The Null and Alternative

Hypotheses on a
Population Proportion
Objective

At the end of this lesson, the

learner should be able to correctly
formulate the null and alternative
hypotheses on a population
proportion.
 Learn about It!

1 Proportion
represents a part of a whole. It can be
expressed as a fraction, decimal, or
percentage.
Example:
7
, 0.25, 15%
10
 Learn about It!

2 Population proportion (𝒑)

refers to a fractional part of a population
possessing certain characteristics. It can
take on any value from 0 to 1.
Example:
If there are 20 female students in a class of 50 students, we say that the
proportion of female students in the class is
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟒
Learn about It!

3 Null hypothesis (𝑯𝑶 )

states that there is no significant difference
between the specified populations or that there
is no difference from an existing standard value,
that is, any observed difference is only due to
sampling or experimental error. It should
contain a statement of equality as indicated by
the symbols =, ≤, or ≥.
 Learn about It!

Example:
In a recent study, it is claimed that 15% of
Filipino students aged 17 to 20 are working
students. To verify this claim, a random sample
of 100 Filipino students aged 17 to 20 was
surveyed and 18% responded that they are
working students. The null hypothesis is
𝑯𝑶 : 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓.
 Learn about It!

Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 )

4 states that the populations in question are related
and influenced by some non-random cause or that
there is a difference from a previous or existing
standard value. It should contain a statement of
inequality as indicated by the symbols ≠, <, or >.
Example:
In the previous example, the alternative hypothesis is
𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 ≠ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓.
Learn about It!

Type of Tail Test to be Used

5 The alternative hypothesis indicates the type of tail test to
be used.
• If the symbol > is present in the alternative hypothesis,
use a right-tailed test.
• If the symbol < is present in the alternative hypothesis,
use a left-tailed test.
• If the symbol ≠ is present in the alternative hypothesis,
use a two-tailed test.
 Try It!

Example 1: In a panda sanctuary, a study of

the weight of baby pandas was made. It is
said that 60% of baby pandas weigh 100g.
To verify this claim, the caretaker selected
20 baby pandas, and 50% of them weighed
100g. State the null and alternative
hypotheses.
 Try It!

Example 1: In a panda sanctuary, a study of the weight of baby

pandas was made. It is said that 60% of baby pandas weigh 100g.
To verify this claim, the caretaker selected 20 baby pandas, and
50% of them weighed 100g. State the null and alternative
hypotheses.

Solution:
Let 𝑝 be the proportion of baby pandas that weigh 100g.

According to the study, “60% of baby pandas weigh 100 g.” Hence,
𝑝 = 0.60.
 Try It!

Solution:
We have the following hypotheses:

𝐻𝑂 : 𝑝 = 0.60
𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.60

These hypotheses constitute a two-tailed test since

the symbol ≠ is present in the alternative
hypothesis.
 Try It!

Example 2: A research states that at least

80% of the farmers in one barangay do not
have their own land. To verify this, a
random sample of 50 farmers was taken,
and 85% responded that they do not have
their own land. State the null and
alternative hypotheses.
 Try It!

Example 2: A research states that at least 80% of the farmers in

one barangay do not have their own land. To verify this, a random
sample of 50 farmers was taken, and 85% responded that they do
not have their own land. State the null and alternative
hypotheses.

Solution:
Let 𝑝 be the proportion of farmers who do not have their own
land.

According to the research, “at least 80% of farmers do not have

their own land.” Hence, 𝑝 ≥ 0.80.
 Try It!

Solution:
We have the following hypotheses:

𝐻𝑂 : 𝑝 ≥ 0.60
𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.60

These hypotheses constitute a left-tailed test since

the symbol < is present in the alternative
hypothesis.
 Let’s Practice!

Individual Practice:
1. A recent study states that 76% of the vehicles
stuck in traffic are private vehicles. Paul, a
traffic enforcer, wanted to confirm if the claim
was right. In his survey, he found out that 85%
of the vehicles stuck in traffic are private
vehicles. State the null and alternative
hypothesis.
 Let’s Practice!

Individual Practice:
2. A research done by one college student claims
that at most 54% of college students study best
while listening to music. A freshman student
wants to confirm the claim, so he decided to do a
survey on 150 students, and 77 out of 150
students said that they listen to music while
studying. State the null and alternative
hypotheses.
Forms of Test Statistic
for the Population
Proportion
 Objective

At the end of this lesson, the

learner should be able to correctly
identify the appropriate form of
the test-statistic when the Central
Limit Theorem is used.
 Learn about It!

