Department of Criminal Justice Education

Criminology Program

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed

Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CRI 324 FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON

INVESTIGATION

Name of Teacher: MICHAEL LESTER T. BAYATE, RCRIM

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT

FOR REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF
ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY
ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

CourseCoordinator: Michael Lester T. Bayate Commented [d1]:

1. Use the header of UM Tagum with name of Department and
Email: [email protected] contact info.
Student Consultation: By appointment 2. Use Arial, 12 pts, single spaced. No need to change the
margin.
Mobile 09515064057 3. Observe proper alignment of the text especially on the
EffectivityDate: assessment part.
Mode of Delivery: Distance Education Delivery
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: CDI 1
Credit: 3
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 100% attendance is required at
all scheduled sessions.

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is
designed for distance learning mode of instructional
delivery. The expected number of hours will be 54
including the supplemented traditional contact and/or
social media platform (if necessary).

Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall
be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the
name of the course coordinator, date of submission
and name of the student. The document should be
emailed to the course coordinator. It is also expected
that you already paid your tuition and other fees before
the submission of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through

the features in the Quipper Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of
time by the course coordinator.

2
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Sincethiscourseisincludedinthelicensureexamination
for criminologist, you will be required to take the
Multiple- Choice Question exam inside the University.
This should be scheduled ahead of time by your course
coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all licensure-
basedprograms.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and
Academic Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or people
to complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the
possible maximum score for that assessment item for
each day or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment

paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation
should be submitted and approved by the course
coordinator. If necessary, you will also be required
to present/attach evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)
Assessments weeks after the submission. This will be returned by
email or via Quipper portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator

will require some or few of the students for online or
virtual sessions to ask clarificatory questions to
validate the originality of the assessment task
submitted and to ensure that all the group members
are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on
the student’s failure to comply with the similarity index
and other
reasonable
3 grounds such as academic literacy
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.

illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program coordinator your intention to appeal or
contest the score given to an assessment task. The
letter should explicitly explain the reasons/points to
contest the grade. The program coordinator shall
communicate with the students on the approval and
disapproval of the request.

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System Assessment methods Weights Commented [d2]:
EXAMINATIONS 60% Use the University Grading System found in the syllabus
A Commented [A33R2]:
Exam 1st – 3rd 30%
.
B
Final Exam 30%
.
CLASS PARTICIPATIONS 40%
C
Quizzes 10%
.
D
Assignments 5%
.
E
Research/Requirement 15%
.
F
Oral recitation 10%
.
Total 100%

Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,

use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.

Student Communication You are required to create a email account which is a

requirement to access the Quipperportal. Then, the
course coordinator shall enroll the students to have
access to the materials and resources of the course.
All communication formats: chat, submission of
assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be through the
portal and other university recognized platforms.

You can also meet the course coordinator in

person through the scheduled face to face
sessions to raise your issues and concerns.

For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program
head.

4
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Contact Details of the Dean Gina Fe G. Israel, EdD

Email:
[email protected]
Phone: 0915 832 5092 / 0909 994 2314
Contact Details of the Program Jun Mark A. Asis, MSCrim
Head Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0938 493 1993
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need,
the course coordinator with the approval of the
program coordinator may provide alternative
assessment tasks or extension of the deadline of
submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
serviceof
achieving the desired course learningoutcomes.
Help Desk Contact Globe: 0917 466 709
Smart: 09308920005
Library Contact [email protected]
0927 395 1639

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Quipper

CC’s Voice: Hello there! Good day! Welcome to this course CDI 6: fire
technology and arson investigation. As a criminology student it is
imperative to gain this literacy regarding Fire technology and
arson investigation as it is one of the vital job of a law enforcer
when it comes to determining whether a certain cause of fire is
accidental or intentional. In this particular subject the students will
also understand the nature of fire as well as its characteristics and
what vital measures and techniques will be utilized in order to
prevent and/or at least control it.
CO As a student of this course you are expected to explain how fire
technology and arson investigation works, wherein you are
expected to understand and comprehend its importance and
techniques in solving crime particularly arson cases.

5
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Let us begin!

Big Picture

Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected
to

a. Expected to demonstrate deep knowledge on the nature and definition

of arson investigation.
b. Understand and appreciate the behavior of fire and its advantage and
disadvantage
c. Be able to enumerate and discuss the classes of fire, its symbol and
color identification as well as fire suppression, control and
extinguishment and extinguishing agents particularly identify and
distinguish the different classes of fire extinguishers and their
respective usage.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa will be able to understand the

behavior of fire, its nature, as well as the properties it
composes.

Metalanguage

Below are the essential terms that you are going to encounter in the pursuit of ULOb.
1. Pyrolysis- the chemical process whereby fire consumes the most
solid part of the fuel.
2. Vapor density- the term used to explain the weight of vapours is
vapour density.
3. Flashover- occurs when a room or other areais heated enough hat
flames sweep over the entire surface.

Essential Knowledge
The following are basic concept of Fire technology and Arson Investigation that
may be useful for you to understand . The said concepts might be confusing or difficult
as a beginner but at the later part of this unit would be of great help for you to understand
the nature of its existence.Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to
these resources. Thus, you are expected 62 to utilize other books, research articles and
other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
search.proquest.cometc., and even online tutorial websites.

 Fire Triangle Theory- Three elements necessary to create/produced fire in

equal proportion;

 Fire Tetrahedron Theory-The fourth element of thre known as the "Chemica!

chain reaction."

 Life Cycle of Fire Theory-Stages/steps wherein fire is created.

 Elements of a Fire

For many years the concept of fire was symbolized by the Triangle of
Combustion and represented, fuel, heat, and oxygen, and removing any one
of the three elements will put the fire out.

 Fire Triangle

1. Heat- a form of energy measured in degree of temperature, the product of

combustion that caused the spread of fire. For a fire to start there must be
a source of ignition, usually heat or a spark. Heat sources include: open
flame, hot surfaces, sparks action, electrical energy and compression of and
arcs, friction-chemical electrical energy and compression of gases.

2. Oxygen- a colorless and odorless gas and one of the composition of air that
supports fire which is approximately 21% by volume. Oxygen -A source of
oxygen is needed. Approximately 16% is required. Normal air contains 21%
oxygen. Some fuels contain enough oxygen within their make-up to support
burning.

3. Fuel - any substance/combustibles which reacts chemically flame with

oxygen and produces Flame. For a fire to start there must be something to
burn. The physical state of the fuel may be gases (natural gas, propane,
butane, hydrogen, etc.) or liquid ( gasoline, kerosene, turpentine, alcohol,
paint, varnish, lacquer, etc.) or solid (coal, wood, paper, cloth, grease, etc.).

 Fuel Sources:

1. Solid molecules are closely packed together.

2. Liquid molecules are loosely packed
3. Gas molecules are free to moved.

 Fire Tetrahedron The fire triangle theory describes the three elements of a
fire. Another explanation of the requirement of combustion uses a four-sided
figure called tetrahedron, a62new combustion and extinguishment (W,M.
HAESSLER).
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Fire Tetrahedron. The combustion reaction can be characterized by four components:

the fuel, the oxidizing agent, Heat, and an uninhibited chemical chain reaction. These
four components have been classically symbolized by a four-sided solid geometric
form called a tetrahedron. The fourth element of the tetrahedron explanation is known
as chemical reactivity, or chemical reaction.

 Elements of Fire Tetrahedron

1. 0xygen ( oxidizing agent)- material/substance that yield oxygen or oxidizing

gases during the process of a chemical reaction. Oxidizers are not themselves
combustible,but they support combustion when combined with fuel. For
purposes of discussion, the oxygen in the air in the surrounding area is
considered the primary oxidizing agent.

2. Fuel (Reducing agent) - material or substance being burned in the combustion

process. The fuel in a combustion reaction is known as the reducing agent.
Most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and
oxygen.

3. Heat (Temperature) - the energy component of the fire tetrahedron. When heat
comes in contact with a fuel, the energy supports the combustion process. A
form of energy generated by the transmission of some other form of energy, as
in combustion or burning.

4. Self Sustained Chemical Reaction (the fourth element) - a series of events

that occur in sequence with the results of each individual reaction being added
to the rest. Once flaming starts, it can only continue when energy is produced
to cause the enough heat or continued chain reaction.

Common Sources of Heat

 Types of Energy

1. Chemical EnergyThe most common source of heat in combustion reactions.

An energy released as a result of a chemical reaction such as combustion.
When any combustibles is in contact with oxygen oxidation occursS.

2. Electrical Energy-An energy developed when electrons flow through a

conductor. Electrical energy can generate temperatures high enough to ignite
any combustible materials near the heated gases.

3. Nuclear Energy: An energy generated when atoms either split apart (fission)
or combine (fusion). Nuclear power plants generate power as a result of the
fission of Uranium- 235. 62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
4. Mechanical Energy An energy created by friction and compression.

5. Heat of Friction the movement two surfaces against each other. This
movement produced sparks being generated.

6. Heat of Compression - heat is generated when a gas is compressed in a

container or cylinder.

Energy exists in two types:

a) Potential Energy an energy possessed by an object that can be released in the
future.
b) Kinetic Energy an energy possessed by a moving object.
 Mechanical Heat Energy

1. Heat: An energy that is transterred between two objects of differing

temperature such as sun and the earth.

2. Light: A visible radiation created at the atomic level such as flame produced
during combustion.

 Combustion or burning -is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical

reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of
heat_or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames, appearance
of light flickering.

Direct combustion by atmospheric oxygen is a reaction mediated by radical

intermediates. The conditions for radical production are naturally produced by thermal
runaway, where the heat generated by combustion is necessary to maintain the high
temperature necessary for radical production.

 The Nature of Fire

Often a misconception is fire burns the actual chair or piece of wood. It is the gases
given off by an object that burns. Heat causes objects to give off these flammable
gasses. When the gasses reach their ignition temperature you see the light given off
during the Oxidation known as fire. Fire itself generates more heat to the object and
thus an endless cycle begins until all of the gases have been exhausted from an object.
Then the remaining particles or ash are what is left.
Even the most flammable materials (capable of being easily ignited) do not actually
burn. The vapour given off by a material is the part that burns. wood is ignited, the fire
is not from the burning wood, rather, from the vapours that are given off by the wood.
The heat causes the substance in the wood to vaporize. The heated vapours mix
quickly with oxygen in the air and fire results. When a piece of This process is known
as Pyrolysis.
 Pyrolysis defined:
62
The chemical process whereby fire consumes the most solid part of the fuel. It is the
thermal decomposition of a solid fuel through the action of heat.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
 Products of Combustion:

1. Fire gases - chemical composition of the fuel percent of oxygen present, and the
temperature e the fire. Are those that remain when other combustion Cool to normal
temperature.
 Types of Poisonous Gases:

1. Hydrogen Sulfide (HaS) - a fire gas formed during fires involving organic material
containing sulfur, such as: skin meat and hides. It is Rubber, hair, wood, colorless,
highly toxic gas with strong odor of rotten eEgs. Exposure for even a short time is
dangerous. It will ignite at 5000F (2600 C).

2. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) - a toxic fire gas found in Oxygen-starve involvingg

nitrogen containing materials such as: fires Wool, silk, urethane, polymides, and
acrylics.

3. Hydrogen Chloride (HCL) - a gas which can be fatal after only a few breaths, is
produced in fires involving chloride-containing plastic. Plastics can be found anywhere;
from furnishing to electrical insulation, conduit, and piping

4. Flame The luminous body of a burning gas which gets hotter and less luminous
when mixed with more oxygen. Flame fades when carbon burns completely, so flame
is considered product of incomplete combustion. It is the manifestation of fire when
the fire is in its gas phased combustion.
Flame Defined-A flame is the visible (light-emitting) part of a fire. It is causedbya
highly.exothermic reaction (for example combustion, self-sustaining oxidation
reaction) taking place in a thin zone. If a fire is hot enough to ionize the gaseous
components, it can become a plasma.
 Types of Flames

A. According to color and completeness of combustion

1. Luminous flame a reddish-orange in color; it deposits soot because it is a product

of incomplete combustion; it has lower temperature.

2. Non-luminous flame - bluish in color; it does not deposit soot because it is a

product of complete combustion; it has a higher temperature than luminous flame.

B. According to Burning Fuel and Air Mixture:

1. Premixed flame - example of a Bunsen burner

2. Diffusion flame example of flame of the Oxyacetylene torch (diffused-dispersed:

widely spread).

C. Based on Smoothness: 62
1. Laminar flame (smooth flame) flame is laminar when a particle follows a smooth
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
path through a gaseous flame.

2. Turbulent flame (rough flame) those having unsteady, irregular swirls and eddies.

3. Heat a fornı of energy generated by the transmission of some other form of energy.

 Heat defned-A form of energy measured in degree of temperature, it is the

product of combustion that spread the fire. It causes burns and other injuries
such as dehydration, heat exhaustion, and respiratory tract injuries. Heat,
oxygen depletion, and carbon monoxide formation are the primary hazards in
fires.

4. Smoke a visible product of incomplete combustion, a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen,

CO, CO2 and finely divided particles released from the burning material.

 PROPERTIES OF FIRE:

A. Physical Properties

1. Specific gravity- the ratio of the weight of a solid or substance to the weight of an
equal volume of water. (Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of a given
solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure,
typically at 4°C (39°F) and 1 atm (760.00 mmHg), making it a dimensionless quantity).

