Project Title

Design and fabrication of Solar Panel cleaning system

Minor Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by
(Group members name along with Registration No).
1. SURBHI KUMARI (21102110054)
2. ABHAY KUMAR (21102110033)
3. ARYAN RAJ (21102110015)
4. SIDHANT KUMAR (21102110051)

Supervisor
( MR. HRISHIKESH KUMAR)
(ASST. PROFESSOR)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

GAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GAYA
BIHAR – 823003

Department of Mechanical Engineering

GAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GAYA
 CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Minor Project entitled
"design and fabrication of solar panel and cleaning system" in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology and submitted in Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Gaya College of Engineering, Gaya is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during period of 7 th Semester under the supervision of (MR Hrishikesh
Kumar ). (Asst. Professor ), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gaya College of
Engineering, Gaya (Bihar).

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me anywhere for the
award of any other degree or to any other institute.

S. No. Student Name Registration No. Signature

Date: 04/03/2025
1. SURBHI KUMARI 21102110054

2. ABHAY KUMAR 21102110033

3. ARYAN RAJ 21102110015

4. SIDHANT 21102110051
KUMAR

This is to certify that

the above statement made by the candidate is correct to best of my knowledge.
Date: ……………. HRISHIKESH KUMAR
Supervisor
Project Viva Held on: ………………………….

HOD Internal Examiner `External

Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our supervisor MR. HRISHIKESH KUMAR SIR
ASST. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gaya College of Engineering,
Gaya for his esteemed and valuable guidance, constructive criticisms and constant
encouragement during the course of this work and in preparation of this report.

S. No. Student Name Registration No. Signature

Date: ……………
1. SURBHI KUMARI (21102110054)

2. ABHAY KUMAR (21102110033)

3. ARYAN RAJ (21102110015)

4. SIDHANT (21102110051)
KUMAR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Contents

List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter -1: Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Project Objectives
1.3 Statement of purpose
Chapter -2: Literature review
Chapter -3: Market Survey
Chapter -4: Concept and Design
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Concept of project
4.3 Sustainability of project
4.4 Research and collection of information
4.5 Cleaning methods
4.6 Safety precautions
4.7 Design of models
4.8 System Requirement

Chapter -5: Summary, Conclusions and Future work

5.1 Cost Estimation
5.2 Future Scope
5.3 Conclusion
References
 List of Tables

Table No. Table

1 Loss of Efficiency
2 Cost Estimation
 List of Figure
Fig.no. Figure
1. Solar panels placed at rooftop , accumulated with
dust
2. Solar panels in row
3. Solar panels placed at roof of our college
accumulate with dust
4. design imagined models
5. design imagined models
6. design imagined models
7. model prepared on solid works
8. Rack and Pinion
9. Slider and motor jack
10. Motor
11. Control system
12. Arduino
13. Cad model with roller
14. Cad model of frame
15. Cad model front view
 ABSTRACT

With the rapid increase in energy demands, conserving energy and optimizing its
utilization has become crucial. Among various renewable energy sources, solar power stands
out as a viable option. However, its intermittent nature necessitates efficient energy storage
for use when demand is high. A significant challenge in harnessing solar energy is the
accumulation of dust on photovoltaic (PV) modules, which reduces their efficiency and
reliability. This issue is particularly critical for large-scale solar farms and rooftop
installations, where maintaining panel cleanliness is essential for optimal performance.

To address this challenge, an automated solar panel cleaning mechanism has been
developed. This system enhances the efficiency of PV modules by effectively removing dust,
thereby increasing the overall productivity of solar power plants.