1 Central Limit Theorem for Proportion

states that the sampling distribution of the sample
proportion 𝑝ො (read: “p hat”) is approximately
normally distributed with mean 𝑝 and standard
𝑝𝑞
deviation if the sample size 𝑛 is sufficiently
𝑛
large but no more than 5% of the population size,
where 𝑝 is the population proportion and
𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝.
 Learn about It!

2 Test statistic used for hypothesis testing of a

population proportion
𝑝Ƹ − 𝑝
𝑧=
𝑝𝑞
𝑛

if 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5
 Try It!

Example 1: A test is to be conducted on

a population proportion. The
hypothesized population parameter is
0.07 and the sample size is 43. Is the
𝑧 -test appropriate, given these
parameters?
 Try It!

Example 1: A test is to be conducted on a population proportion.

The hypothesized population parameter is 0.07 and the sample
size is 43. Is the 𝑧-test appropriate, given these parameters?

Solution:
Verify if 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5.

𝑛𝑝 = 43 0.07 = 3.01 < 5

Since 𝑛𝑝 < 5, the normal approximation is not suitable. Thus, 𝑧-

test for population proportion cannot be performed.
 Try It!

Example 2: A recent study stated that at

least 68% of the people who walk around
Makati are within the age range of 22-35. In
a random sample of 400 people walking
around Makati, 70% of them are within the
age 22-35. Given that 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5,
calculate the test statistic 𝑧.
 Try It!
Example 2: A recent study stated that at least 68% of the people
who walk around Makati are within the age range of 22-35. In a
random sample of 400 people walking around Makati, 70% of
them are within the age 22-35. Given that 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5,
calculate the test statistic 𝑧.

Solution:
Substituting the given values to the formula for 𝑧 -test for
proportion, we have
𝑝ො − 𝑝 0.70 − 0.68
𝒛= = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔
𝑝𝑞 0.68 0.32
𝑛 400
 Let’s Practice!

Individual Practice:
1. A test is to be conducted on a population proportion. The
hypothesized population parameter is 0.04 and the sample size
is 60. Is the 𝑧-test appropriate, given these parameters?

2. In a study done in one province, it was concluded that at least

88% of families there have a relative living abroad. One staff of
an international employment agency wanted to confirm this by
asking 600 families in a province, and 92% of them said that
they have a relative living abroad. Given that 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and
𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5, calculate the test statistic 𝑧.
The Rejection
Region
Objective

At the end of this lesson, the

learner should be able to correctly
identify the appropriate rejection
region for a given level of
significance when the Central Limit
Theorem is to be used.
Learn about It!

1 Rejection Region
the range of values that leads the
researcher to reject the null
hypothesis and choose the
alternative hypothesis
 Learn about It!

The following table shows the rejection

region for common values of level of
significance 𝛼.
Alternative Hypothesis
𝛂
Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed
0.10 𝑧 < −1.28 𝑧 > 1.28 𝑧 < −1.645 or 𝑧 > 1.645
0.05 𝑧 < −1.645 𝑧 > 1.645 𝑧 < −1.96 or 𝑧 > 1.96
0.01 𝑧 < −2.33 𝑧 > 2.33 𝑧 < −2.575 or 𝑧 > 2.575
 Try It!

Example 1: If the level of

significance is set at 0.01, what
would be the rejection region for a
problem that uses a right-tailed
test of hypothesis?
 Try It!

Example 1: If the level of significance is set at

0.01, what would be the rejection region for a
problem that uses a right-tailed test of
hypothesis?
Solution:
For 𝛼 = 0.01, the critical value is 2.33. Thus,
the rejection region contains all values greater
than 2.33.
 Try It!

Example 2: Consider a hypothesized

population proportion of 0.24. The
claim that the population proportion is
greater than 0.24 will be tested using a
sample of size 90. What would be the
rejection region if the claim will be
tested at 𝛼 = 0.10?
 Try It!

Example 2: Consider a hypothesized population proportion of

0.24. The claim that the population proportion is greater than
0.24 will be tested using a sample of size 90. What would be the
rejection region if the claim will be tested at
𝛼 = 0.10?
Solution:
We are testing the claim that the population proportion is greater
than 0.24; this indicates that the test is right-tailed
For a right-tailed test, the critical value at 0.10 significance level is
1.28. Thus, the rejection region contains all values greater than
1.28.
 Let’s Practice!