2. Vapor density- the weight of a volume of pure gas compared to the weight of a
volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.

3. Vapor pressure - the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of the liquid at
equilibrium. The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above
its liquid (or solid); that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a
liquid (or solid) above a sample of the liquid (or solid) in a closed container.

4. Temperature - the measure of thermal degree of the agitation of molecules of a

given substance; the measure of the molecular activity within a substance.
Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of
temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Myanmar, Liberia and the
UnitedStates), the degree Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring
purposes. The entire scientific world (these countries included) measures temperature
using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the kelvin scale, which
is just the Celsius scale shifted downwards so that 0 Kll= -273.15°C, or absolute zero.

5. Boiling point the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is
equal to the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at
which the of the liquid equals the vapor pressure environmental pressure surrounding
the liquid. A liquid in a vacuum environment has a lower boiling point than when the
liquid is at atmospheric pressure. 62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
6. Ignition temperature or kindling temperature the minimum temperature to which
the substance in the air must be heated in order to initiate or cause self-contained
combustion without the addition of heat from outside sources.

7. Fire point the temperature at which the material will give off ample vapours to keep
burning. There is usually about 5 to 10 degrees difference between the flashpoint and
the firepoint of most materials. Since these two are just a few degrees apart.

8. Flashpoint the temperature at which a material is not hot enough to keep burning,
but still gives off enough vapours to cause a flame to "flash" across the surface. The
term "flashpoint" is used to express the condition of a fuel vaporizing, whether or not
it is vaporizing fast enough to keep burning

B. Chemical Properties:

1. Endothermic reaction are changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or

is added before the reaction takes place.

2. Exothermic reaction reactions or changes that release or give off energy

(heat) thus they produce substances with less energy than the reactants.

3. Oxidation a chemical change in which combustible material (fuel) and an

oxidizing agent react.

4. Combustion/flame the manifestation of fire when the fire is in its gas-

phased combustion. A matter that is produced by fire.

 Vapor Density:

The term used to explain the weight of vapours is vapour density". In order to measure
the weight of these vapours we usually compare them to air, which is considered to
have a vapour density of 1.00. Therefore, if we say that a substance has a vapour
density of 1.5, it means that it is on-and-a-half times as heavy as air under the same
conditions of pressure and temperature.

 Fires generally have three (3) progressive stages based on the following
factors:

1. Incipient/Beginning phase - it is the initial stage of fire.

Characteristics:
a. Normal room temperature
b. Oxygen plentiful
C. Thermal updraft rise accumulates at higher point.
d. Flame temperature of 1000 degrees F
62 CO, SO2, water vapor, & other gases).
e. Producing pyrolysis products: (CO2,
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
2. Free-Burning Phase - the second phase of burning in which materials or structures
are burning in the presence of adequate oxygen.

3. Smouldering Phase the final phase of burning wherein flame ceases but dense
smoke and heat completely fill the confined room.

 Backdraft Firefighters operating at fires in buíldings must use precautionary

measures when opening a building to gain entry, by providing ventilation either
by horizontal/cross ventilation (opening doors or windows) vertical ventilation
(opening a hole at the highest As the fire or portion of the affected part of the
building). grows in a confine area, large volumes of hot, unburned These fire
gases can collect in unventilated spaces. gases may be at or above their
ignition temperature but have insufficient oxygen available to actually ignite.
Any action taken during fire fighting operations that allows air to mix with these
hot gases can result in an explosive ignition called backdraft.

 Flashover occurs when a room or other area is heated enough that flames
sweep over the entire surface. firefighters originally believed that combustible
gases released during the early stages of the fire cause flashover by collecting
at the ceiling and mixing with air until they burst into flames.

 Classification of Fire:

By knowing the classes of fire a certain material will fall into, you will be able to make
intelligent fire fighting decisions.

A. Based on Cause:
1. Natural fire
2. Accidental fire
3. Intentional fire

B. Based on Burning Fuel

Four (4) Classes of Fire

1. Class A Materials involving vegetableas fiber, wood, paper straw, grain, and grass,
combustible minerals such Coal and coke. Nearly all thrash fire are considered as
Class A.

2. Class B Materials including petroleum products such as gasoline, lubricating oils,

and greases; animal fats such as butter, lard, and tallow; vegetable extracts such as
alcohol, linseed oil, and turpentine; vegetable shortenings and fuel oils, pounds such
as oleomargarines; natural gases and 62 Compressed gases such as butane, propane,
hydrogen, and acetylene.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

3. Class C - This type of fire involves electrical motors, electrical appliances and
apparatus. Actually a Class C fire is composed usualU of Class A and Class B
materials or a combination of both. Use of water is usually dangerous because of the
risk of electrical shock.

4. Class D - These are materials involving combustible metals, alloys, or metal

compounds either in a solid, semi solid or liquid state. They may further reduce in
shavings, grindings, granules, or dust. Some liquid metals are kept in a liquid state
under pressure.

5. Class K these are materials involved in the kitchen fires. This classification was
added to the NFPA portable extinguishers Standard in 1998

 Classification of Fire Extinguishers:

1. Class A extinguishers will put out fires in ordinary combustibles, such as wood
and paper. The numerical rating for this class of fire extinguisher refers to the
amount of water the fire extinguisher holds and the amount of fire it will
extinguish.

2. Class B Extinguishers should be used on fires involving flammable liquids,

such as grease, gasoline, oil, etc. The numerical rating for this class of fire
extinguisher states the approximate number of square feet of a flammable liquid
fire that a non-expert person can expect to extinguish.

3. Class C Extinguishers are electrically energized-fires. this class of

extinguishers does not have a numerical rating. The presence of the letter "C
indicates that the extinguishing agent is non-conductive.

4. Class D Extinguishers are designed for use on flammable metals and are
often specific for the type of metal in question. There is no picture designator
for Class D extinguishers. These extinguishers generally have no rating nor
they are given a multi-purpose rating for use on other types o metal fires.

 TYPES OF HEAT TRANSMISSION

1. Conduction it is the transmission of heat through an object /medium or

conductor, such as pipe, metal, hot-air duct, wire, or even wall.

2. Radiation the transmission through the discharge and spread of heat from a
heated or burning source. This radiation takes place through the air or through
62
space that cause another flammable object to ignite.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
3. Convection it is the transmission of heat by the moving currents of liquid or
gas. When these gases or liquids are heated, they start to move within
themselves; and by their free motion, circulation starts.

 Intensity of Fire Intensity of fire means simply "how hot the fire burning. Some
types of fuels naturally burn hotter (more intensely) than others. For example,
a gasoline fire burns hotter than a wood fire, while an acetylene flame is hotter
than a gasoline flame.

 Explosive Limits- The term "explosive limits" means the amount (expressed
in percent) of fuel vapour that can be mixed with air to form an explosive or
flammable mixture. If less that this amount is used, the mixture will not burn. If
more than this.This is known as "lean" to burn. amount is used, the mixture is
called too "rich" and will not burn.

 Magnitude of Fire- The Magnitude of fire means the size of a fire, and it is
governed by the surface area of fuel exposed to the air. The magnitude of fire
is not always determined by the amount of fuel involved but more often buy the
amount of fuel exposed to the air,

 Fire point- The temperature at which the material will give off ample vapors to
keep burning. There is usually about 5 to 10 degrees difference between the
flashpoint and fire point of most materials. Since the two are just a few degrees
apart, the term "flashpoint" is used to express the condition of a fuel vaporizing,
whether or not it is vaporizing fast enough to keep burning.

 Oxidation In nearly all fires, oxidation takes place by using the oxygen that is
present in the atmosphere. However, in some cases, certain chemical
compounds known as oxidizingg agents are involved. Though not flammable
themselves, when they are heated or when they come in contact with water,
they give off oxygen which in turn, supports the burning of flammable materials.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson
62
Leo Bustria, 2013 Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation Second Edition, Wiseman's Books
Trading Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity1. Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the
following statements: (One point each)

1. This type of extinguisher designed for use on

flammable metals and are often specific for the type of metal in question.

2. The temperature at which the material will give off

ample vapors to keep burning.

3. the transmission of heat through an object /medium or

conductor, such as pipe, metal, hot-air duct, wire, or even wall.

4. occurs when a room or other area is heated enough

that flames sweep over the entire surface

5. changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is

added before the reaction takes place.

6 this of fire means simply "how hot the fire burnin

7. form of energy measured in degree of temperature,

the product of combustion that caused the spread of fire

8.A phase of burning in which materials or structures

are burning in the presence of adequate oxygen.

9. the ratio of the weight of a solid or substance to the

weight of an equal volume of water.

10. reactions or changes that release or give off energy

(heat) thus they produce substances with less energy than the reactants.

Let’s Analyze
62
Let us try the following activities to know how deep is your understanding
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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about the topics of this unit.

1. Discuss the difference between endothermic reaction and exothermic

reaction.
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2. Explain how fire tetrahedron theory works?.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
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In a Nutshell
1. Since you already have the basic knowledge of the type of heat transmission
kindly elaborate how this three types of heat transmission namely conviction,
radiation and conduction works as well as sight some concrete example.

Commented [d4]:
Insert here the Q&A List and Keywords Index. Do same to
other ULOs. Thanks po.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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 Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Demonstrate deep knowledge

countering fire like fire suppression, control, extinguishment,
and also discuss about extinguishing agents as well as how
to use them in a proper matter and procedure.

Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying
this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter
difficulty in understanding the basic concepts and approaches fire technology and
arson investigation.

1. Chemical Chain Reaction- The fourth method of extinguishment is known as

inhibition or the interruption of chemical reaction.
2. . AFFF- Aqueous Film Forming Foam
3. Halons (Halogenated Agents)- These agents have been used for over
50 years. Continuous research has brought these agents to the present
high degree of effectiveness in interrupting the chain reaction they
possess along with a decrease in life safety hazard.
4. Dry Chemicals- are usually rated for multi-purpose use. It contains an
extinguishing agent and uses a compressed, non-flammable gas as a
propellant

Essential Knowledge
Before we proceed further with the study of how to suppress, control and
discuss the extinguishing against fire, it is highly important that we pay tribute to
those men and women in uniform who sworn to protect us from disaster brought
by fire specially those to risk their lives in the performance of duty to their country.

 FIRE SUPPRESSION, CONTROL, EXTINGUISHMENT, AND

EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

The proper selection of an agent or method of control or extinguishment is the

most important factor in determining the degree of a success of a firefighting operation.

fire Suppression- means slowing down the rate of burning, whereas, control/ means
keeping the fire from spreading or holding the fire to onw area. Extinguishment is
putting the fire completely out.

 FOUR METHODS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT

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AND HOW IT WORKS

1. Cooling-The cooling process uses an extinguishing agent whose primary

 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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characteristic is heat absorption. Water is the best general cooling agent for firefighting
purposes.the use of class A the water absorbs the heat generated at the surface of
the burning material thus reducing thebelow its flash point.Water can be also used on
Class B fires, which include flammable petroleum products. a Class A fire, the water
absorbs much of heat, reducing the vaporization rate of the liquid fuel. This is the most
noticeable in a fire involving lubricating oil, whose flashpoint is between 300 to 450
degrees F.

2. Smothering excludes the oxygen from the fuel so that the gases or vapours of the
fuel cannot ignite and continue the combustion. CO2 and AFFF are used for this
purpose,

3. Separation - the removal of the fuel, as in the example of turning oft a valve n a
gas line prevents the fuel and Oxygen from coming together. If fuel is not available,
then heat, regardless of the temperature, cannot affect the fuel, Therefore, there is no
fire.

4. Chemical Chain Reaction The fourth method of extinguishment is known as

inhibition or the interruption of chemical reaction.

 Extinguishing Agents

1. Water - used only on Class A fires. Water is the most effective in cooling the burning
material below its ignition temperature. It is the most commonly used agent in
firefighting. In its natural state, it is highly stable and may be used to extinguish most
types of fireif properly applied. Due to its conductive properties, water should not be
used on electrical fires.

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO) A number of its properties make C02 a desirable

extinguishing agent. It is non-combustible and non-reactive with most substances.
CO2 provides pressure for discharge fromn storage cylinders or extinguishers. Being
a gas, CO2 can penetrate and spread to all parts of fire.

3. Dry Chemical- The dry chemical extinguishing agents in use today are mixtures of
powders and various additives that improve the storage, flow, and water repellency of
the powders. Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, and mono ammonium
phosphate are some of the powders commonly used today. Dry chemical is stable at
low temperatures, but it has an upper storage temperature of 140°F. At temperatures
above 1400F some caking or sticking ot the powder OCcurs. These agents are said
to be non-toxic, but in discharging large amounts they may cause some breathing and
visibility problems.

4. AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam has replaced protein foam for all around
firefighting purposes. Protein base foam is now used primarily for runway foaming
operations and for some training purposes.
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5. Halons (Halogenated Agents) - These agents have been used for over 50 years.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Continuous research has brought these agents to the present high degree of
effectiveness in interrupting the chain reaction they possess along with a decrease in
life safety hazard.