This project aims to benefit solar panel users by providing a transparent, cost-
effective, and scalable cleaning solution. It ensures improved performance, consistency, and
integrity while significantly reducing the need for manual labour in solar panel maintenance.
 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
There is more than enough solar radiation available around the world to satisfy the
demand for solar power systems. The proportion of the sun’s rays that reach the
earth’s surface is enough to provide for global energy consumption 10,000 times over.
On average, each square meter of land is exposed to enough sunlight to produce 1,700
kWh of power every year. Solar Panel has a huge effect on our world. It can help our
environment to be better without using other power generation plants that can harm
the environment, but solar power plant needs to be cleaned at least every 3 days. With
the increasing demand for solar energy, the efficiency of solar panels is more
important than ever. However, solar panels are very inefficient; typical peak efficiency
for converting solar energy into usable energy is 11% to 15%. Contamination of PV
panels reduces the efficiency of the panel even more. This build-up of dirt on the
panels is a well-documented effect that can cause efficiency losses of up to 27% per
year.
Dust accumulating factors include:
1. Dust properties

2. PV panel composition

3. PV panel orientation

4. Surrounding environment

5. Wind velocity

6. Temperature and humidity

1.2 Project Objectives

1. Design a solar panel cleaning system which can increase the efficiency of solar
panels.

2. Increase the use of solar panels.

3. Make the cleaning of solar panels simple and automated.

4. Minimize human intervention.

 5. A cleaning system that does not affect the quality of the original solar panel.

6. An environmentally friendly cleaning system.

Table 1. Loss of Efficiency [1]

1.3 Statement of purpose

In order to maximize energy collection, solar panels need to be thoroughly cleaned, according
to field research. An automatic solar panel cleaning system was created by our team in
response to the requirement for this cleaning mechanism. Through a quick and inexpensive
method of boosting solar panel energy output, our technology will improve efficiency. In high
voltage situations, automation of the system will also lessen the possibility of operator harm.
An effective gadget will minimize rainfall while cleaning numerous solar panels and
optimizing their performance. We aim for a zero-waste method of cleaning commercial-sized
solar panel systems that require little upkeep and use little water or energy. The row panel is
cleared periodically by the system software.
 Chapter 2
Literature Review

“Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System Based on Arduino for Dust Removal” paper
focus on water less and economical and automatic solar panel cleaning. They use two
step mechanism system consist of an exhaust fan which works as an air blower and a
wiper to swipe the dust from the panel surface. a dc motor is used to power the wiper.
The proposed system is waterless and works on two steps cleaning mechanism.
Therefore, wastage of water is completely avoided by this system. Exhaust fan works
as an air blower which initially removes the dust from the surface of the solar panel.
Then, a wiper is utilized to swipe the remaining dust on the surface. They use
waterless system for cleaning solar panel due to which the wastage of water is avoided
these features makes this system applicable in the desert areas and where no water
source is available. They use two step method for cleaning with the help of blower and
by wiper. This feature ensures the safety of solar panel

“Solar Dust Detection System” they study the impact of soiling loss on the electrical
performance of solar panel and study the optimum solar panel cleaning time. They
study a on Mono, Multi crystalline and Cd Te panels where one panel was kept always
clean and the counter part was subjected to natural dust accumulation. In this
experimental setup consists of two Multicrystalline panels, a load, a voltmeter, and an
ammeter. The soiling effect is brought about artificially by using dusts of different
proportions. Various dusts such as chalk powder, wheat husk, sand and brick powder
are used for experimental purpose. They measure voltage and current of both the
panels individually but at the same time of the day. Depending on difference in power
obtained is noted between clean and unclean panel. The algorithm provides the
optimum time for cleaning the panels such that the consumer does not suffer even
minimum losses. It is estimated that there is an average increase of more than 11 % in
net power once the panel is cleaned. It is also estimated that for the same location,
considering nominal man power and material costs.

Design and fabrication of Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System’’ we learned that
the demand for energy is increasing rapidly today, so saving energy andusing available
energy efficiently is very important. There are many forms of renewable energy and as
demand increases there is need to use renewable energy sources. Solar energy is one
of them, and it is a time-dependent and discrete source of energy. Therefore, it is
important to conserve available energy and use it later when needed.

This paper aims to eradicate that drawback by designing and installing an automatic
solar panel cleaning system. Dust accumulation on PV modules is the area of growing
concern for the reliability of solar panels. So developing such a mechanism that will
maintain the efficiency of PV modules connected in arrays as in solar farms spread
over a large area and also for the rooftop assemblies at low cost is the main concern.
This paper includes the study of effects of change in efficiency of PV modules due to
the accumulation of different dust particles found in different regions, factors
governing for the decrease in efficiency accounts a lot due to soiling and developing
an automated mechanism for cleaning. Labor-based cleaning methods for PV modules
are expensive and uses a large amount of water.

