COMPSCI 453 Computer Networks
Professor Jim Kurose
Chapter 1
College of Information and Computer Sciences
University of Massachusetts
Introduction
Class textbook:
Computer Networking: A Top-
Down Approach (8th ed.)
A note on the use of these Powerpoint slides: J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross
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All material copyright 1996-2020
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: Roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
End systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
Packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-2
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC Millions of connected computing mobile network
server devices:
Hosts = End systems global ISP
wireless
laptop Running network apps
smartphone
home
network
Communication Links regional ISP
wireless Fiber, copper, radio.
links Transmission rate:
wired
links bandwidth (bps)
bps
switch
Routers and Switches
Forward packets (chunks
of data) institutional
network
router
ISP: Internet Service Provider Introduction 1-3
Message versus Packet
Packet
Message
Introduction 1-4
Hub Switch Router
(Layer 1) (Layer 2) (Layer 3)
Introduction 2-5
What’s a Protocol?
Human protocol vs. Computer network protocol
Hi TCP connection
Client request
Hi TCP connection
response Server
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Introduction 1-6
Chapter 1: Roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
End systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
Packet switching, Circuit switching, Network Structure
1.4 Delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-7
A closer look at network structure
Network edge: mobile network
Hosts: Clients and Servers
Servers often in data centers global ISP
home
Access networks, physical media: network
Wired, wireless communication regional ISP
links
Network core:
Interconnected routers
Network of networks
institutional
network
Introduction 1-8
Access Net: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 1
Central office Telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
Use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM
Data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
Voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
< 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
< 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
Introduction 1-9
Access Net: Cable Network 2
Cable headend
Cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
Frequency Division Multiplexing: Different channels transmitted in different
frequency bands
Introduction 1-10
Access Net: Cable Network 2
Cable headend
cable splitter cable modem
modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network
CMTS: Cable Modem Termination System (Cisco)
HFC: Hybrid Fiber Coax
Asymmetric: Up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
Network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
Homes share access network to cable headend
Unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-11
Access Networks and Physical Media
Q: How to connect end-systems to edge-
router?
1. Mobile access networks
2. Residential access nets
3. Institutional access networks
(school, company)
keep in mind:
Bandwidth (bits per second)
Shared or dedicated?
Cable DSL
Introduction 1-12
LTE: Long-Term Evolution
I. Mobile Access Networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
Via base station aka “Access Point”
Wireless LANs: Wireless WANs
Local Area Network Wide Area Network
Within building (100 ft 30 m) Provided by telco (cellular)
IEEE 802.11 b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps operator, 10’s km
transmission rate Between 1 and 10 Mbps
4G, 5G
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction 1-13
II. Residential Network
Wireless
Devices
to/from headend (cable)
or central office (DSL)
often combined
in single box
cable or DSL modem
wireless access router, firewall, NAT
point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)
Introduction 1-14
III. Institutional Access Networks
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers
Typically used in companies, universities, etc
10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
Introduction 1-15
Physical Media: Guided vs Unguided
Physical Media
Unguided Media
Guided Media
(Free
(Solid Media)
Propagation
Twisted Pair Coaxial Fiber optics Radio
Introduction 1-16
I. Guided Media: Twisted Pair, Coax and Fiber
I. Twisted Pair (TP) III. Fiber optic cable:
II. Coaxial cable:
Two insulated copper Glass fiber carrying light
Two concentric pulses, each pulse is a bit
wires copper conductors (photons)
Category 5:
Speed of light=3 x 108m/s
• 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Bidirectional High-speed operation:
Category 6: High-speed point-to-
• 10Gbps Broadband: point transmission
Multiple channels (e.g., 10’s-100’s Gbps
on cable transmission rate)
HFC Low error rate:
Repeaters spaced far
apart
Immune to
electromagnetic
noise
Introduction 1-17
II. Unguided Media: Radio
Signal carried in electromagnetic Radio link types:
spectrum Terrestrial microwave
E.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
No physical “wire”
LAN (e.g., WiFi)
Bidirectional 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
Propagation environment effects: Wide-area (e.g., cellular)
Reflection 5G cellular: ~ few Mbps
Obstruction by objects
Interference Satellite
Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
Introduction 1-18
Chapter 1: Roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
End systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
Packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-19
Core Nodes
Core Nodes
Packet Circuit
Switching Switching
(Unit: Packet) (Unit: Message)
Introduction 1-20
I. Packet Switching
Mesh of interconnected routers
Packet-switching: Hosts break
application-layer messages into packets
Forward packets from one router to
the next, across links on path from
source to destination
Each packet is transmitted at full link
capacity
Introduction 1-21
Topologies
Introduction 1-22
Fully Connected Topology
N * ( N 1)
L
2
Introduction 2-23
Two Key Network-Core Functions
Routing: Determines source- Forwarding: Moves packets from router’s
destination route taken by packets input to appropriate router’s output
Routing Algorithms
Routing Algorithm
Local Forwarding Table
Header Value Output Link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
Dest address in arriving
packet’s header Introduction 4-24
II. Circuit Switching
End-end resources allocated to, reserved for “call” between source & dest:
In diagram, each link has four circuits.
Call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st circuit in right link.
Dedicated resources: No sharing
Circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
Circuit segment idle if not used by call (no sharing)Low Utilization
Commonly used in traditional telephone networks
Characteristics
Call setup
Low Utilization
Introduction 1-25
Circuit Switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM 4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
Introduction 1-26
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
1.536 Mbps
24 slots
Numerical Example
How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to
host B over a circuit-switched network?