 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

first aid is the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or sick person before
or until the arrival of qualified personnel/doctor.When the term first aid is used to
describe a piece of equipment, the same general meaning applies.
Portable (first-aid) fire extinguishers are designed to be used on fires as soon as
possible after they start too and before the fire gets along. These extinguishers may
be able to extinguish the fire or hold it in check until larger firefighting equipment
arrives.
Extinguishers are designed primarily for use by people other than firefighters. The skill
and knowledge in their operation may mean the difference between using one small
fire extinguisher or a big operation involving many fire trucks and dozens of people to
extinguish a fire.

 Fire Extinguisher Defined:- It is a mechanical device usually made of metal,

containing chemicals, fluids, or gases for stopping fires, the means for
application of its contents for the purpose of putting out fire (particularly small
fire) before it propagates, and is capable of being readily moved from place to
place. It is a portable device used to put out fires of limited size.

 Classes of Fire Extinguishers:

1. Portable Fire Extinguisher- Portable fire extinguishers offer potential for

immediately controlling workplace fires. the greatest Their portability and
relatively easy operation often make them ready for use within seconds.
However, training and education is critical to know more on the operations and
use of an extinguisher. should know how to identify extinguishers, what types
are available, where they are in the work place, an above al, how to use them.

 Classfication and Ratings:

Different type of fire extinguishers is designed extinguish fires involving different types
of fuels Extinguishers are classified as Class A, B, C, and D combination depending
on the fire against their agents is effective.
1. Class A type of extinguisher is used on fires involving ordinary combustible
materials such as wood, clothes, and paper.
62fires involving liquids, grease, and gases.
2. Class B extinguisher is used on
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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3. Class C extinguishers are used on fires involving energized electrical
equipment.

4. Class D extinguisher is used on fires involving combustible metals such as

titanium, magnesium zirconium, sodium, and potassium.

 Fire extinguisher Ratings

Class A and Class B extinguishers carry a numerical rating to indicate how

large a fire an experienced person can put out with the use of an extinguisher. The
ratings are based on reproducible physical test conducted by Underwriter's
Laboratories that are designed to determine the extinguishing capability for each size
and type of extinguisher. Class C extinguishers have only a letter rating because there
is no readily measurable quantity for class C fires which are essentially Class A or B
fires involving energized electrical equipment. extinguishers likewise do not have a
numerical rating. Their effectiveness is described on the faceplate.

1. Class A Ratings An extinguisher for Class A fires could have any one of the
following ratings. The numerical rating for this class of fire extinguisher refers
to the amount of water the fire extinguisher holds and the amount of fire it will
extinguish.

2. Class B Ratings: An extinguisher for Class B fires could have anyone of the
following ratings. The numerical rating for this type of extinguisher states the
approximate number of square feet of flammable liquid fire that a non-expert
individual can expect to extinguish.

3. Class C Ratings: Extinguishers rated for Class C fires are tested only for
electrical conductivity. However, no extinguisher gets Class C ratings without a
Class A and/or Class B rating. This class of fire extinguisher does not have a
numerical rating. extinguishing agent is non-conductive. The letter C" indicates
that the extinguishing agent in non-conductive.

4. Class D Ratings: Class D extinguishers are tested on metal fires. The agent
used depends on the metal for which the extinguisher was designed. Check the
extinguisher faceplate for the unit's effectiveness on specific metals. There is
no picture designator for Class D extinguishers. This type of extinguisher
generally have no rating nor are they given a multi-purpose rating for use on
other types of Class D fires.

 Most common extinguishing agent used

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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1. Water is the most effective in cooling the burning material below its ignition
temperature. Under certain conditions, the steam converted from the water will
exclude oxygen and smother the fire.

2. Dry Chemicals: Dry Chemical extinguishers are usually rated for multi-purpose
use. It contains an extinguishing agent and uses a compressed, non-flammable gas
as a propellant.
Types:

a. Regular or ordinary (sodium and potassium bicarbonate respectively) used only

Class B or C Class fires.

b. Multi-purpose dry chemicals(ammonium phosphate) used on Class A, Class B,

andClass C. Dry chemicals inhibit the chain reaction and, to a certain degree, cool and
smother the fire. These agents are chemically treated with a substance to keep them
water resistant and free flowing. This also helps prevent packing of the chemical while
stored inside the extinguisher. These dry chemical extinguishers may be found in sizes
which range from 2 % to 30 pounds.

3. Carbon Dioxide used on Class B and Class C fires. reducing the oxygen level
below that which supports combustion. CO2 extinguishes fire by smothering, reducing
the oxygen level below that which supports combustion. These extinguishers are only
effective from 3 to 8 feet. Under certain conditions, the coldness of the gas also helps
put out the fire. It is an inert gas. When C02 is stored under pressure in a cylinder or
tank such a fire extinguisher, it changes from a vapor to a liquid.

4. Foam - used only on Class A and B fires. Foam removes fuel by forming a layer
over a burning liquid and preventing flammable vapors from Escaping. Foam will also
smother by keeping oxygen from mixing with the vapors and cool with a constant layer
of water bearing foam.

5. Halons used on Class B and C fires. liquefied gases are most effective in
interrupting the chain reaction, but they also have slight smothering and cooling
effects. These are made up of carbon and one or more halogen elements like fluorine,
chlorine, iodine, and bromine. These types of extinguishers are often used to protect
valuable electrical equipment since they leave no residue to clean up. Halon
extinguishers have a limited range, usually from 4-6 feet. The initial application should
be made at the base of the fire, even after the fires have been put out.

6. Metal/Sand extinguishers- are primarily used for flammable metals (Class D) and
have the characteristics of a blanketing effect (smothering) on the fire. most common
extinguishing agent used is sodium chloride.

 The following are different types of Metal/Sand Extinguishing Agents:

Sodium chloride- used for metal 62fires involving magnesium, sodium (spills and
potassium, in depth), sodium/potassium alloys, uranium and powdered aluminum.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Heat from the fire causes the agent to harden and form a crust that excludes air and
dissipates heat.

Powdered Copper Metal (Cu me metal) used for fires involving lithium and lithium
alloys. It is the only known lithium fire fighting agent which will cling to a vertical surface
thus making agent used on three dimensional a and flowing fires.

Graphite-based powders - these are designed tor use on lithium fires. It is also
effective on fires involving high melting metals such as zirconium and titanium.

Specially-designed sodium bicarbonate-based dry agents- used to suppress fires

with most metal alkyls, pyrophoric liquids which ignite on contact with air, such as
triethylaluminum.

Sodium carbonate-based dry powders- can be used with most Class D fires
involving sodium, potassium or sodium/potassium alloys. This agent is recommended
where stress corrosion of stainless steel must be kept to an absolute minimum.

7. Halotron I Extinguishers- These extinguishers are intended for use on class B and
Class C fires. Halotron I is an ozone-friendly replacement for Halon 1211.(which was
banned by international agreements starting 1994). This "clean" agent discharges as
a liquid, has a high visibility during discharge, does not cause thermal or static shock,
leaves no residue and is non-conducting. These properties make it ideal for computer
rooms, clean rooms, telecommunications equipment, and electronics, and it is
expensive.

8. FE-36 (Hydrofluorocarbon-236fa or known as HFC-236fa) - it is a DuPont-

manufactured Halo 1211 replacement, This agent is less toxic than both Halon 1211
and Halotron I. It has a zero ozone-depleting effect or potential.

9. Water Mist Extinguishers- Ideal used for Class A fire where a potential Class C
hazard exists. Unlike an ordinary water extinguisher, the misting nozzle provides
safety from electric shock and reduces scattering of burning materials. In non-
magnetic versions, water mist extinguishers are the preferred choice for MRI or NMR
facilities for deployment on mine sweepers. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
NMR's (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometers)

 STEPS IN USING PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:

1. Pull the pin at the top of extinguisher. When in place, the pin keeps the handle from
being pressed, breaking the plastic or wire inspection band.

2. Point the nozzle or outlet toward the base of the fire. If the hose is clipped to the
extinguisher body, unclip it first.
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3. Press the handle above the carrying handle to discharge the agent. To stop the
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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discharge, release the handle.

4. Sweep the nozzle in side to side motion before the flames to spread the
extinguishing agent. Direct the agent at the base of the flames. After the fire is out,
probe for smouldering hot spot or liquids that could reignite. Make sure the fire is out.
Back away from the fire area to protect yourself from possible danger or flashback.

Remember the acronym, "P.A.S.S.

P..Pull the Pin.

A..Aim extinguisher nozzle at the base of the flames.

S..Squeeze trigger while holding the extinguisher upright.

S. Sweep the extinguisher nozzle from side to side, covering the area of the fire with
the extinguishing agent.

Dry-Chemical Extinguishers Various compounds of dry-chemical agents are used.

Some of the more common ones are sodium used. bicarbonate, potassium
bicarbonate, and an ammonium phosphate which is a multi-purpose agent. These
agents are chemically treated with a substance to keep them water resistant and free
flowing. This also helps prevent packing of the chemical while stored inside the
extinguisher. These dry-chemical extinguishers may be found in different sizes which
range from 2% to 30 pounds. The 30-pound size is the most common size used.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson
.
Leo Bustria, 2013 Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation Second Edition, Wiseman's Books
Trading Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity1.Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked

in the following statements: (One point each)
1. It is a mechanical device usually made of metal,
containing chemicals, fluids, or gases for stopping fires
2. the removal of the fuel, as in the example of turning off a
62
valve n a gas line prevents the fuel and Oxygen from coming together. If fuel is
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
not available, then heat, regardless of the temperature, cannot affect the fuel,
Therefore, there is no fire.
3. The cooling process uses an extinguishing agent whose
primary characteristic is heat absorption.
4. A method of extinguishment is known as inhibition or the
interruption of chemical reaction.

5. These extinguishers are intended for use on class B and

Class C fires.

Let’s Analyze
Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions:

1. Discuss the four methods of fire extinguishment and how it works.

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2. Explain the steps in using portable fire extinguishers in your own words.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
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In a Nutshell

1. Since you already have he knowledge about four methods of fire extinguishment,
create some scenarios which will best explain how those methods works in
countering fire incidents.

62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Big Picture

Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. Students expected to demonstrate deep knowledge of the

characteristics of flammable materials. This includes hazardous
material identification.

b. Students expected to identify and discuss the different classifications

of hazardous materials.

c. students are also expected to know the principles of structural fighting

and ladder operations particularly identify and distinguish the different
types of ladder and their purposes

 Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Illustrate the characteristic of flammable

materials, its classifications as well as hazardous material
identification

Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying
this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding the basic concepts and approaches
fire technology and arson investigation.

62
1. . Flammable Liquids- these are liquids with a flashpoint below 100
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degrees F and a vapor pressure not over 40 psia at 100 degree F.

2. Cryogenic gase- gas which remains as liquefied temperature gas in its

container at temperature. Far below at normal temperature.
3. Non-flammable gases- any gases that will not burn in air. Some of
these will support combustion are called and Oxidizers

4. Liquefied gases- as a gas and partly as a liquid at normal temperatures

inside the container and remain under pressure as long as any liquid is in the
container.

Essential Knowledge

 Characteristic of flammable Materials

The specific differences in the properties are known as characteristics, and all
flammable materials have characteristics peculiar to themselves. All matter, including
flammable materials will exist in at least one of three states.

These states-or groups are known as:

1. Liquids

2. Gases

3. Solids

Liquids defined -Liquids are fluids that do not generate more than 40 psia when
heated to 100 degrees F (psia is pound- per-square inch absolute). To determine
whether a fluid should be classed as a gas or a liquid, it is tested.

Procedures in testing

1. Placed the fluid in a closed container equipped pressure gauge, then raised the
temperature of the container and contents to As the fluid vaporizes and creates a with
100 degree F. pressure, the gauge will show it.

2. Add the gauge reading to the atmospheric pressure an absolute pressure reading
is obtained. The atmospheric pressure is the normal sea level pressure of 14.7 psi.
Suppose the gauge reading is 29 psi plus the atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi, the
total would be 43.7 (°9.0 +14.7) psia. This would identify the fluid as a gas. (over 40).
If the gauge reading is 25 psi and the62atmospheric pressure is 14.7, the sum would be
39. 7. The fluid then would be just within the liquid class.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Types of Liquids

A. Flammable Liquids
these are liquids with a flashpoint below 100 degrees F and a vapor pressure not over
40 psia at 100 degree F. They called Class I liquids, which are subdivided into the
following classes:
 Class IA - any liquid that has a flashpoint below 73 degree F, and a boiling point
(BP) below 1000F.

 Class IB any liquid that has a flashpoint below 73 degree F, and a boiling point
at or above 100°F.

 Class IC - any liquid that has a flashpoint below100 degree F, but not below
730F.

B. Combustible Liquids
liquids that have a flashpoint at or above 1000F.
They are subdivided into the following categories:

Class II - any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 degree F and below 140
degree F.

Class IIIA any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 140 degree F and below 200
degree F.

Class IIB any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 200 degree F.

types of Flammable Liquids:

1. Hydrocarbons
a) alkanes
b) alkenes
c) alkynes
d) aromatics

2. Halogenated Carbon
a) alcohol
b) aldehydes
c) amines
d) ethers
e) ketones
f) esters

Hazards of Flammable Liquids:

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1. Produce Vapours that:
-burn
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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-corrosive
-oxidizers
-toxic
-narcotic
-unstable

2. Slopover - Water trapped at bottom of storage tanks vaporizes from heat expanding
and expelling contents above it.

Gases
Gases are classified by their chemical, physical properties, and usage.