This prototype includes a DC motor controlled by a drive that moves the cleaning
head in a horizontal direction with or without a spray system. The result is an increase
in the efficiency of all solar modules, an increase in renewable energy usage, and a
decrease in water consumption.

Automated Solar Panel Cleaning System using IoT” we have learned about using new
technologies, advance equipment’s which can be use for cleaning purposes. If we use
the latest technologies properly then our output can be increased by about 32%.
Automation plays a key part here in this type of mechanism. Here we try to reduce the
manpower by increasing automation in our system, thus reducing the man work. In
starting phase, it may look slightly overpriced because we must learn the technologies
and equipment first but in a long run it is very useful in a long run.
Artificial Intelligence Based Solar Panel Cleaning Robot” we saw that a significant
amount of research has been done in this area and others have used different methods
to solve cleaning problems. When the number of panels was very low, hiring someone
to clean was the only option accepted by most plant owners. Over time, however the
number of panels per plant has increased significantly. People are implementing solar
power plants with multiple panels. Monitoring and manually cleaning all these panels
was a very tedious process. People chose to build their factories offshore because land
availability is a big problem. When installing power plants on land, users have to deal
with issues, including dust, dirt and bird droppings. Sea salt is now the biggest
problem when installing power plants offshore.
 Chapter 3

MARKET SURVEY
We conducted a survey in our local area to identify the challenges associated with cleaning
and maintenance of solar panel systems. Our findings revealed the following key issues:
1. In residential households, solar panels are typically installed on rooftops. If the house
lacks stairs or easy access, cleaning becomes a difficult and inconvenient task for the
owner.
2. Solar panels are often arranged in rows, extending beyond an individual's arm’s reach,
making manual cleaning challenging.
3. Due to the inclined positioning of solar panels, homeowners struggle to clean the
upper sections effectively, as they are difficult to access.
4. In dusty areas , the major problem is accumulation of dust particles on the panel ,
which reduces its efficiency

Fig1. Solar panels placed at rooftop , accumulated with dust

 Fig.2 Solar panels in row

Fig.3 Solar panels placed at roof of our college accumulate with dust
 CHAPTER -4

Methodology, Design and Concept

4.1 Methodology
This chapter provides a explanation of the methods that will be used to work on this project
and achieve accurate and reliable results. It outlines the proposed approaches, the steps taken
at different stages, and the strategies implemented to ensure the project's success. This
includes decision-making processes, planning, calculations, and validation, all of which
contribute to the project's overall effectiveness.

4.2 Concept of the Project

While solar energy is a sustainable and eco-friendly power source, maintaining solar panels
presents several challenges, particularly in terms of cleaning. The following difficulties
impact the efficiency and longevity of solar panels:
1. Accessibility – Solar panels are often installed on rooftops or remote locations,
making routine maintenance difficult. This poses safety risks and logistical challenges,
reducing the efficiency of manual cleaning methods.
2. Dust and Debris Accumulation – Exposure to outdoor elements leads to the buildup of
dust, dirt, leaves, and bird droppings, which block sunlight and decrease efficiency.
Removing sticky or stubborn debris can be especially challenging.
3. Fragility – Solar panels are delicate and prone to damage if not handled properly.
Abrasive cleaning methods or harsh materials can scratch or degrade the panel surface,
reducing performance and lifespan.
4. Water Availability – Many cleaning methods rely on water, which may be scarce in
arid or drought-prone regions. Dependence on water-based cleaning solutions can be
impractical in such areas.
5. Cleaning Frequency – The optimal cleaning schedule depends on factors like climate,
air quality, and surroundings. Overcleaning can lead to unnecessary wear, while
infrequent cleaning reduces efficiency, making scheduling a challenge.
6. Maintenance Costs – Regular manual cleaning can be labor-intensive and costly,
particularly for large-scale solar farms. While automated cleaning solutions reduce
manual effort, they require significant investment in installation and upkeep.
7. Environmental Impact – Cleaning methods and cleaning agents may have
environmental consequences. Excessive water use can lead to wastage, and runoff may
 carry pollutants. Chemical cleaning solutions, if not managed properly, can harm the
environment.
To address these challenges, the project aims to develop an effective and sustainable solar
panel cleaning system that balances efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental
sustainability. Automation, advanced cleaning techniques, and intelligent monitoring systems
will play a crucial role in enhancing the overall performance and longevity of solar panel
installations.

