrogen bond forms when the partial positive charge exerts an
electrostatic attraction to a lone pair of electrons on the F atom of a
neighbouring HF molecule. 1
(b) 1
OR
hydrogen bond
hydrogen bond

(c) Between 85 and 35.6 (the boiling point of HBr is 66.4C) 1
(d) The molecules of all these hydrides are held together by van der Waals’
forces. 1
As the molecular size of these hydrides increases in the order of HCl <
HBr < HI, the van der Waals’ forces between HCl molecules are the
weakest while those between HI molecules are the strongest. 1

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14. (a) Both molecules of ethane and chloroethane are held together by van der
Waals’ forces. 1
As ethane is non-polar while chloroethane is polar, the van der Waals’
forces between ethane molecules are weaker than those between
chloroethane molecules. 1
(b) Chloroethane molecules are held together by van der Waals’ forces. 1
Ethanol molecules are held together predominantly by hydrogen bonds,
which are stronger than the van der Waals’ forces. 1
(c) Both molecules of ethanol and ethane-1,2-diol are held together
predominantly by hydrogen bonds. 1
However, the number of hydrogen bonds formed per molecule on
average for ethanol is smaller than that for ethane-1,2-diol. Thus, the
attraction between ethanol molecules is weaker than those between
ethane-1,2-diol molecules. 1
15. (a) (i) Van der Waals’ forces 1
(ii) Van der Waals’ forces 1
(iii) Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals’ forces 1
(b) No. This is because the weak attraction between CCl4 and water
molecules cannot overcome the strong attraction (hydrogen bonds)
between water molecules. 1
OR
No. This is because CCl4 molecules do not form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules. (1)
(c) 2

solution of iodine in water (pale yellow in colour)

solution of iodine in tetrachloromethane (violet in colour)

(1 mark for the correct drawing of expected observation; 1 mark for the
correct labelling)
16. (a) Both molecules of C2H5SH and C2H4 are held together by van der
Waals’ forces. 1
As C2H5SH is polar while C2H4 is non-polar, the van der Waals’ forces
between C2H5SH molecules are stronger than those between C2H4
molecules. Thus, C2H5SH has a higher boiling point. 1

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(b) The OH group in C2H5OH can form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules, while C2H5SH molecules do not have any atom or group of
atoms that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. 1
Hence, C2H5OH is more soluble in water.
17. (a) When a liquid evaporates, it has to absorb heat from the surroundings to
overcome the intermolecular forces that hold the particles together at
the liquid surface. 1
(b) Pentane molecules are held together by van der Waals’ forces while
methanol molecules are held together predominantly by hydrogen bonds. 1
As the attraction between pentane molecules is weaker than that
between methanol molecules, pentane evaporates and absorbs heat from
the surroundings faster than methanol. 2
As a result, pentane has a greater temperature drop two minutes after
the start of the experiment (measured under the same conditions).
(c) Both molecules of methanol and butan-1-ol are held together
predominantly by hydrogen bonds. 1
As methanol has a smaller molecular size than butan-1-ol, the van der
Waals’ forces between methanol molecules are weaker than those
between butan-1-ol molecules. 1
Therefore, methanol evaporates and absorbs heat from the surroundings
faster than butan-1-ol. 1
As a result, methanol has a greater temperature drop two minutes after
the start of the experiment (measured under the same conditions).
(d) By measuring the time required for three pieces of filter paper, each
added with equal volumes of each liquid respectively, to dry completely
(under the same conditions) 1

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Chapter 27 Structure and properties of ice

Class practice 27.1 (p.82)
(a) Covalent bonding
(b) Van der Waals’ forces

Class practice 27.2 (p.86)

(a) Liquid water
(b) The regular arrangement of water molecules in ice allows the formation of maximum
number of hydrogen bonds (four for each water molecule).
(c) This is to overcome some of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules and
separate them.
(d) Boiling of water requires breaking all the hydrogen bonds between water molecules,
but melting of ice requires breaking only some of the hydrogen bonds between water
molecules.

Feature reading (p.89)

1.