A. Chemical Properties - chemical properties of gases are of prime interest to

firefighters, as they reflect the ability of the gas to react within it or with other
material.

The chemical properties of gases may be broken down as follows:

1. Flammable gases- any gas that which burn in normal concentrations of oxygen in
the air. These gases are subjected to the same conditions as flammable vapors.

2. Non-flammable gases- any gases that will not burn in air. Some of these will
support combustion are called and Oxidizers. Those that do not support combustion
are called inert gases.

3. Reactive gases- any gases that will react within itself or with other materials under
conditions other than fire, i.e. shock, heat, and etc.

4. Toxic gases- any gases that may complicate firefighting efforts due to its serious
life hazards.
B. Physical Properties is the physical behavior of a gas both outside and inside its
container and when accidentally released, these are of prime interest to firefighters.

The Physical Classification are the following:

1. Compressed gases- matter which is solely in a gaseous state in its container with
a lower pressure limit of 25 psig (pounds per square inch gauge) at normal
temperature of 70 degree F to 100°F.

2. Liquefied gases- as a gas and partly as a liquid at normal temperatures inside the
container and remain under pressure as long as any liquid is in the container.

3. Cryogenic gases- gas which remains as liquefied temperature gas in its container
at temperature. Far below at normal temperature.

C. Usage- Classification of gases is made by their usages However, there will be much
62
overlapping in these usages.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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1. Fuel gases- gases which burn with air to produce heat, power, or light.

2. Industrial gases- gases used in industrial processes such as: water treatment,
welding and cutting, refrigeration, and etc.

3. Medical gases- gases used for medical purposes such as therapy and anesthesia.

Flammable Compressed Gas:

1. Natural Gas-The most common flammable gas

2. Methane - lighter than the air and not toxic

3. Propane and Butane -colorless, tasteless, odorless, and not toxic

-heavier than air

4. Acetylene
-colorless, tasteless, odorless
-shock sensitive
-burns ethylene 4217 degree F

5. Hydrogen-difficult to keep in container

-lighter than air - extremely flammable

6. Ethylene Oxide
- gas at room temperature
-extremely wide explosive range - 3.0 to 100%

7. Oxidizer
-can burn inside its own container

Non-Flammable Gas:
1. Oxygen
-most common
- does not burn - supports combustion

2. Ammonia
-non-flammable - but does burn
-flammable range is less than 10%
-water soluble

3. Refrigerants - may be toxic when heated

4. Halogens:
a) Fluorine - most powerful oxidizer, extremely toxic, extremely reactive, water reactive
b) Chlorine toxic, corrosive, irritating
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5. Acid Gases
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-turn to acids when dissolved in water
-toxic, corrosive, irritating

6. Inert Gases: a) Helium b) Nitrogen c) Argon d) Carbon dioxide e) Krypton 1) Neon

7. Other Gases

Solids -Combustible solids are those which ignite burn and change chemically when
subjected to heat or fire. The heat must be approximately 350 degree F or higher.
Above this temperature, ordinary materials will give off enough vapors or gases to
burn. Examples are wood, paper, and cloth.
There are other combustible solids which may ignite or detonate at lower
temperatures. These combustible solids are classed as hazardous chemicals and
should be kept, in suitable containers. They should be separated from each other
materials which react with them.

Combustible Metals - most of combustible metal are chemical elements which are
part of earth's composition. Very few if any, are found in the natural state, as in gold.
The pure metal is extracted from mineral ore deposits by chemical processees.
Some of the combustible metals are the following:
1. Sodium, 2. Titanium, 3. Uranium, 4. Zirconium, 5. Magnesium, 6. Potassium, 7.
Lithium, 8. Sodium-potassium alloys

Combustible Solids
1. Wood

2. Carbon
a) Coal & charcoal
b) Carbon monoxide
c) carbon dioxide
-carbon monoxide is flammable
-burns very hot

3. Phosporous
a) Pyrophoric - reacts violently when it contacts air
b) Bombs, pyrotechnic devices

4. Sulfur
-non-toxic in elemental form
-sulfur dioxide formed when burn, toxic

5. Metals

6. Cellulose Nitrate
- common, flammable, toxic
-clear plastic materials
-oxidizing agent 62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
7. Ammonium Nitrate explosive, oxidizing agent
- fertilizer, explosive when contaminated with fuel

8. Other Nitrates
-must be considered flammable and/or explosive
-liberates toxic nitrogen oxides

9. Solids with Flashpoints

a) Naphthalene
-Does not burn, gives off flammable vapors at 174 degree F.

Fire Effects on Building Materials

Building materials have varying degrees of resistance to fire, depending on their
composition, arrangement, and the amount of heat generated in the fire. There is no
such thing as fireproof," since all building materials are affected by fire. Other factors,
such as density, thickness, building protective devices and surface treatment, result in
differing effects on building materials under fire conditions. These factors influence the
rates of flame propagation and initial ignition.

Effects of Fire on Various Materials:

1, Wood- Wood burns with an open flame and it chars depending upon its type,
condition, thickness Laminated wood girders, etc., will burn more readily than solid
timbers of the same dimensions. Wood shingles will burn readily, and under certain
conditions will curl and fly off a roof or wall, spreading fire in all directions.

2. Steel- In its usual form is non-combustible, however, steel wool and filings can be
ignited under certain conditions. In a burning building, structural steel may heat rapidly,
lose its strength, and deform. Corrugated steel sheeting, usually galvanized or coated
with asphalt compounds is extensively used for siding and roofing. Some of the asphalt
coated materials will ignite, and the burning asphalt has a tendency to melt, rapidly
spreading the fire. All sheet-metal panels, siding, roofs, and partitions tend to deform
under fire conditions.

3. Masonry- In general, brick, stone, and concrete are considered fire resistant. Under
conditions of prolong exposure to heat, may crack or spall (crumbled). If suddenly
cooled by the water from a hose stream, the surface of a heated masonry wall may
crack or spall with a near-explosive force and destructive effects on the wall.

4. Miscellaneous Construction Materials- In addition to the three most common

building materials, there are number of other materials that are used in alltype of
buildings. These types of materials are normally used for interior finishes, roofing, or
decorative purposes.

 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION

62
Hazard Classification
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
In the year 1976, the U.S. Department of Defense DoD) used a hazard classification
and identification System all its own for explosives and other dangerous materials.

After many years of study, the DoD implemented the present classification system
based on a systemrecommended for international use by the United Nations
Organization (UNO).

Below are the listings of all nine UNO Clasaes of Dangerous Materials:

Class 1- Explosives
Class 1 is divided into four divisions which indicate the type of hazards expected.

A. Class Division 1.1 Class 1.

Mass detonating explosives comparable to Quantity-Distance (Q-D) Class 7 and M
designated items. Assigned to this class are principally blast hazards. They may be
expected to mass detonate when a small portion is initiated by any means, such as
fire, severe concussion or impact impulse of an initiating agent.

B. Class Division 1.2

Non-mass detonating, fragment producing explosives. These items for which the
principal
hazards may be fragments, toxicity, or blast.

C. Class Division 1.3

It includes explosives that present a mass fire hazard. Items assigned to this class
usually burn vigorously with little or no possibility of extinguishing fires that have
gained headway in storage situations.
Explosions normally are confined to pressure propagating Shock waves or damaging
blast pressures e. beyond the specified magazine distance.

D. Class Division 1.4

It includes explosives with a moderate fire hazard, but no blast hazard. Items assigned
to this class primarily present fire hazards producing no blast and virtually no
fragmentation or toxic hazards beyond the normal fire hazard distance.

Class 2 - Gases: Compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure.

Class 3 Flammable Liquids
Class 4 Flammable Solids
Class 5 - Oxidizing Substances and Organic Peroxides
Class 6 Poisonous (toxic) and Infectious Substances
Class 7 - Radioactive Substances
Class 8- Corrosives
Class 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances (substances which present a danger
not covered by the other classes).

62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson

. Leo Bustria, 2013 Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation Second Edition, Wiseman's Books
Trading Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity1.Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the
following statements: (One point each)

1 what are those liquids with a flashpoint below 100

degrees F and a vapor pressure not over 40 psia at 100 degree F?
2. any gas that which burn in normal concentrations
of oxygen in the air. These gases are subjected to the same conditions as
tlammable vapors.
3 any gases that will react within itself or with other
materials under conditions other than fire, i.e. shock, heat, and etc.
4. a gas and partly as a liquid at normal temperatures
inside the container and remain under pressure as long as any liquid is in
the container.

5. any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 140 degree F

and below 200 degree F.
6. this gas is lighter than the air and not toxic.

7.a type of gas matter which is solely in a gaseous state in its

container with a lower pressure limit of 25 psig (pounds per square inch gauge) at
normal temperature of 70 degree F to 100°F.

8.this is liquids that have a flashpoint at or above 1000F.

9 any gases that will react within itself or with other materials
under conditions other than fire, i.e. shock, heat, and etc.
10. solids are those which ignite burn and change chemically
when subjected to heat or fire.

Let’s Analyze 62
Let us try the following activities to knowhow deep your understanding
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
about the topics of this unit.At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions:

1. differentiate the combustible liquid from flammable liquid.

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In a Nutshell

Since you already have the basic knowledge about the three flammable
material group which is gas, liquid and solid. Please discuss its characteristic as
well as its differences to each other.

62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

 Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. understand principles of structural

firefighting as well as the application of ladder operation.
62
Metalanguage
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying this unit.
Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter difficulty
in understanding the basic concepts and approaches fire technology and arson
investigation.

1. Ventilation-It is a method used for clearing the building of smoke and gases,
localize the fire, and reduce smoke and forcible entry damage

2. exposures- It is an action taken by the firefighters to cover or building/s, people

themselves near the affected area or danger from fire. An exposure, during
firefighting, is a structure or exposing its contents that can be ignited by a fire
in an adjoining building or other exterior source.

3. RESCUE- Any action taken by the firefighters to remove occupants/persons

from a burning building/hazards to a safety place

4. SCUBA-self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

5. Overhaul -A complete and detailed check of the structures and materials

involved in the fire to make sure that every spark and ember has been
extinguished and to have an assurance against re-ignition.

6. Salvage-An action taken by the firefighters in preventing excessive damage by

fire, smoke, and water with the use of a salvage cover or by removing materials
out from the burning building.

Essential Knowledge

In this chapter we are going to tackle about the principles of

structural firefighting which basically focus on how to put out a fire in
accordance with techniques and methods which will be discuss in the follow
topics. This chapter will also discuss various equipment which are essential
in combating fire.

 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING

This chapter will point out the main features of a god firefighting plan. Firefighting is,
has been, and always will be one of the main objectives of fire protection. A well-
manned, well-equipped, and well rained fire department provides a solid based upon
which effective firefighting depends. The strategy and tactics used to suppress fire
evolved from this base.
62
 STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING:
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
1. Initial Procedures:

a) Sounding the Alarm

The crew member who discovers/receives the fire alarm must sound the alarm
promptly.

b) The crewman who sounds the alarm must be sure to give the exact location of the
fire, information regarding the type of fire. The exact location may indicate the need of
fast and immediate response.

2. Fire fighting Procedures/Strategy:

a) Size-up-The evaluation and observation of the fire scene on the following:

1. Class of fire (what combustible materials are burning)

2. The appropriate extinguishing agent to be used
3. The appropriate method of attack
4. How to prevent the extension of fire
5. The required manpower and fire fighting assignment.

b) Attack -The method of action to gain immediate control to prevent or minimize the
extension of fire to exposures.

Methods of Attack:
1. Direct Method
2. Indirect Method

c) Ventilation Types:

1. Vertical ventilation

2. Horizontal ventilation

3. Mechanical/forced ventilation

4. Combination of Vertical & Horizontal

d) Exposures

e) Extinguishment -An action/method performed by fire fighters in putting off the fire
by means of extinguishing agent, such as; water, chemicals and foam.

F) Rescue

g) Overhaul

h) Salvage 62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
The following are the other strategy used in firefighting:
1. Locate the fire
2. Confine the fire
3. Extinguish the fire
4. Exposures

In addition to the basic tactics the following are also added:

1. Rescue
2. Overhaul
3 Ventilation
4. Salvage

 Location- Locating the fire sounds like a simple matter. In an open lumber yard
where flames arereaching for the sky, it is a simple matter. But finding or
locating a fire in a room in a cellar of a three-storey dormitory or building which
is filled with dense smoke is not an easy task.

 Confinement- Confining the fire is the next step in strategy. Judgment, skill,
and experience must be used to the utmost to determine whether or not the fire
is to be routine or a disaster. Confining the fire simply means to restrict its
spread to its point of origin or at least to the area involved.

 Extinguishment - Extinguishing the fire may take as little water as that use in
a booster line, or it may take thousands of gallons played through heavy
appliance. The decision rests upon the judgment, skill, training, and experience
of the officer-in-charge.

 Factors to be Considered in Extinguishment:

Time of Day
A. The hour of the day can have a direct bearing on the life and fire hazards involved.
B. Time also has a direct bearing on the speed of the response of firefighting and
rescue vehicles.
C. During hours of darkness, special lighting equipment may be needed. Night
operations may require auxiliary firefighting personnel.