All links are 1.536 Mbps= 1.536x106 bps bits
Time sec
Each link uses TDM with 24 slots bits / sec
500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
Answer
• L=640,000 bits
• Rper_slot =1.536Mbps/24 = 64,000bps
• Rper_slot=64,000bps
• End to End delay =𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 + 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐒𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐩 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞
𝑳
• Transmission Time= =640,000bits/64,000bps=10 sec
𝑹
• Call Setup Time=500msec=500*10-3sec=0.5 sec
End to End delay =10+0.5=10.5 sec Introduction 2-27
Recall
Prefix Analog value Digital value
y (yokto) 10-24 -
z (zepto) 10-21 -
a (atto) 10-18 -
f (femto) 10-15 -
p (pico) 10-12 -
n (nano) 10-9 -
µ (micro) 10-6 -
m (milli) 10-3 -
k (kilo) 103 210
M (Mega) 106 220
G (Giga) 109 230
T (Tera) 1012 240
P (Peta) 1015 250
E (Exa) 1018 260
Z (Zetta) 1021 270
Y (Yotta) 1024 280
Introduction 2-28
Chapter 1: Roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network Edge
End systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network Core
Packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-29
FOUR sources of packet delay
dproc: Processing Delay dqueue: Queueing Delay
Check bit errors
1 Determine the output link
Time waiting at output link for
transmission 2
Typically < msec Depends on congestion level of
router
dtrans: Transmission Delay dprop: Propagation Delay distance
L: Packet Length (bits) d: Length of physical link (in meters)
3 R: Link bandwidth (bps) s: Propagation speed in medium
dtrans = bits/(bits/sec)=L/R (~2x108 m/sec)
dprop = d/s=m/(m/sec)
4
dtrans and dprop
very different
Introduction 1-30
Transmission Delay vs. Propagation Delay
Transmission
Delay
Tx Rx
Propagation
Delay
Introduction 2-31
Caravan Analogy Scenario 1
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth 100km 1hr
100km X
Cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr X=1hr=60min
Toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (bit transmission time)
car~bit; caravan ~ packet
Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth?
Time to “push” entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10
= 120 sec
Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both:
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-32
Caravan Analogy Scenario 2
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
1000km 1hr
Suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr 100km X
X=0.1hr = 6min
and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth?
1000km 60 min
100km x
X=(100km*60min)/1000km=6min
Total time = 6 min (propagation time) + (1 min transmission time)
Yes after 7 min, 1st car arrives at second booth; but three cars still
at 1st booth. Introduction 1-33
Queuing delay (revisited)
R: link bandwidth (bps)
Average Queueing
L: packet length (bits)
a: average packet arrival rate
Delay
Traffic Intensity
La/R ~ 0: Avg. queueing delay small
La/R 1: Avg. queueing delay large
La/R > 1: More “work” arriving Traffic Intensity
than can be serviced, average delay infinite! = La/R
La/R ~ 0
L : bits/packe ts
a : packets/se c
R : bits/sec
bits packets
*
La packets sec bits / sec
Traffic Intensity La/R unitless
R bits bits / sec
sec
La/R -> 1
Introduction 1-34
Packet Loss
Queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity
Packet arriving to a full queue is dropped (aka lost)
Lost packet may be retransmitted by:
1. Previous node,
2. Source end system, or
3. Not at all
Overflow
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction 1-35
Throughput
Throughput: Rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between
sender/receiver
Instantaneous: Rate at given point in time
Average: Rate over longer period of time
Server, with Link capacity Link capacity
file of F bits Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
to send to client
Server sends bits Pipe that can carry Pipe that can carry
(fluid) into pipe fluid at rate fluid at rate
(Rs bits/sec) (Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-36
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Bottleneck link
Link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-37
Throughput: Internet scenario
Per-connection end-end throughput:
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs
Rs Rs
In practice:
Rc or Rs is often the bottleneck
Eg:
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rc
Rc Rc
min(6,7,80/10)
10 connections (fairly) share backbone
bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction 1-38
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-39
Layering of Airline Functionality
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket
baggage (check) baggage (claim) baggage
gates (load) gates (unload) gate
runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
departure intermediate air-traffic arrival
airport control centers airport
Layers: Each layer implements a service
Via its own internal-layer actions
Relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction 1-40
Internet Protocol Stack
Application: Supporting network applications Application 5
FTP, SMTP, HTTP
Transport: Process-process data transfer Transport 4
TCP, UDP
Network: Routing of datagrams from source to
destination Network 3
IP, routing protocols
Link: Data transfer between neighboring
network elements Link 2
Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
Physical: Bits “on the wire” Physical 1
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol Introduction 1-41
ISO/OSI Reference Model
Presentation: Allow applications to interpret
meaning of data, e.g., Encryption,
compression, machine-specific conventions Application 7
Session: Synchronization, checkpointing,
Presentation 6
recovery of data exchange Session 5
Internet stack “missing” these layers! Transport 4
These services, if needed, must be
implemented in application Network 3
Link 2
Physical 1
Introduction 1-42
Internet Protocol Stack
Routing
P2P
Network Layer
Link Layer
3
2
1
A B
E2E
Transport Layer
Introduction 1-43
Protocol Data Units
source
Encapsulation
Message M Application
Segment Ht M Transport
Datagram Hn H t M Network
Frame Hl Hn Ht M Link
Packet
Physical
Link
Physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M Network
M Application Hl Hn Ht M Link Hn Ht M
Ht M Transport Physical
Hn Ht M Network
Hl H n Ht M Link router
Physical
Decapsulation Introduction 1-44
Encapsulation Decapsulation
Application Layer Message Message
Message Message
Transport Layer HT Message HT Message
Segment Segment
Network Layer HN Segment HN Segment
Datagram Datagram
Link Layer HL Datagram HL Datagram
Frame Frame
Physical Layer HP Frame TP HP Frame TP
Packet Packet
Introduction 3-45