4.3 Sustainability of the Project

The sustainability of a solar panel cleaning system can be assessed through various factors
that ensure long-term environmental, economic, and social benefits.
1. Environmental Sustainability – Maintaining clean solar panels enhances their
efficiency, reducing the need for additional panels and minimizing environmental
impact. By ensuring maximum energy production, the project supports the
sustainability of solar energy systems.
2. Energy Efficiency – Dust and debris accumulation significantly lower solar panel
efficiency. Implementing an automated cleaning system helps maintain peak
performance, maximizing electricity generation and improving overall energy output.
3. Water Conservation – Traditional water-based cleaning methods consume significant
amounts of water, which may not be sustainable in arid regions. The project can
incorporate water-efficient techniques, such as recycling used water, dry cleaning
methods, or scheduling cleaning during rain to minimize water usage.
4. Cost-Effectiveness – While initial installation costs for an automated cleaning system
may be high, the long-term benefits include reduced manual labor costs, optimized
energy production, and extended solar panel lifespan. This results in a strong return on
investment and financial sustainability.
5. Durability and Maintenance – A sustainable cleaning system should be durable and
require minimal maintenance. Using high-quality materials ensures longevity,
reducing the need for frequent replacements. Regular monitoring and proactive
maintenance further enhance the system’s reliability and sustainability.
6. Scalability and Adaptability – The cleaning system should be designed to be scalable
and adaptable to various solar installations, from residential rooftops to large-scale
solar farms. A modular and flexible design increases its usability across diverse
environments, ensuring long-term viability.

7. Social Impact – Solar energy projects contribute to reducing carbon emissions,

promoting clean energy, and creating job opportunities. A solar panel cleaning project
can generate local employment, particularly in regions with high solar adoption, while
also encouraging sustainable energy practices.
By integrating efficient cleaning techniques, optimizing resource usage, and ensuring long-
term reliability, this project aims to enhance the sustainability of solar energy systems and
support the transition to a cleaner, more sustainable future.

4.5 Cleaning Methods

Proper cleaning techniques are essential to maintain solar panel efficiency while preventing
damage or warranty issues. Below are some recommended methods for cleaning solar panels:

a. Water and Soft Brush

 Begin by spraying the panels with water to remove loose dust and debris.
 Gently scrub the surface using a soft brush or sponge along with a mild detergent or a
specialized solar panel cleaning solution.
 Avoid abrasive materials or harsh chemicals that could scratch or degrade the panel
surface.

b. Automated Cleaning Systems

 Some companies provide automated cleaning solutions designed specifically for solar
panels.
 These systems use brushes, squeegees, or wipers to clean the panels at scheduled
intervals, reducing the need for manual labor.

c. Robotic Cleaners
 Robotic cleaners are an advanced solution, particularly for large-scale solar farms.
 These AI-powered and sensor-equipped devices can autonomously navigate across the
solar panels, ensuring thorough and efficient cleaning.
Each method has its advantages, and the choice of a cleaning technique depends on factors
such as panel size, location, budget, and environmental conditions

4.6 Safety Precautions

Ensuring safety while cleaning solar panels is essential to prevent accidents and damage. The
following precautions should be followed:
a. Electrical Safety
 Always turn off the solar panel system or disconnect it from the grid before cleaning
to minimize the risk of electric shock.

b. Optimal Cleaning Time

 Clean the panels during cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or late
afternoon, to prevent rapid drying that can leave soap residues and streaks.

c. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 Use appropriate safety gear, including gloves, non-slip shoes, and safety harnesses,
especially when working at heights or on inclined surfaces.

d. Professional Assistance
 If the solar panels are installed at significant heights or are difficult to access, it is
advisable to hire professional cleaning services to ensure safe and effective
maintenance.