2. (a) Because of the electronegativity difference between hydrogen and

oxygen atoms, each OH bond in the water molecule is polar. 1
Water molecules are V-shaped. The polarities of the two OH bonds do
not cancel out each other. Hence, water molecules are polar. 1
(b) When dissolved in water, the positively charged Na+ ions and the
negatively charged Cl ions will disperse among the water molecules. 1
Water molecules are polar. They will orientate themselves with their
positive ends facing the Cl ions and their negative ends facing the Na+
ions. 1
+ 
This dispersion of the Na and Cl ions results in the formation of a
solution.
(c) This property of water helps remove metabolic wastes from our bodies. 1
For example, water can remove wastes filtered by our kidneys and sends
them out of our bodies. (Accept other correct examples.) 1

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3. The intermolecular forces between water molecules are predominantly

hydrogen bonds. 1
The hydrogen bond is a result of the electrostatic attraction between the
partially positive charged hydrogen atom in a water molecule and a lone pair
of electrons on the oxygen atom of a neighbouring water molecule. 1
4. (a) In ice, the water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds and are
arranged tetrahedrally to form an open structure. 1
When ice melts, the water molecules have relative motion and the open
structure collapses. This will bring water molecules closer together. 1
In liquid water, the water molecules are still held together by hydrogen
bonds but will take up a smaller volume. Hence, liquid water has a
higher density than ice. 1
(b) In very cold regions of the Earth, the temperature in winter is below
0C. Water freezes in wintertime. 1
As the density of ice is lower than that of liquid water, a layer of ice will
form on the surface of the ponds while the water underneath remains a
liquid during the cold weather. 1
This allows aquatic life to survive in the warmer water under the ice. 1
5. (a) When the temperature of water is raised by 1C, some of the hydrogen
bonds between water molecules will be broken. 1
As the intermolecular forces between water molecules are stronger than
those between molecules of other liquids, the heat required to raise the
temperature of water by 1C is greater than that of other liquids. 1
(b) About 70% of our Earth’s surface is covered by water. In the hot period
of a day, water absorbs a lot of heat without significant rise in
temperature. 1
When temperature decreases, the heat stored in water is released,
restraining water from a rapid drop in temperature. 1
The combined effect of these processes helps maintain the temperature
of water suitable for the survival of living things on Earth. 1

Chapter 27 Chapter exercise (p.94)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.94)

1. four; tetrahedrally
2. hexagonal; open
3. hydrogen

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B. Multiple-choice questions (p.94)

4. D
5. B

C. Structured question (p.94)

6. (a) Ice has a lower density than liquid water. 1

(b) The water molecules in ice are held together predominantly by hydrogen
bonds and are arranged tetrahedrally to form an open structure. 1
When ice melts, the water molecules have relative motion and the open
structure collapses. 1
The water molecules in liquid water are still held together by hydrogen
bonds but are more closely packed and will take up a smaller volume.
That is why ice is less dense than liquid water. 1

Chapter 27 Exam practice (p.95)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.95)

1. D
2. D (42%)
3. A (53%)

B. Structured question (p.95)

4. (a)

3
(1 mark for showing the correct arrangement of six water molecules; 1 mark
for correct labelling of bond distance a; 1 mark for correct labelling of bond
distance b)

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(b) Bond distance a corresponds to the covalent bond formed between the
H atom and the O atom within a water molecule. 1
Bond distance b corresponds to the hydrogen bond formed between the
H atom of one water molecule and the O atom of its neighbouring
molecule. 1
As covalent bond is stronger than hydrogen bond, bond distance a is
shorter than bond distance b. 1
(c) No. Only some bonds with bond distance b will be broken because only
some intermolecular forces between water molecules have to be
overcome when ice melts. 1

Chapter 27 Part exercise (p.96)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.96)

1. D
There are 10 outermost shell electrons around the central S atom in SCl4.
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. D
Each H2O molecule can form two hydrogen bonds with other H2O molecules on
average while each HF molecule can form only one hydrogen bond with other HF
molecules on average. Thus, the attraction between H2O molecules is stronger than
those between HF molecules. As HBr has a larger molecular size than CH4, the van
der Waals’ forces between HBr molecules are stronger than those between CH4
molecules.
6. D
The number of hydrogen bonds formed per molecule on average is three for
propane-1,2,3-triol, two for water and one for ethanol. Thus, the attraction between
propane-1,2,3-triol molecules is the strongest. A liquid with stronger intermolecular
forces is more viscous.
7. D (80%)

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8. B
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH molecules are held together predominantly by hydrogen bonds
while CH3CH2OCH2CH3 molecules are held together by van der Waals’ forces, which
are weaker than the hydrogen bonds. Hence, CH3CH2OCH2CH3 has a lower boiling
point and is less viscous than CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. Besides, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH is
not quite soluble in water because it has a large molecular size. It will be further
discussed in Book 4B, Chapter 42.