Individual Practice:
1. If the level of significance is set at 0.05, what
would be the rejection region for a problem that
uses a left-tailed test of hypothesis?

2. Consider a hypothesized population proportion

of 0.87. The claim that the population proportion
is 0.87 will be tested using a sample of size 150.
What would be the rejection region if the claim
will be tested at 𝛼=0.01?
Solving Problems Involving
Test of Hypothesis on a
Population Proportion
Objective

At the end of this lesson, the

learner should be able to
accurately solve problems
involving test of hypothesis on
the population proportion.
 Learn about It!

1 Steps in Performing Hypothesis Test for Population

Proportion
1. State the null and the alternative hypotheses.
2. Verify if 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5. Calculate the test statistic 𝑧 using the
formula:
𝑝Ƹ − 𝑝
𝑧=
𝑝𝑞
𝑛
where 𝑝Ƹ = sample proportion; 𝑝 = hypothesized population proportion;
𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝; and 𝑛 = sample size.
 Learn about It!

1 Steps in Performing Hypothesis Test for Population

Proportion
3. Specify the level of significance.
4. Determine the critical values.
5. Determine the rejection region.
6. Determine whether the test statistic falls in the
critical region. If it does, reject the null hypothesis.
If it doesn’t, do not reject the null hypothesis.
 Try It!

Example 1: A study claims that at least 40% of

college students are art enthusiasts. To verify this
claim, a random sample of 150 college students
were asked, and 43% of them are art enthusiasts.
Using a significance level of 0.01, find the following:

a. null and alternative hypotheses

b. appropriate form of test statistic
c. rejection region
 Try It!

Solution:
a. The study claims that “at least 40% of college
students are art enthusiasts.” Hence, 𝑝 ≥ 0.40.

We have the following hypotheses:

𝐻𝑂 : 𝑝 ≥ 0.40
𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 < 0.40
 Try It!
Solution:
b. Check whether the sample size is large enough so that
𝑧-test for proportion can be used. Verify if 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and
𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5.

Given that 𝑝 = 0.40, 𝑞 = 1 − 0.40 = 0.60.

𝑛𝑝 = 150 0.40 = 60 > 5

𝑛𝑞 = 150 0.60 = 90 > 5

Since 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5, we can use the 𝑧-test for proportion.

 Try It!

Solution:
c. The presence of the symbol < in the
alternative hypothesis suggests that the test
is left-tailed.

At 𝛼 = 0.01, the critical value is −2.33. Thus,

the rejection region contains all values less
than −2.33.
 Try It!

Example 2: A research states that 98% of Filipinos

aged 10 and above have mobile phones. To verify
this, a sample of 400 Filipinos aged 10 and above
were asked, and 99% of them have phones. Using a
significance level of 0.10, find the following:

a. null and alternative hypotheses

b. appropriate form of test statistic
c. rejection region
 Try It!

Solution:
a. The study claims that “98% of Filipinos aged 10
and above have mobile phones.” Hence, 𝑝 = 0.98.

We have the following hypotheses:

𝐻𝑂 : 𝑝 = 0.98
𝐻𝑎 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.98
 Try It!

Solution:
b. Check whether the sample size is large enough so that
𝑧-test for proportion can be used. Verify if 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and
𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5.

Given that 𝑝 = 0.98, 𝑞 = 1 − 0.98 = 0.02.

𝑛𝑝 = 400 0.98 = 392 > 5

𝑛𝑞 = 400 0.02 = 8 > 5

Since 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5, we can use the 𝑧-test for proportion.

 Try It!

Solution:
c. The presence of the symbol = in the alternative
hypothesis suggests that the test is two-tailed.

At 𝛼 = 0.10, the critical values are −1.645 and

1.645 . Thus, the rejection region contains all
values less than −1.645 or greater than 1.645.
 Let’s Practice!

Individual Practice:
1. One survey on runners in a marathon was made, and it was
found out that 18% of runners take energy gels during a
marathon. One runner wanted to test the claim. A random
sample of 56 runners were asked, and 24% of them said that
they take energy gels during a marathon. Using a significance
level of 0.01, find the following:

a. null and alternative hypotheses

b. appropriate form of test statistic
c. rejection region
 Let’s Practice!

Individual Practice:
2. A wonder drug that cures cancer was recently released. The
company claims that it is at least 86% effective. A random
sample of 550 cancer patients were asked, and 90% of them
said that it was effective. Using a significance level of 0.10, do
the following:
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
b. Determine and calculate the appropriate form of test
statistic.
c. Determine the rejection region.
d. Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.