e. Manufacturer Guidelines & Regulations

 Always refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines for specific cleaning instructions.
 Consider local water usage regulations and warranty requirements before selecting a
cleaning method.
4.7 Design models

Fig 4,5,6 imagined design of the prototype created with AI

 fig 7 . model prepared on solid works

4.8 System Requirement

Calculations:

Load act on pinion: - wb+wr+wm+wx

Wb= Weight of brush

Wr= Weight of rod

Wm= Weight of motor

Wx= Weight of some other component

Total weight = Wb + Wr + Wm + Wx

= 1000g = 1kg W= 1kg *9.81 = 9.810 N = 10N

For calculating torque, we know

T= F*d, Where F=Total load, d=Radius of pinion

Assume r = 0.02m

T = F*d = 10*0.02 = 0.2 N-m T = 2.03 Kg-cm

 Take the speed of brush to move panel 5m/min, so

V = r*w=(2*3.14*r*N)/60 5160 = 0.02*(2*3.14*N)/60

N= 39.8 = 40

P = (2*3.14*N*T)/60

= (2*3.14*40*0.2)/60

P = 0.84 W ( power of motor required )

4.9 Equipment required

 Rack and Pinion

As per our objective, we designed the frame such that panels can be assembled on it
and have a square rod to stick the racks from both sides and weld the sliders, which
have jackets to hold both motors.

Fig.8 Rack and Pinion

 Sliders and motor jacket

We used a hollow pipe piece of mild steel with a for the jacket, and the motor is put in
it after performing facing operation on some motors and fixing it in the jacket.
For the slider, we used one long steel pipe within a short hollow steel pipe piece and
then welded the jacket to that piece.

Fig.9 Slider and motor jack

 Motor

To ensure that the system could move down the length of the panel, the motor used to
power the gadget had to be able to generate the necessary torque. The anticipated
weight of the system and the estimated driving power required to drive the brushes
across the panel were used in the calculations. Torque and horsepower were
calculated and utilized as the primary factor for selecting a motor. Other criteria
included the required power, which required the motor to be able to operate using a
small 12-volt battery, and size, which required the motor to be compact enough to fit
on the device without weighing it down. The calculations revealed that the motor
needed to be capable of producing 7kg-cm of torque at 30 rpm. A 12-volt small
metallic geared DC motor was chosen as the motor.
 Fig.10 Motor

 Control System Description

The complete motor control system consists of the DC motor, L298N H-bridge
controller, 12V Deep Cycle Lead Acid battery and OSEPP Uno R3 Plus. The DC
motor acts as the load, the battery as the power source, the OSEPP as the
microcontroller, and the L292N H-bridge as a power converter. A diagram of all the
interconnections can be seen below.

On the H-bridge motor controller one row of three terminal pins is used to control one
motor. For our project, the EA pin accesses a PWM interface and 11 and 12 will
control the DC motor direction. Pins 11, 12, and EA were connected to the digital pins
8. 9, and 11 on the OSEPP Uno.

Fig.11 Control System

  Description of Arduino

An Arduino uno microcontroller was chosen for controlling DC motors. It has several
pins in it. PWM pins are connected with the L298 motor drivers to control speed and
to reverse the direction of operation. There are two L298 motor drivers to be operated
by Arduino. The Arduino works on the 12v or 5v input voltage.

Fig.12 Aurdino

 Code for Arduino kit

//MOTOR1 PINS

int ena = 5;
int in1 = 6;
int in2 = 7;
//MOTOR 2 PINS

int in3 = 8;
int in4 = 9;
int enb = 10;
void setup()
{
pinMode(ena, OUTPUT
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(enb, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in4, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

//MOTOR_A CLOCKWISE MAX SPEED

digitalWrite(in1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(in2,LOW);
analogWrite(ena, 255);
delay(2665);
//MOTOR_B CLOCKWISE MAX SPEED

digitalWrite(in3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(in4,LOW);
analogWrite(enb, 255);
delay(2665);
//MOTOR_A COUNTERCLOCKWISE MAX SPEED

digitalWrite(in1,LOW);
digitalWrite(in2,HIGH);

analogWrite(ena, 255);
delay(2665);
//MOTOR_B COUNTERCLOCKWISE MAX SPEED

digitalWrite(in3,LOW);
digitalWrite(in4,HIGH);
analogWrite(enb, 255);
delay(2665);
 Chapter 5