Weather
Some of the Weather factors that must be considered:
A. Temperature
B. Humidity
C. Wind and precipitation
62
The Fire
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Factors to be Evaluated at the Fire Scene:
A. Extent of the Fire;
B. Its location in the building;
C. The type of contents involved;
D. The life hazard/s;
E. The fire conditions
F. Type of construction

Occupancy
Determine the number of people that occupy the building, including the materials that
are found in it.
Also note the nature of the units occupying the building.

Ventilation
It is a method used for clearing the building of smoke and gases, localize the fire, and
reduce smoke and forcible entry damage.

Types of Ventilation:

1. Vertical Ventilation- the method to establish vertical ventilation is it must be worked

from the top and down. Heated gases and smoke rise to the highest point and, if
confined, will tend to "mushroom" or rise to the highest point of the building, exerting
their heating effect on everything they touch.

2. Cross or Horizontal Ventilation - If the smoke and gases have not reached the
higher levels, cross ventilation can clear the building one floor at a time. Windows are
the easiest and generally most available for the common types of buildings, but the
indiscriminate opening of windows and doors can defeat the purpose of ventilation.

3. Mechanical or Forced Ventilation - A process o or method of ventilation whereby

a device such assmoke ejector is utilized to remove faster excessive heat and dense
smoke in a confined building.

Factors to Determine the Location for the Opening ventilation:

1. Location of intensity of fire
2. Highest point on the roof
3. Direction of wind
4. Existing exposure
5. Extent of fire
6. Obstruction

Steps in the Procedure for Vertical Ventilation:

1. Check the condition of the roof support to make sure that they have been burned
away or weaken to a point where there is a possibility to collapse under your weight.
62 determine if the fire has reached the point to
Feeling the roof for hot spots helps you
cause weakening.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

2. Plan a way of escape from the roof in case of a emergency, such as roof collapse.
Have a lifeline especially on a peaked roof, to prevent falling.

3. Use any available openings that are part of the roof construction, such as skylights
or roof trap doors

4. Make certain passageway for the snmoke and heat extends down through the
ceiling of the room. A
hole in the roof is of no use if there is no relief for gases, heat, and smoke in the room
below.

5. The opening should be large enough to provide a rapid exit for the smoke and
gases.

6. Work with the wind at your back, keeping in mind the heat, explu sive characteristics,
and toxic effects of escaping gas.

 Steps in the Procedure for Cross, Horizontal Ventilation

1. Open the windows on the leeward side first, and then open the windows on the
windward side.

2. After one floor is clear, ventilate the next floor in the same manner.

3. If at all possible, avoid making openings below the level of the fire.

4. If the opening is made at the same floor level as the fire, hose lines should be
available for immediate use.

5. Avoid ventilating a building in such a way that fire is withdrawn through any building
part that is not involved.

6. When making an opening, exercise great care to prevent the spread of the fire to
exposures, and have hose lines available to protect the exposures.

 EXPOSURES

It is an action taken by the firefighters to cover or building/s, people themselves near

the affected area or danger from fire. An exposure, during firefighting, is a structure or
exposing its contents that can be ignited by a fire in an adjoining building or other
exterior source. Firefighters also use the term "exposure hazard" to identify a building
that is not involved in a fire, but because of its condition, position, or contents can
become a hazard.

Factors that contribute Ignition to Exposure:

1. Direction and velocity of the wind; 62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
2. The relative humidity of the atmosphere;

3. the distance between the building(the most important single factor in the potential
danger of an exposure hazard).

 Type of Exposures

1. Fire Exposures refers to the property exposed to the fire, such as property directly
across alleys or besides the fire building.

2. Life Exposures - refers to the danger to the lives of the occupants of any building
that is in line with the travel of dangerous fumes or gases thrown off by fire as well as
to the occupants of any building that is seriously exposed to the fire from the building
on fire. All other firefighting actions (tactics) stem from this basic strategy.

 RESCUE DEFINED:

Any action taken by the firefighters to remove occupants/persons from a burning

building/hazards to a safety place. Rescue is a very broad term, it may be light or
heavy; it may involve first aid, resuscitator or heart-lung resuscitation techniques,
emergency childbirth v retrieving persons who has fallen or trapped down well.
In firefighting operation, rescue may be simple or complicated depending on the
situations involving life- saving. Any sound solution will be the result of using every
resource at command intelligently, and this, in turn, depends on a good size-up.

A. Hydraulic Rescue Tools

Hydraulic rescue tools are used by emergency rescue personnel to assist vehicle
extrication of crash victims, as well as other rescues from small spaces. These tools
include cutters, spreaders and rams. They are popularly referred to in the United
States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia as Jaws of Life, a trademark of Hale
Products Inc. Hydraulic rescue tools are powered Dy a hydraulic pump, which can be
hand-, foot, or engine-powered, or even built into the tool itself.

1. Cutter -The cutter is a hydraulic tool which is designed to cut through metal. It
is often called a crab-cutter, owing to the shape and configuration of its blades.

2. Spreader

A spreader 1s a hydraulic tool designed with 2 arms which have a narrow tip. The tip
of the tool can be inserted into a narrow gap between two vehicle panels (such as
between 2 doors, or between a door and a fender) - when the tool is operated, the
arms are opened, drawing apart the metal in the panels. Spreaders are used to "pop"
vehicle doors from their hinges. 62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Spreader-cutters-
Whilst a cutter or spreader tool is designed for a particular application, a combination
tool is also available which combines the cutting and spreading functions of separate
tools into a single tool. In operation, the tips of the spreader-cutter's blades are wedged
into a seam or gap - for example, around a vehicle door-and the device engaged.

Power

The tools operate on the basis of hydraulic oil pressure of up to T20 bar, which must
be provided from a power Source. At present, there are 3 different means of generating
the pressure.The most commonly used source 1S a separate power unit, which is a
small petrol engine connected to a hydraulic pump. The oil is pressurized in the pump,
and conveyed in a hose under pressure to the tool.

B. Breathing Apparatus

A device that provide the user with an additional supply of air or breathig protection .A
self contained breathing apparatus, or SCBA, sometimes referred to as a Compressed
Air Breathing Apparatus (CABA) or simply Breathing Apparatus (BA) is a device worn
by rescue workers, firefighters, and others to provide breathable air in a hostile
environment. When not used underwater, they are industrial breathing sets. The term
‘”self-contained” means that the breathing set is not dependent on a remote supply
(e.g., through a long hose). If designed for use under water, it is called SCUBA ( self-
contained underwater breathing apparatus).

An SCBA typically has three main components:

1. A high-pressure tank (e.g., 2200 psi to 4500 psi);
2. A pressure regulator;
3. An inhalation connection (mouthpiece, mouth mask or face mask), connected
together and mounted to a carrying frame.

 Two kinds of SCBA:

1. Closed Circuit
The closed-circuit type filters, supplements, and recirculates exhaled gas: It is used
when a longer duration supply of breathing gas is needed, such as in mine rescue and
in long tunnels, and going through passages too narrow for a big open-circuit air
cylinder. Before open-circuit SCBA's were developed, most industrial breathing sets
were rebreathers, such as theSiebe Gorman Proto, Siebe Gorman Savox, or Siebe
Gorman Salvus.

2. Open-Circuit
Open-circuit industrial breathing sets are filled with filtered, compressed air, rather
pure oxygen. Typical open-circuit systems have two regulators; a first stage to reduce
the pressure of air to allow it be carried to the mask, and a second stage regulator to
62
reduce it even further to a level just above standard atmospheric pressure. This air is
then fed to the mask via either a demand valve (activating only on inhalation) or a
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
continuous positive pressure valve (providing constant airflow to the mask).

 Overhaul

A complete and detailed check of the structures and materials involved in the fire to
make sure that every spark and ember has been extinguished and to have an
assurance against re-ignition.

 Salvage

An action taken by the firefighters in preventing excessive damage by fire, smoke, and
water with the use of a salvage cover or by removing materials out from the burning
building.

 Two Categories of Devices in Hose Layout:

A. Hose Appliances

B. Hose Tools
Hose tools are a variety of tools used in conjunction with hose lines. Hose tools do not
have water flowing through them.
They are a variety of hose tools used in conjunction with hose lines. Some of the
common ones are:

1. Hose rollers
2. Hose jackets
3. Hose clamps
4. Spanner wrenches
5. Hose bridges or ramps
6. Chafing blocks
7. Hose strap, hose rope and hose chain
8. Universal Thread Adapter

Universal Thread Adapter - Universal thread adapter is a very useful tool on any fire
vehicle. It can make a very quick connection to damaged or unusual size male hose
connections. On one side of the adapter is a standard 2 1/2 inch male connections
with National Standard Threads.

Hose Jacket-A hollow cylindrical or barrel-shaped device that opens lengthwise

through the center on a set of hinges.It is a rubber lined to make it water tight. When
the jacket is clamped around the leaking portion of a hose or over a leaking hose
connection, the water is confined by the hose jacket. This tool can prevent the
disablement of the entire hose layout.
62They come in 2 % and 3-inch sizes.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Hose Clamp - A tool used to stop the flow of water in a fire hose without shutting off
the source of water supply.

 Uses of Hose Clamp

a) Stop the flow of water through a hose while a hose lay is being completed.
b) Cut-off the flow of water in a charged line.
c)Replaced a busted hose without shutting down the water supply.
d) Extends hose line while shutting down the water supply from the clamped hose.
e) Advances a charge hose line up stairs. Apply the hose clamp to a section of hose
approximately six (6) feet from the coupling.

 Spanner Wrench and Hydrant Wrenches

A) Spanner wrench is used to tighten leaking connections and to loosen connections

that are too tight to "break" with hands alone. Can be used as a wedge for prying. It
has a slot forpulling nails, and a flat surface for hammering.

B) Hydrant Wrenches are used to open and close fire hydrants and to remove hydrant
outlet caps.
Some are designed to tighten or loosen coupling connections. It is usually equipped
with a pentagon opening in its head that fits most standard fire hydrant opening nuts.
a) Adjustable Hydrant Wrench is made up of high strength ductile steel with handle
made of plated alloy steel.
b) Universal Spanner Wrench is an all purpose wrench featuring belt hook eye, gas
cock shut-off, and claws.
c)Folding Pocket Spanner is a compact folding spanner for rocker lug or lug
couplings.

 Hose Strap

It is a 36 inch length of cloth strap with a handle on one end and a hook on the other.
It is used for
moving hose layouts, usually up ladders or staircases.
 Rope

It is a safety line used for hoisting tools for various floors of a structure and used for
anchoring to stationary objects, ladders, charged hose lines, and other accessories
(consists of 100-foot lengths of 4 Manila hemp rope with one eye splice in one end.

 Hose Bridge (Hose Ramp)

62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
A hose tool used to prevent damage to the hose when vehicles cross a street, or where
the traffic can not be diverted.

 Chafing Blocks

Tools used to prevent damage to the hose where the hose is subjected to rubbing
from vibrations.

Rubber Mallet
A hose tool used to strike the lugs of a coupling to tighten or loosen the coupling
without damaging the
Lugs. It is used to make a coupling completely airtight.

Hose Roller (Hose hoist)

These are hose tools used to prevent damage to hose lines when it is being dragged
over sharp objects
such as roof edges and window sills.

 LADDER OPERATIONS

Ladders are very important during an emergency situation, particularly during fire,
when every second counts towards the success or failure of an operation. Firefighters
must know the proper procedures forcarrying, raising, and climbing ladders so
thoroughly that their actions will be governed by habit, Even after every performance
or procedures are well-established. constant practice is necessary in order to achieve
the degree of efficiency

Type of Ladders
1. Ground Ladders
2. Aerial Ladders
Ground ladders vary in sizes from 3.1 to 17meters (10-55feet) long. t is being carried
on a pumper or firetrucks.

Forms of Ground Ladders:

1. Wall
2. Extension Ladder
3. Hook Ladder (roof) or straight ladder
4. Attic ladder

Uses:
1. for rescue
2, to stretch lines into a fire building
3, provide ventilation by giving access 62 to ports, scuttles, windows, roofs, or other
places that are hard to reach
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Straight Ladder

This is a type of ladder that contains only one section. It ranges in length from 12 to
16 feet. The most common size is the 14-foot straight ladder. The roof or hook ladder
is a straight ladder adapted for a special, purpose. Hooks are mounted on a movable
socket that permits them to fold inward when not in use.

Extension Ladder

This is consists of a bed and one or more fly ladders. The fly ladder slides through
guides on the upper end of the bed ladder. It contains locks (pawls or dogs) which
hook over the rungs of the bed ladder. These secure it in a designated position,
dependent upon the desired length ot the ladder. The fly ladder is usually raised by a
halyard fastened to the lower rung and operated over a pulley on the upper end of bed
ladder. The 24, 25, or 36 foot ladders are the types commonly found and carried on
the pumpers or fire trucks.
An extension ladder that has a stay poles is called tormentors. Tormentors support the
beams and give extra stability when raising or lowering the ladder. It ranges from 4.6
to 10 meters in length (15 - 33 feet). Extension ladders that are extended to more than
35 feet are called Bangor ladders.

