Background

Sensation is a mental process (such as seeing, hearing, or smelling) that occurs as a result of
instantaneous external stimulation of a sense organ. Humans are capable of perceiving a wide
range of sensations, and our motor movement is based on this information. Sensation is how
we become aware of the world. Sensations can also safeguard the body by detecting external
cold or heat, as well as painful needle pricks. All of our regular activities are associated with
sensations. Perception is the process by which sensory stimulation is converted into
organized experience in humans. That experience or percept, is the result of stimulation and
perception. Touch, sight, sound, smell, and taste are the five senses that make up perception.
Illusions are perceptual experiences in which information derived from external stimuli leads
to an inaccurate perception, or false impression, of the object or event produced Theoretical
framework Absolute threshold The smallest level of stimulation that may be detected is
known as an absolute threshold, which is usually defined as at least half of the time. It can be
used to detect any stimuli that the human senses can perceive, such as sound, touch, taste,
sight, and smell.
The minimum or lowest difference between intensities of a stimulus that a person can detect
is known as the differential threshold. Gestalt psychology Itis a school of thought that takes a
holistic approach to the human mind and behaviour. It says that we do not merely focus on
every minute component while trying to make sense of the world around us. Our minds, on
the other hand, tend to see objects as part of a greater whole and as components of more
sophisticated systems. This branch of psychology was crucial in the development of the study
of human sensation and perception. It is opposed to structuralism. Gestalt psychology was
essential in establishing the notion that human perception is strongly influenced by our
intentions and expectations, rather than simply perceiving what is actually present in the
world around us. To illustrate how Gestalt perception works, Wertheimer came up with
principles. The following are some of Gestalt theory's most fundamental principles:
Pragnanz: According to this fundamental concept, one will naturally perceive things in their
simplest form or organization. Similarity: According to this principle, humans naturally put
similar items together based on characteristics such as color, size, and orientation. Proximity:
The principle of proximity asserts that objects that are close together are perceived as a
group. Continuity: According to this principle, elements arranged on a line or curve are
perceived as related to one another, but elements not on the line or curve are perceived as
separate.
Closure: It indicates that elements that make up a closed item will be perceived as a group.
Common region: We tend to group objects together if they are located in the same bounded
area, according to this principle. Depth perception Monocular cues include accommodation
and pictorial depth cues. The ability to alter the focus of the eyes when the distance between
the individual and the item varies is known as accommodation. This is accomplished by
modifying the shape of the lens. It is the adjustment of the eye's optics to keep an object in
focus on the retina while its distance from the eye changes. Linear Depth Perspective.It is one
of the monocular depth cues, based on the idea that the size of an object's visual
representation varies with its distance from the eye. As a result, as the distance between two
objects grows, they appear closer together, as seen in railroad tracks that appear to converge
on the horizon. Interposition. When one object overlaps another, we experience interposition,
which gives us a sense of depth. It gives the impression that the object being covered or
overlapped is the one that is farther away. Texture Gradient. The use of texture to determine
depth and distance is another important monocular cue. When we look at anything that
extends into the distance, such as a grassy field, the texture becomes less and less noticeable
as we get further away. The items in the foreground have a much more noticeable texture
when we look out over a scene. The road's asphalt appears to be uneven and bumpy. The
vegetation in the field is distinct, and we can tell one plant from another with ease.
Relative size. For depth perception, the relative size of an item is an important monocular
cue. When two things are nearly the same size, the object that appears to be the larger is
assessed to be the nearest to the observer. Elevation. The position of an object with relation to
the horizon can be used as a monocular cue. Objects that are closer to the horizon are
regarded as being farther away, whereas those that are farther out are perceived as being
closer. Factors affecting Perception Some of the factors affecting perception are motivation,
emotion, expectations, cognitive styles and cultural background and experiences. Motivation.
We tend to see what we want to see, especially when it's possible to draw diverse inferences
from the same information. Researchers have previously discovered that even minor rewards
can alter people's perceptions of objects. Emotion. Emotions influence how and what we
view on a regular basis. Fear, for example, can influence low-level visual processes, whereas
sad moods can increase sensitivity to visual illusions and goal-directed desires can modify the
apparent size of goal- relevant objects. Emotional moods can also impact the layout of the
physical environment, such as the seeming steepness of a slope and the distance from a
balcony to the ground.