B. Structured question (p.97)

9. (a)

(b) HOCl molecules are V-shaped. Besides, the polarities of the OH and OCl
bonds are not identical. They do not cancel out each other. Hence, HOCl
molecules are polar. 1
10. (a) D 1
(b) A 1
(c) B 1
(d) C 1
11. (a) H2O and CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 1
(b) For H2O: hydrogen bonding 1
For NH3: hydrogen bonding 1
For Cl2: van der Waals’ forces 1
For CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3: van der Waals’ forces 1
(c) Each H2O molecule can form two hydrogen bonds with other H2O
molecules on average, while each NH3 molecule can form only one
hydrogen bond with other NH3 molecules on average. 1
Thus, the attraction between H2O molecules is stronger than that
between NH3 molecules. 1
(d) As Cl2 has a smaller molecular size than CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3, the van
der Waals’ forces between Cl2 molecules are weaker than those between
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 molecules. 1
Thus, a smaller amount of energy is needed to overcome the van der
Waals’ forces between Cl2 molecules and separate them during boiling. 1

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12. (a) In each water molecule in H2O(g), there are two lone pairs of electrons
and two bond pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atom. The
four electron pairs take up a tetrahedral arrangement such that they
experience the least repulsion. 1
The two lone pairs exert a greater repulsive force than the two bond
pairs. As a result, the HOH bond angle in H2O(g) is squeezed to a
value of about 105. 1
In the structure of ice, the tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules
allows the formation of maximum number of hydrogen bonds. Hence,
the HOH bond angle in ice is about 109. 1
(b) Methane is a greenhouse gas that can cause global warming. 1

13.4 100  13.4

(c) Mole ratio of CH4 to H2O = :
16.0 18.0
= 0.8375 : 4.811 1
= 1 : 5.74
∴the value of x is 5.74. 1

Chapter 27 Revision test (p.99)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.99)

1. C
2. A
Molecule of H2C=CH2 is planar but it is not trigonal planar in shape.
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. C
As the molecular size of noble gases increases down the group, the van der Waals’
forces between the molecules become stronger. Hence, the molecules can pack more
closely together. That is why the densities of the noble gases increase down the
group.

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10. C
H2O has a higher boiling point than OF2 because H2O molecules are held together
predominantly by hydrogen bonds while OF2 molecules are held together by van der
Waals’ forces, which are weaker than the hydrogen bonds.

B. Structured questions (p.100)

11. (a) Shape of an H2O molecule: V-shaped 1

Shape of an H2S molecule: V-shaped 1
Shape of a CH4 molecule: tetrahedral 1
(b) Both molecules of H2O and CH4 have four electron pairs around their
central atoms. The four electron pairs take up a tetrahedral arrangement
such that they experience the least repulsion. 1
However, in an H2O molecule, the two lone pairs of electrons exert a
greater repulsive force than the two bond pairs. As a result, the HOH
bond angle is squeezed to a value of about 104.5. In a CH4 molecule,
all the electron pairs around the central atom are bond pairs and they
repel each other equally. 1
12. (a) NH3 molecules are held together predominantly by hydrogen bonds
while both molecules of F2 and Br2 are held together by van der Waals’
forces. 1
As Br2 has the largest molecular size among these substances, the van
der Waals’ forces between its molecules are the strongest, and they are
even stronger than the hydrogen bonds/intermolecular forces between
NH3 molecules. 2
As F2 has the smallest molecular size among these substances, the van
der Waals’ forces between its molecules are the weakest. 1
Hence, the boiling point of these substances increases in the order of F2
< NH3 < Br2.
(b) (i) As nitrogen is a highly electronegative element, each NH bond in
the NH3 molecule is highly polar. 1
Thus, NH3 molecules can form hydrogen bonds with H2O
molecules. 1
OR
Thus, the intermolecular forces between NH3 molecules and that
between NH3 and H2O molecules are of comparable strength. (1)

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(ii)

1
(c) When NH3 dissolves in water, it ionizes to form OH(aq) ions. 1

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH(aq) 1

13. (a) The jet of propanone was deflected towards the charged rod. 1
Propanone is polar. Propanone molecules would orientate themselves so
that their negative ends are attracted to the positively charged rod when
the rod was placed near the jet. 1
(b) (i) This is because propanone molecules can form hydrogen bonds
with water molecules. 1
(ii)

1
(c) The contents of the two bottles can be differentiated by comparing the
evaporation rate of equal volumes of each liquid in two watch glasses
respectively. 1
The liquid which evaporates faster is pure propanone. 1
In pure propanone, propanone molecules are held together by van der
Waals’ forces. In a mixture of propanone and water, propanone
molecules are attracted to water molecules by hydrogen bonds. 1
The intermolecular forces between propanone molecules are weaker
than those between propanone and water molecules. Hence, the
evaporation rate of pure propanone is higher. 1

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