Attic Ladder

It provides means of reaching through an opening into attics, lofts, and other areas
that are somewhat difficult to reach without a special ladder. It can be folded collapsed
for a small room or closet works.They are usually short because they are required to
reach only a short distance.
Wall Ladder
This type of ladder best used in rescue where a ladder in place is already falls short
of the endangered person. It allows the user to climb up or down, one storey at a time
(e.g. scalling or pompier, and fire escape).

Type of Ladders According to its Beam:

a) Solid beam ground ladder made of heavy hard wood and/ or lightweight metal
alloys.
b)Trussed beam ground ladder - a lightweight metal alloy easier to handle and carry.

Aerial Ladders

This type of ladder that is mounted on a turntable, capable of extending up to 30.5

meters (100 Feet), may have three or four metal fly sections ot ladder can be raised
or lowered by hydraulically controlled cables.

Forms of Aerial Ladders 62

 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
1. Hydraulic Aerial Ladders

2. Elevating Platform (Articulated boom).

Uses:

 provide a of heavy streams in combating fire;

 best used for rescue operations;

 used an elevator to lift handlines, hand tools and short ladders up to its load
limits;

 used as a reconnaissance platform or a place from which to direct operations.

Ladder Terminology

1. Bed Ladder - the lowest section of an extension ladder.

2. Fly Ladder the top section of an extension ladder
3. Butt - the bottom end of a ladder
4. Heel- the part of the ladder that touches the ground
5. Halyard a rope o0r cable used to raise the fly ladder
6. Pawl or Dog the mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed
ladder
7. Rung the cross member of a ladder that is used for climbing
8. Top or Tip - it is the top part of a ladder
9. Hooks - part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where
the heel does not rest on a foundation (found only on roof-type ladders).
10. Stops made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder
from extending out further from the ladder.
11. Guides - light metal strips of an extension ladder that guides the fly ladder while it
is being raised or lowered.

 Type of Ladder Carries:

1. One-man- carry Remove the ladder from the apparatus and pass either arm through
the ladder at the middle of its length. Carry it with the hooks forward and lowered.
2. Two-man carry- Nornmally extension ladders from 24 to 36 feet in length require
at least two men. To remove the ladder from the fire apparatus, place one man near
each end. Each man then passes one arm through the ladder and grasps the second
rung forward. Both men must be on the same side.
3. Four-man carry - . Remove the ladder from the apparatus and place it on the
ground with the fly up. Have the four men take their positions, two near each end, on
opposite sides of the ladder. Face the62top of the ladder. Reach down and grasp a rung
with the hand nearest it. Raise the ladder on the shoulder. O bag
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
4. Six-man carry this procedure is the same as the four-raan carry except that an
additional two men are placed in the middle on the opposite sides to carry a heavier
ladder.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson

. Leo Bustria, 2013 Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation Second Edition, Wiseman's Books
Trading Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity1.Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the
following statements:

_________________1. This type of ladder that is mounted on a turntable, capable of

extending up to 30.5 meters (100 Feet), may have three or four metal fly sections ot
ladder can be raised or lowered by hydraulically controlled cables.
_________________2. It is a safety line used for hoisting tools for various floors of a
structure and used for anchoring to stationary objects, ladders, charged hose lines,
and other accessories
_________________3. A complete and detailed check of the structures and materials
involved in the fire to make sure that every spark and ember has been extinguished
and to have an assurance against re-ignition.
_________________4. It is the bottom end of a ladder
_________________5.. A hollow cylindrical or barrel-shaped device that opens
lengthwise through the center on a set of hinges.It is a rubber lined to make it
water tight.
_________________6.A tools are used by emergency rescue personnel to assist
vehicle extrication of crash victims, as well as other rescues from small spaces.
_________________7. This is consists of a bed and one or more fly ladders. The
fly ladder slides through guides on the upper end of the bed ladder.
_________________8. If the smoke and gases have not reached the higher levels,
cross ventilation can clear the building one floor at a time. Windows are the
easiest and generally most available for the common types of buildings,
_________________9. The tools operate on the basis of hydraulic oil pressure of
62
up to T20 bar, which must be provided from a power Source
________________10 refers to the property exposed to the fire, such as property
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
directly across alleys or besides the fire building.

Let’s Analyze
Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions:

1. discuss the importance of the principles of structural firefighting

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62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
In a Nutshell

Now that you already know how important firefighting is, please present
your argument on the lapses if any and how it can be improve better to be more
effective in fighting fire.

62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Big Picture

Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. This task is designed for students to critically analyze the appropriate

fire fighting technique to address fire incidents,

b. Able to explain the main features of fire investigation particularly on

post- extinguishment procedures, pre- fire plan, fire investigation, and
photographing the fire scene.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Understand post extinguishment

procedure as well as pre fire planning.

Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying
this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter
difficulty in understanding the basic
62 concepts of fire techonology and arson
investigation..
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

a. Aclds and other Chemicals- All kinds of strong acids, such as nitric, sulfuric,
and hydrochloric, although they are not themselves flammable or supporters of
combustion.

b. Overhaul-This operation involves a complete and detailed check of the

structures and materials involved in the fire to make sure that every spark and
ember has been extinguished and there is no possibility of re-ignition.

c. Fire Stops- Wood is used as a fire stop, it must be at least 2 inches thick.

d. Military Disasters- All Military Installations must be considered as possible

targets, because the enemy knows that all installations can assist in retaliation.

Essential Knowledge

This unit tackles about how post extinguishment procedures works like the
preservation of evidence for future use as well as conducting salvage and overhaul operation.
this chapter will also talk about building code and its requirements as well as pre fire planning
in avoiding disastrous fire beforehand.

 POST-EXTINGUISHMENT PROCEDURES

Involved in this discussion are the salvage and overhaul operations, structural stability,
the preservation of evidence, and building clean-up. These are fire fighting
responsibilities that are carried out after a fire is apparently extinguished.

Salvage and Overhaul Operations

Salvage work in fire fighting is preventing excessive damage caused by fire, smoke,
and water. Keeping a fire loss at a minimum requires a knowledge of salvage
operations and the ability to improvise or "make do" as the need arises.

Two (2) Ways of Performing Salvage:

1. Remove the material outside the building involved in a fire or to an area that is not
involved in the fire. This method is used when there is sufficient time and when there
is enough manpower to carry out the job, or when there is only a small amount of
material to be carried outside or to protect.
2. Protect the material where it stands.
62 This method is used when the size or the
quantity of the contents of the building dictates.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Factors Involve in Salvage Work:

a) The amount of salvage equipment available;

b) The personnel available;
c) The type and amount of material involved; and
d) The method of storage

Some of the discrepancies are the following:

1. Material stored directly on the floor, where it soaks up water, instead of on pallets
and skids;
2. Items stored in containers that weakens when wet;
3. Items on shelves or in bins arranged improperly against the walls, allowing the water
to run ontoand into the stored material or materials.

Methods Used to Minimize Water Damage

1. Sawdust
2. Salvage Covers these are tarpaulins, known as tarps". They are made of cotton
canvas material treated with a waterproofing compound.

Two Sizes of Standard Salvage Covers

1. Small (12 by 14 feet, Accordion Fold)

2. Large (12 by 18 feet)

Methods used for Cover:

 "One-man throw" technique - a quick way to spread the small salvage cover in
protecting materials/items.

 The "counter payoff" - method used for spreading the cover by two men.

Steps to Fold the Large Salvage Cover:

 Two persons position themselves at the corners of one of the longest sides;

 Both fold the cover double at the same time;

 Then redouble the fold again;

 Bring the two ends together; and Fold it again

62
Overhaul
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

This operation involves a complete and detailed check of the structures and materials
involved in the fire to make sure that every spark and ember has been extinguished
and there is no possibility of re-ignition.

Structural Stability- Before the search for hidden fires, the condition of the building
in the area to be searched should be known. The intensity of the fire during the burning
and the amount of water used in its control are the most important factors that affect
the condition of the building.
The amount of water used determines the additional weight on the floors and walls
because of their absorbent qualities. Considering these two factors carefully can
prevent unnecessary loss of life during overhaul because of building collapse.

Preserving Evidence and Building Cleanup

Fires of intentional origin can be caused, responded to and extinguished without

anyone noticing, reporting or investigating. Fire Department personnel must be able
to recognize the evidence that is sometimes quite pronounced during and immediately
after the fires.
Arson is a peculiar crime because there are usually no complaining witnesses to it.
Arson is sometimes a result of careful planning and considerable preparation and
sometimes it is committed on the spur of the moment. Since fire fighters are not Law
Enforcement officers, trained Arson investigators are summoned to investigate
suspected individuals and conditions. But fire fighters are responsible for recognizing
and preserving evidence of arson. Without this evidence, a trained investigator is
always seriously handicapped. Fire fighters can become proficient in recognizing and
preserving evidence of arson and can recognize the evidence sequence that will
benefit the investigators when he arrives.

Steps in Preserving Evidence:

1. Protecting and Preserving Evidence

2. Guarding Evidence

3. Identifying and Removing Evidence

Protecting and Preserving Evidence:

1. Keep the evidence where you found it, untouched and undisturbed, if at all possible;

2. When you discover that you cannot leave at the fire scene, properly identify and
safeguard it. Make no changes of any kind in the evidence other than what is
absolutely Necessary in the extinguishment of the fire;
62
3. Photograph the evidence immediately. One precautionary to be taken by all fire
fighters during the fire fighting operation is to avoid trampling over possible arson
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
evidence and obliterating it. Be careful in the use of water to avoid similar
unsatisfactory results.

Guarding Evidence: (Ways To Protect Evidence Remaining at the Fire Scene:

1. Cordon or rope the area containing the evidence, or pile goods and materials of
various kinds around the evidence to keep people away until the arrival of the
investigators.

2. Post guards to prevent tampering with the evidence or handling it needlessly., Leave
plenty of room around the evidence to protect it exactly as found.

Methods or Ways Investigator/s to protect Human Foot-prints:

a) measure footprints;

b) compare the prints;

c) estimate the length of stride and the position of the feet;

d) peculiarities in the gait (walk or run) of a suspect;

e) secure identifying marks on the soles and heels of the shoes;

f) placed box over prints to prevent dust from blowing over clear prints;

g) keep them from in good condition for photographs and plaster casts.

Identifying and Removing Evidence:

Steps/Procedures:

1. Collected evidence should be properly identified, and preserved in clean

Containers.

2. Make a careful notation of the date, time, and the place where the evidence found

3. Initials of the person (investigators/persons who collected the evidence) on cans,

bottles, and other articles should be noted.

4. Keep a record of witnesses and of each person who has had or will have
responsibility for the care and preservation of the evidence

5. Protect partly burned paper and ash between layers of plastic or between pieces of
window glass for the investigator and for transportation to a laboratory;

6. Preserve letters, documents, and 62

bills to assist in establishing a person's financial
status which might be a motive for arson
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

7. Place wood suspected of containing paraffin or oil in a clear container and seal it
until a chemical analysis will be conducted;

8. Pack objects such as charred candlewick and burned matches in a bottle containing
cotton to prevent breaking the evidence by jarring and handling:

9. Store samples of materials such as cotton, wood rayon, felt, and other fabrics, ina
clean, lage-mouthed bottles, seal tightly and mark properly;

10.Volatile liquids, oil samples, oil-soaked rags, waste and the like should be kept in
tin cans and seal them.

 BUILDING CODE AND BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

Building Code - A standard rules for safety in the construction of buildings. Building
codes vary in their fire-resistance requirements in accordance with the occupancy
classification.

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS:

1. Intended Occupancy and Use

2. Life Safety

3. Fixed Fire Protection System

4. Spacing of Structures

5. Height Requirements

6. Fire Retarding Features

Intended Occupancy and Use

A building design is based upon the occupancy of the individual structure, considering
both the combustibility of the contents and the human factors of Occupancy. Buildings
wherein large occupants are assembled such as dormitories, schools, hospitals,
where crowds may generate panic hazards, call for a higher and greater degree of fire
safety protection than do warehouses and building which are less populated. Buildings
that contain high combustible materials call for a greater degree of fire resistance in
the structure.

Life Safety 62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
The provision of adequate exits is the most important feature in designing a building
for life safety. Once fire is notified, occupants can leave the building in the least
possible time through exits free from fire, heat, and smoke.

Fixed Fire Protection System

Fixed fire protection system installed will be in accordance with sound economical and
engineering practices. These systems insure the maximum life safety-or maximum
degree of property protection where the size, type of construction, occupancy, or other
conditions create severe monetary fire-loss potential.

Spacing of Structures Of an adequate Planning and construction separation of

buildings and structures is very important to prevent the spread of fire from an adjacent
building or from area to area. Spacing requirements that restrict types of occupancies
or specified areas .have an important bearing upon fire safety.

Height Requirements

Owing to the life hazard involved, it is a good practice to limit the height of structures
that have an unusually high degree of combustibility. The height of buildings of
masonry or concrete wall and wood construction is generally limited to a height
assumed to be the maximum at which the fire departments can operate and fight fire
effectively, working from the street level. The operational limit is usually three (3) or
four (4) stories.

