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❑Rulers can be used to measure small distances of a few centimetres (cm).
❑They are able to measure to the nearest millimetre (mm).
➢The wire must be straight and laid closely alongside the ruler.
➢Look at the end of the wire.(cut neatly/ragged)
➢Look at the markings on the ruler.
➢Line one end of the wire up against the zero on the scale.
➢Look at the other end of the wire and read the scale.
➢To get accurate datas, it may be better to do several measurements and
then calculate the average.
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❑When measuring larger distances (of a few metres) a tape measure is more
appropriate or a trundle wheel.
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❑When measuring smaller length Vernier caliper and micrometer (screw guage)
are more appropriate.
❑ Vernier caliper has a greater precision than a meterstick.
❑ Micrometer has a greater precision than a vernier caliper.
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➢Take a stack of 500 sheets
➢Measure its thickness with ruler
➢Divide by 500 to find the thickness of
one sheet.
➢Lay a thread along the line
➢Mark the thread at either end of the line
➢Lay it along a ruler to find the length
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▪ Measure the dimensions of the object and use the appropriate volume equation.
Displacement method
▪ Select a measuring cylinder (three or four times lager than the object).
▪ Fill it with water enough to cover the object.
▪ Read the initial volume of water.
▪ Immerse the object in the water.
▪ Read the final volume of water.
▪ Increase in volume of the water is the volume of the object.
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➢Use measuring cylinders.
➢Look at the scale horizontally not at an oblique angle.
➢Read the level of the bottom of the meniscus.
➢ Think carefully about the choice of cylinder.
✓ 1L(1000 cm3) cylinder is unlikely to be suitable for
measuring a small volume such as 5 cm3.
✓ To get more accurate answer using a 10 cm3 cylinder.
➢ Meniscus is the curved upper surface of a liquid, caused by
surface tension.
➢ It can curve up or down.
➢ The surface of water in measuring cylinder curves downwards.
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Unit of Length- metres (m)
Unit of volume- milliliter (ml)
One litre (1 L)= 1dm3=1000 cm3
1 ml=1 cm3
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▪ Density means mass per unit volume.
❑ Mass is the amount of matter that object is composed of.
❑ Volume is the space that occupied by an object.
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❑ If something is more dense than water, it will sink in water.
❑ If something is less dense than water, it will float in water
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❑ When liquids are added together carefully,
the less dense liquids will float on the more
dense liquids.
❑ The liquids will form separate layers.
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➢Place the measuring cylinder on a balance.
➢Set the balance to zero.
➢Pour the liquid into the cylinder.
➢Read the volume from the scale on the cylinder.
➢The balance shows the mass.
➢Use density equation .
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✓ Drops of rain fall down
✓ Water in the drops is more dense than air.
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➢The gas in some drinks is carbon dioxide.
𝜌 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 0.002 g/cm3
➢ The liquid in most drinks has a density close
to 1.0 g/cm3, as the drinks are mostly water.
𝝆 𝒈𝒂𝒔 < 𝝆 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
➢ The bubbles in a drink rise.
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✓The balloons in the picture float up
through the air. Why?
✓ Hydrogen forms an explosive mixture with air
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Analogue
Digital Clock Clock
Light gate with
Electronic timer
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➢ Frame rate is the measurement of how
quickly a number of frames appears
within a second.
➢ The higher the frame rate, the smoother
and more realistic the motion looks.