Conclusions

Given that capital cost is a critical factor in solar panel maintenance, this system provides a cost-
effective alternative with minimal initial investment. It offers key advantages such as
automation, ease of control, and minimal human intervention. Based on all discussions and
evaluations, the automated solar panel cleaning system presents a significant advancement for
the Indian solar power industry, proving to be a valuable and scalable solution for improving
solar energy efficiency.
Our goal was to build an automatic solar panel cleaning system that efficiently cleans multiple
solar panels using an automated robotic mechanism. This system minimizes direct contact with
the panels and does not interfere with their assembly or disassembly. The project was developed
to address key challenges in solar power plants, including dust accumulation, sand deposition,
and the high labor costs associated with manual cleaning.
The Solar Panel Cleaning System project was designed to provide an effective solution for
maintaining solar panel efficiency. The primary objective was to develop a machine capable of
cleaning solar panels through an efficient control system. This prototype represents a step
forward in an emerging market, despite various challenges encountered during development.
The system demonstrated significant improvements, including a reduction in cleaning time
(observed percentage reduction) and a 70% reduction in labor costs compared to traditional
cleaning methods. By eliminating the inefficiencies of manual cleaning, this solution offers a
more reliable and cost-effective approach.
 Future Scope

In this project, we have developed a working model of a solar panel cleaning mechanism with a
focus on cost-effectiveness. To keep the system budget-friendly, we have not incorporated
automation, as it would require additional electronic and software components. However, future
advancements can integrate artificial intelligence and automation to enhance the efficiency and
functionality of the model.
Our current system employs a rack and pinion mechanism. However, in extremely dusty
environments, dust accumulation may obstruct the free movement of the pinion on the rack,
leading to operational inefficiencies. To address this challenge, a roller mechanism made of
metal can be considered as an alternative. While this approach would require a higher power
supply and a battery with greater torque, it would ensure smoother operation even in harsh
environmental conditions, making it a worthwhile upgrade.

Fig.13 CAD model with roller

 Fig.14 CAD model of frame

Fig.15 CAD model front view

 COST ESTIMATION

Sr no. Name Cost (in rs)

1. Rack and pinion 1800-2000
2. Motors (4) 200 per piece
3. Arduino 450
4. Motor drive 130
5. Battery (33 watt) 250
6. Brush 700-800
7. Manufacturing Cost 2000
Table . Cost Estimation
 References
1. Sharvari Nikesh Ghate , Karan Rajendra Sali , Avinash Sureshprasad Yadav ,
Namita Sandeep Neman, Jagdish Chahande, “Design and fabrication of
Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System”, International journal of machine tool
and manufacture. ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710
2. Gargi Ashtaputre, Amol Bhoi, “Artificial Intelligence Based Solar Panel Cleaning
Robot” e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735
3. Milan Vaghani, Jayesh Magtarpara, Keyur Vahani, Jenish Maniya, Prof. Rajiv
Kumar Gurjwar “Automated Solar Panel Cleaning System using IoT”
4. 5 F. Mejia, J. Kleissl & J. L. Bosch, 2013. “The Effect Of Dust On Solar Photovoltaic
Systems”, Energy Procedia 49 (2014), pp. 2370 – 2376
5. Aslan Gholami, Ali Akbar Alemrajabi, Ahmad Saboonchi, “Experimental study of
self-cleaning property of titanium dioxide and Nanospray coatings in solar
applications” paper published in sciencedirect.com ,2017
6. R.S. Khurmi, J.K.. Rajput, “A Textbook of Machine Design”,2017
7. B. Shrihariprasath and Vimalathithan Rathinasabapathy, “A smart IoT system for
monitoring solar PV power conditioning unit”, Futuristic Trends in Research and
Innovation for Social Welfare (Startup Conclave), World Conference on IEEE,
2016
8. Design imagined with the help of Artificial intelligence
9. Design created with solid works and