 Fire Retarding Features

While a facility is still being designed, everything possible should be planned and done
to make the facility eventually fire safe. Fire retarding features must be specified in the
plans. For the safety of personnel, important provisions in preventing the spread of fire
(both vertically and horizontally in buildings should be constructed).

a. Fire Stops Wood is used as a fire stop, it must be at least 2 inches thick. Concealed
spaces in the building should be filled with non-combustible material. Fire stops must
be inspected during the construction.

b. Fire Partitions - Fire partitions are installed to separate areas of hazardous

occupancies from areas of ordinary or light hazard occupancies that resist the passage
of fire from one area to another. Fire partitions must be constructed to have fire-
resistance ratings of 1 or 2hours. The degree of fire resistance will be governed by the
following factors:
 Type of building construction;

 size of the hazardous area; 62

 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
 the severity of the fire hazard.

Fire walls- are installed for the purpose of preventing the passage of fire from one
building to another, or from one fire area of a building to another area. Fire wall must
be structurally sound and may serve as an important wall if no combustible structural
members are framed into the walls. It has a particular fire resistance rating depending
on its construction and thickness.

C. Fire Walls-Fire walls must have a parapet with a minimum helght of three (3) feet
above the roof for all types of roof construction except roofs top floor assemblies with
a minimum fire-resistance rating of two (2) hours, Wing walls are required except
where exterior walls of building are of concrete or made up of masonry construction.
Fire walls will be bonded into exterior walls.

MISCELLANEOUS HAZARDs

The following are some of the hazards that can be found everywhere:

1. parks- Live uparks from chimneys, refuse burners, stacks, and other similar sources
must be given priority consideration. During periods of low humidity and high wind
velocity, special attention or precautions must be taken in those areas where fire risk
is possible or npt negligible.

2. Mechanical Devices- Engines of any type, or other machines in which friction is

created, are possible sources of fire, An overheated bearing an engine or machine is
one good example.

3. Aclds and other Chemicals- All kinds of strong acids, such as nitric, sulfuric, and
hydrochloric, although they are not themselves flammable or supporters of
combustion.

4. Coal-Tar Derivatives- Coal-tar derivatives in both crude and refined forms are
being used quite extensively. Dyes, medicines, and explosives are manufactured from
these coal-tar products.

5. Effects of the Sun- The sun is frequently responsible for fires, though it usually
assisted by manmade implement. A forest fires have been known to start from
discarded bottles or other fragments of glass left by careless campers. The sun rays,
shining through a piece of glass which may be ideally curved and placed as to act as
a lens, are concentrated so as to ignite a piece of paper.

 PRE-FIRE PLAN

It is process of an advanced and organized planning of possible fire fighting

operations in particular building or groups of buildings. Fire departments are organized
to protect lives an property from fire62within the areas they service. Common sense
dictates that fire fighters particularly the senior fire officer should have to analyse the
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
problems encountered intelligently to perform an efficient and effective job. Fire
defenses should be organized to prevent as many fires as possible from occurring,
while at the same time be prepared to combat, in an organized way, those that cannot
be prevented.

PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PRE-FIRE PLANS

Plans are prepared to explain procedures and geographically important

information required during fire suppression operations. Building pre-fire plans are
carried on the assistant fire chief's vehicle and each first run pumper or fire engine.
Aircraft pre-fire plans are carried on each fire chief's and assistant fire chief's vehicle.
Copies of each pre-fire plan (building and aircraft) are maintained in the fire alarm
communications center. The first thing to be considered in any pre-fire planning is the
specific risk that might be involved for each physical situation. Such as:

 The streets, roads, and alleys between the fire station and the scene of the fire;

 Location of the water supply and the volume and pressure available;

 Exposure is also be given consideration.

Factors to be Considered in Pre-flre Planning

 To recognize the specific problems involved when a fire occurs in a given

building;

 The questions of availability of equipment;

 The availability of manpower

BASIC INFORMATION CONTAINED IN PRE-FIRE PLAN

 Data on life hazards in each building, including where people sleep, the location
of doors, windows, stairways, and fire escapes; an outline of the most logical
means of rescue

 Information on interior and exterior exposures and how best to protect them,
high value storage, the placement of fire streams, and similar factors. Distances
involved should be indicated.

 Consideration of special building or facility hazards such as the location of

llammable stores, hazardous operations, and the area most likely to be the
origin of fire.
62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
 The location of hydrants or other water sources, indicating the amount of water
available and the pressure; also the necessary lengths of ladders and their
proper placement to reach the required areas.

 The best approaches to the buildings, apparatus that will respond, most
advantageous hose-laying procedures, and placement of streams. The cutting-
off of utilities, including electric power and gas supply, indicating how and by
whom it is to be done.

 The effect of seasonal changes on the accessibility to a building and the

response time.

 Installed fire protection or detection system, including locations and procedures

for connecting pumpers to installed extinguishing systems.

TYPES OF PRE-FIRE PLANING

Aircraft Pre-fire Planning

There are few areas in fire protection that demand more effort that the aircraft pre-fire
planning However, the formulation of plans for this particular fire protection is very
complex and involved. Aircraft pre-fire planning is not that simple. Aircraft incident
planning is possibly even more important, because of the vastnumber of possibilities
and complex situations.

Important Factors involved in this Planning

1. Location

2. Mission

3. Climate

4. Terrain

Factors Common to Most Crash Situationa:

1. Aircraft

2. Equipment

3. Personnel

Aircraft- Hours of planning may save

62 only a second or two in reaching the scene of
the crash. Weeks of planning may save only a minute in controlling a blaze or removing
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
a victim, but in fire protection, time is precioysl .A split second may save a life.
Knowledge of the aircraft may enable a firefighter to save time, thus protecting the
most important thing-HUMAN Life.

 Pre-disaster Planning

Training and evaluating fire protection personnel is utmost important. In addition, it is

the responsibility of the supervisor subordinate personnel.

Classification of Disasters

1. Domestic Disasters This type of disaster includes all emergencies which the general
public and civil emergency crews can handle.

Types of Domestic Disaster:

a. Explosions involving large areas

b. Floods

C. Earthquakes

d. Hurricanes/Typhoons

e. Tornadoes

2. Military Disasters- All Military Installations must be considered as possible targets,

because the enemy knows that all installations can assist in retaliation. It is also
reasonable to predict that highly concentrated areas of industry, population, and
military installations will be likely targets. Some areas and installations are considered
prime targets areas, while others are less important.

Fire Department Responsibilities in times of Disaster

a. To survive and help others to survive

b. To do everything possible to restore normal functions and operations;
C. To furnish aid and support to neighboring communities and installations.

Natural Cover Fire Pre-fire Planning

Natural cover fires or forest fire, like each of the other types of fires, present some
unusual problems to
the fire-fighter. The huge and tremendous areas involved and the number of men
needed to combat this type of fire makes it impossible to develop completely an
adequate pre-fire plans. Limited water supplies require specialized tactics and
equipment.
62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Size-Up - The most important consideration in fighting a natural cover fire is to choose
the proper point from which to begin the attack. The selection of this starting point must
not be made haphazardly; it must be based upon a careful analysis of the present and
future conditions of the fire as determined by fuel conditions, weather conditions, and
terrain.

Steps in the Size-up of a Natural Cover Fire

1. Determine the size of the fire;

2. Check the wind direction;

3. Find out what kind of fuel the fire is burning and toward what kind of fuel it is headed;

4. See if there are any natural barriers nearby to help stop the fire. Such as:

a. streams
b. roads
c. flowed fields
d. burned-out areas.

5. Locate the hotspots, where the fire is burning most intensely, and estimate when
and where it may jump or throw sparks into a new supply of fuel;

6. Set-up personnel evacuation procedures.

Attack -The aim of the initial attack is to stop the spread of the fire as quickly as
possible. If there are numerous spot fires ahead of the main blaze which may "take
off", they will need the first attention. Otherwise, as a general rule, the attack should
begin at the point or points where the fire is spreading or will spread most rapidly under
sever conditions.

 NATURAL COVER FIRES

Natural cover fires involve grass, weeds, grain brush, forest, or any other plant life.
Forest fires are the most dangerous of all natural cover fires from the standpoint of a
national problem. It involves more than immediate monetary loss; this is insignificant
compared with the effect on the future water supply and timber supply with the loss of
hunting, fishing, and recreational facilities.

 TYPES OF NATURAL COVER FIRES

1 . Ground fires ("undergrowth" or "duff" fires)- Ground fires travel at ground level
or below the surface. Dry leaves, humus, peat, and other organic materials that have
become part of the soil.

62 grass, weeds, grain, brush, and shrubs. This

2. Surface fires- Surface fires burn over
type of fire travels rapidly if the wind is high and when the fuel is abundant. The heat
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
is intense but short-lived because of the quick-burning characteristic of the fuels.

3. Crown fires - Crown fires are in the tops of trees and in high brush. When the heat
generated by flash fuels at the surface is intense, the fire advances upward on the
dried lower limb of trees and continues to burn in the treetops.

4. Spot fires- Spot fires are started in advance of the heads by windblown sparks or
bits of burning material. They are capable of creating a very dangerous situation. A
number of spot fires may merge and create a new head in advance of the main fire.

FIRE INVESTIGATION

This chapter will point out the main features of fire investigation. Fire investigation is
by nature the basis for fire prevention program. Only an in-depth analysis of what
sequences of events enable a fire to start, enabled it to spread, and how and where it
was controlled (e.g, firefighting, structural design, lack of fuel) can help prevent future
fires. Additionally, fire investigation includes the observations of everyone involved,
and at the fires themselves there are many firefighters who will able to shed light on
the nature of the fire, its progress, and so forth.

Four General Classes of Fire Causes:

1. Natural Fire- fire caused naturally without human intervention or aid; such as
lightning, spontaneous ignition, mechanical malfunction of equipment.
2. Accidental Fire- fire causes where human action is involved directly or indirectly.
i.e. a). Careless disposal of smoking materials; b). workers using welding-cutting
equipment
3. Arson fire- cause as a result of the willful and criminal action of some persons, i.e.,
incendiary fire.
4Unknown Fire- fires which are not classified as to cause.

Three General Classifications of Fire:

1. Innocent fire- natural and accidental causes

2. Incendiary fire- e.g. arson cases
3. Unknown fire- e.g. fire of unknown causes. e.g. natural and accidental causes

Person/s Responsible to Examine and Inspect the Fire Scene

(American Settings)
Fire Marshall
Fire Chief
Assistant Chief for Technical Service
Fire Inspector responsible for the specific building
Senior Fire Officer at the fire scene 62
Photographer
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Utilities Personnel (particularly electrician)

The first four individuals provide technical experience for the investigation. The
Senior Fire Officer from the fire incident is present to explain what was observed during
the fire and to report on the mechanics or what transpire during the extinguishment of
the fire.
Photographer provides complete coverage, beginning with pictures during
the firefighting operation; including exterior, interior, special features, circumstances
and the activities of the investigators at work.

Utilities personnel provide technical assistance, particularly as to the condition of

electrical circuits and appliances.

FIRE INVESTIGATION AND EVIDENCE KIT

Evidence kit provides equipment for use in the investigation and for the preservation
of any evidence
found at the scene after that evidence has been photograph in its original location.

 -Special clothing such as: coverall, gloves, boots used to protect uniform;

Flashlight and electric lantern; Measuring tape and small ruler for making
measurements;

 Labels (gummed and stringed) used to identify items

 New or sterile glass jars with rubber airtight seals used for the collection of
samples;

 Envelopes, boxes, plastic bags, metal cans used for the collection (assorted
sizes) used for collection of samples.

Basic Steps in a Fire Scene Examination:

 Search systematically make a plan, have in mind what you will look for, the way
you will look, and what you will do with each item found and collected. Be
thorough, complete, and orderly

 Observe Use your eyes, ears, nose, and camera if possible to note the
conditions. Observe the fire and the spectators.

 Take photograph the camera records more details than the naked eye.
Establish visual reference through numerous photographs. Photograph each
62
area several times during the various phases of investigation. Infrared
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
photography may prove extremely valuable since it is sensitive to differences
in heat.

 Work by the Process of Elimination establish a checklist and check off each
item. Settle one item before attempting another if possible. Avoid backtracking.

 Check and Verify Do not assume or take for granted. Don't jump to conclusions.

 Take Note write down all the details

 Draw diagrams amplify notes with diagrams depicting locations of incidents

described.

Areas to Conduct Fire Investigation:

1. Exterior Determine where the fire vested first by comparing burn char, smoke, and
heat patterns around windows, doors, and roof.
Look for the following:

 exterior points of origin;

 unusual burn patterns of flammable liquid;

 Tools and flammable liquid containers;

 Footprints and scuff marks at suspected points of entry.

2. Interior Conduct a cursory examination or general survey of the entire structure of

interior for the extent of fire damage. Establish the class of fire duration (brief or long)
and the approximate burn time by checking the following:
 Window glass condition;

 Depth of wood char, at or in close proximity to the point of origin

 Penetration of fire restrictive wall coverings by fire;

 Electric clock that has been stopped by fire damage.

 Note the time stopped and compare with alarm time. The time factors should
be estimated and considered as approximation only.

Steps on How to Determine the Point of Origin:

1. Examine the entire interior of the building and determine which room or areas has
received the most severe fire damage. Generally, this will be the area where the fire
burned extensively or the longest and 62will very likely be where it originated.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
2. Determine the level or origin within the room by examining and comparing the
bottom side of the tables, shelves, and chairs.

3. Examing the ceiling and look for the following patterns: a) fire penetration and b)
heaviest fire exposure

4. Examine the light bulbs within the room. side of the bulbs which is initially exposed
to heat begin to swell or bulge and lose shape at about 900 degrees F when exposed
to heat for 10 minutes or more actually point to /the area of fire origin.
5. Examine walls within the room and look for fire patterns or fire cones. Fires generally
burn upward and outward, leaving corresponding fire patterns on wall as a result of
heat transfer through convection and radiation. The steepness or relative pitch of the
angle seen on the fire cone is indicative of the type of burning, e.g Smoldering or
Flaming

3. Debris

Examine the fire debris and the floor in the following manner

 Conduct a detailed search of the debris, examining it layer by layer until the
floor is reached;

 Completely çlean the floor on all debris and char dust. The floor and floor
covering should be clean enough to observe and photographthe significant burn
and char patterns and should be dry.

 Carefully reconstruct and replace furnishings and other articles in their original
positions by using burn patterns and corresponding protected areas. During
fire progress, legs and bases of furniture and other items on the floor will protect
the floor, leaving unburned marks which will aid in repositioning.

 Examine the floor coverings and floor for significant patterns.

2. Furnishings

Examine fire damaged furnishing such as upholstered furniture couches, chairs, beds,
etc.,
Two (2) General Types of Burn Pattern
 Burn pattern that involves a surface burning of the item. This pattern is
indicative of the presence of a smoldering source of ignition. Examination Of
supporting springs will disclose that tension still exists.
62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
 Burn patterns involving deep penetration of one portion with corresponding
collapse of springs and frame destruction. collapse is caused when the heating
process Occurs over an extended length of time, causing the springs to lose
their tension and collapses of their own weight.

Types of Furnishing

 Upholstered furniture

 Television sets and table radios;

 Drapes and curtains;

 Kitchen range

Fire Report (American Setting)

1. time of incident;
2. location of incident;
3. size and nature of fire;
4. fie involvement;
5. fire department plant response,
6. injuries and fatalities;
7. time fire extinguished;
8. most probable cause;
9. follow-up and corrective action required.

Types of Fire /Arson Investigation

Basic Investigation Purposes:

1. to determine what property was damage;

2. what the causes and reasons were;

3. the number and extent of injuries or fatalities; and

4. the recommended corrective actions to prevent recurrence.

Technical Investigation

It is an in-depth investigation to determine morespecific details of the cause ahd

effects, and toestablish necessary corrective action.

 62 SCENE
PHOTOGRAPHING THE FIRE
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
The use of photographs to document much of the evidence and to support the
observations, opinions and conclusions the investigators wish to make as to the cause
of the fire will support the investigator's findings.
Photographs also provide evidence which would counteract arguments of alternative
causes of the fire which might be suggested at a later date. Photographs are also
useful for jogging the investigator's memory at the time of writing the report or before
appearing in court. Also in extremely dark fire scene the photographs could provide
detail which may not be available using torch light.
Photographs provide a pictorial representation which is easily understood and
evaluated. In making a report, the investigator should provide at least one or two
photographs wherever possible to support each observation he/she wishes to present.
The photographs should be numbered and captioned and referred to as "Photograph
1, 2, etc."

Photographing the Exterior:

Where to photograph and what to photograph

1. From all sides or at least to opposite corners of the building to show the overall
degree of fire damage and the locations of the various entrances and windows;
2. The location of the building to neighboring buildings or fire fighting access areas;
3. Any object which may be material to the circumstances of the fire;
4. Type of tracks, footprints and the location of explosion debris are photographed in
close details, as well as from a distance.

Photographing the Interior:

Photographs of the interior of a building are generally more difficult for the viewer to
interpret than the exterior photographs as the interior surfaces are usually burnt and
covered with a layer of soot. A good quality flash unit is essential as the photographs
need top provide as much detail as possible to allow the investigators to familiarize
themselves with the nature of the damage and possibly the identity and purpose of the
room before the fire.

where to photograph and what to Photograph

1. All rooms and areas inside the building affected by the fire, the photographs should
be
sequentially presented in a report from the areas of least damage to the areas of
greatest damage, or to the area of fire origin, if this is not the area of greatest damage.
2. The peripheral areas where the fire had not originated;
3. The area of fire origin should be photograph before excavation will commence and
again photograph should be taken during excavation, if the process has yielded points
of interest;
4. At areas where an accelerant is suspected, the areas of localized damage to the
floor as well as the overhead damage should be photograph;
5. The burn patterns at doorways should be photograph to show the spread of the fire
between rooms. The burn patterns on the walls in hallways normally show the room
from which the fire originated and the62direction of spread of the fire;
6. Appliances suspected of causing the fire should be photographed from a distance
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
and in close up in the location where they were found. remains should be taken outside
to allow closer inspection and be photographed in sunlight or later at the laboratory.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson
. Leo Bustria, 2013 Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation Second Edition, Wiseman's Books
Trading Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity1.Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the
following statements:

1.what do you call when the fire vested first by

comparing burn char, smoke, and heat patterns around windows, doors,
and roof?
2.this is a fire causes where human action is involved
directly or indirectly.
3. A fires which are not classified as to cause.
4.type of natural fire cover which travel at ground level
or below the surface.
5 The aim of the this is to stop the spread of the fire
as quickly as possible.
6. This operation involves a complete and detailed
check of the structures and materials involved in the fire to make sure that
every spark and ember has been extinguished and there is no possibility
of re-ignition.
7.A type of natural fire cover which started in advance
of the heads by windblown sparks or bits of burning material.
8. The most important consideration in fighting a
natural cover fire is to choose the proper point from which to begin the
attack.
9.. the process of an advanced and organized
planning of possible firefighting operations in particular building or groups
of buildings.
10. This operation involves a complete and detailed
check of the structures and materials involved in the fire to make sure that
every spark and ember has been 62 extinguished and there is no possibility
of re-ignition.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Let’s Analyze
Let us try the following activities to knowhow deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit.At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions:

1. Expound the importance of pre fire plan in avoiding or suppressing fire

break out in a building.
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62
In a Nutshell
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Since you already have the knowledge of about pre fire planning,
distinguished the four general classes of fire and create scenarios which will best
explain them.

62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

Big Picture

Week 8-9: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. The students are expected to demonstrate deep knowledge of

need emphasizing the role of fire fighters during fire suppression
and investigations.
b. The students are expected to critically analyze the need of training
for an arson investigation to become competitive in their future
field.

big picture in focus: ulob. explain on how important is law on

arson, its requisite, elements and how it can be committed. it
will also tackle about legal aspects of fire investigation.

Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying
this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding the basic concepts and approaches
fire technology and arson investigation.

a. ARSON- The burning of all kinds of buildings, structures, aircraft, watercraft, crops,
forest land and personal property. Arson laws vary as to details throughout the U.S.,
62
however, most wll contain as the core of the Corpus Delicti:
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
b. Hero type- a person responsible setting a building on fire and pretends to discover it,
turn the alarm or make some rescue works to appear as "hero".

c. Separate fires- when two or more fire breaks out within a building, the building is
certainly suspicious.

d. . Intensity- The degree of heat given off by a fire and the color of its flame

Essential Knowledge
This unit will tackle mostly on arson investigation and its procedure in conducting
in fact findings. This topic will also heavily emphasis on the law which covers the
crim of arson as well its provisions.

 LAW ON ARSON

ARSON

e. Is a crime against persons or property.

f. The willful and malicious burning of another's property or the burning ot one owm
property with intent to injure or defraud the insurer of that property.

g. The burning of all kinds of buildings, structures, aircraft, watercraft, crops, forest land
and personal property. Arson laws vary as to details throughout the U.S., however,
most wll contain as the core of the Corpus Delicti:

1. That the fire was ignited willfully and maliciously to destroy buildings or property (of human
ongin, by incendiary means, not natural or accidental).

2. The burning actualy occurred (property need not be destroyed, scorching is sufficient).

3. That the property is of another, or in the case of one's own property the intent was to injure
or defraud the insurer.

4. That any person who caused the fire to be set, is aided, counseled or procured the burning
is equally responsible as the actual fire setter.

What Constitutes Arson?

1. Burning there must be burning or changing, i.e, the fiber of the wood must be destroyed or
decomposed . Its identity physical state changed.

2. Willfulness the act was done purposely and with intention.

62
3. Motive the moving cause that induces the commission of the crime.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

4. Malice - it denotes hatred or a desire for revenge.

5. Intent the purpose or design with which the act is done and involves the will to do the act

Although the motive for arson is not one of the elements of the crime (corpus delicti)
it is important to determine the motive, if at all possible. Development of motive will often
determine the direction the investigation will take, and it can assist the prosecutor presenting
the case in court by showing why the dependant was involved in the arson Most of the
physical evidence in arson is often destroyed. To prove arson was committed, Corpus Delicti
(the Body of the Crime) must be shown and the identity of the arsonist must be established.

Most Common Motives of Arson:

 Concealment of Other Crimes

 Defrauding the Insurance Company

Types or insurance fraud asons:

1. Quick profit

2. Revenge, Spite or Anger

3. Mental Illness

4. Vandalism

What is Corpus Delicti?-It is the fact of that orime was committed factors involved:

1. Burning that there was fire that may be shown by direct testimony of complainant, firemen
responding to the crime, and other witne866s of the fire incident. Burned parts of the building
may also indicate location.

2. Criminal Design a willful and intent action done must be shown. The presence of incendiary
devices, flammable aubutances/materials such as gasoline and kerosene may indicate that
the fire is not accidental.

3. Evidence of Intent when valuables were removed from the building before the fire, the ill-
feeling between the accused and the occupants of the building involved or burned absence of
effort to put off the fire and such other indications.

Basic Lines of Inquiry

Points of Origin of fire

Initially, the important point to be established is the point of origin of the fire, or what particular
place in the building the fire started. This62may be obtained or established by an examination
of witness/es by the arson investigator, by inspection of the debris at the fire Scene, and by
studying the fingerprint of fire.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

The fingerprint of flre

This occurs during the free-burning stage of the fire, or, when it undergoes pyrolytic
decomposition or heated gases move upward on the walls leaving a burnt pattern.

Witnesses must be questioned as to:

1. His identity;

2. What attracted his attention

3. The time of observation;

4. His position in relation to the fire at the time of his observation;

5. Exact location of the blaze;

6. The rapidity or the speed of spread of the fire;

7. Color of flame and odor if he/she is in position to observe this;

8. Size and intensity;

9. Any other person in the vicinity seen by the witness.

Note Fire Setting Mechanism:

1. matches

2. candles

3. electrical system

4. mechanical means

5. chemical methods

Motive

1. Persons with motives

a. those with desire to defraud the insurer

b. employees or such other person who has grievance

62
c. those with desire to conceal evidence of crime
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
d. those who set fire for purposes of intimidation.

2. Persons without motives

a. those who are mentally. ill

b. pathological fire-setters

c. Pyros (pyromaniac)

d. Paychos

Three types of fire setters whose acts have been a sexual roots and who may be found
among pyromaniacs:

1. Those who are sexually excited by hatching the fire

2. Those who uses fire as a defence, setting fires during a period of enforce sexual abstinence;
3 Those who uses fire setting' as a total sexual substitute, to free fire setter from an
undesirable sexual habit.

In determining motive, the arson investigator must concentrate on the three (3) Major
Factors namely:

1. Point of Origin
2. Modus Operandi
3. Beneficiaries

Most Common Motives of Arson:

1. Economic Gain (Defrauding the Insurance Company)

A. Insurance fraud- benefits

B. Desire to dispose merchandise - loss of market value being out of season, lack of raw
materials, over supply of merchandise.

Types of Insurance fraud of Arsons:

a) Quick profit
b) Revenge, Spite or Anger
c) Mental Illness
d) Vandalism

2. Profit by the Perpetrator other than the Insured Person

A. Insurance agent wishing business with the insured person

B. Business competitors plan to drive others

C. Person seeking job as personnel62

protection

D. Salvagers and contractors wishing to contract another building.

 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

3. Concealment of Crime -when the purpose of hiding a crime or committing a crime, arson
was used as a means.

4. Pyromania - the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn anything without any motivation.
A. Abnormal youth - epileptics, imbeciles and morons

B. Hero type- a person responsible setting a building on fire and pretends to discover
it, turn the alarm or make some rescue works to appear as "hero".

C. Drug Addicts and Alcoholics

D. Sexual Deviates and Perverts

Development of Prime Suspects:

This identification results from the full development of leads, clues and traces, the testimony
of persons particularly eyewitnesses and the development of expert testimony.

Techniques used in investigating Arson Incidents

A. Search of the fire scene for physical evidence

B. protection of the scene

C. mechanics of search

D. collection and preservation of evidence

E. laboratory aids

F. Background study of policy holders, occupants of the premises, owner of the building
or other person having major interest in the fire.

G. Interview and interrogations of person/s who discovered the fire, the person who
activated the fire alarm, firemen, and eyewitnesses.

H. Surveillance

Tell Tale Signs

These signs maybe obvious that the first fireman at the fire scene will suspect arson:

1. Burned Building- the type of building ma indicate a set fire under certain circumstances.
A fire of considerable size at the time the first apparatus arrives at the scene is suspicious if a
modern concrete or semi-concrete building is involved.
2. Separate fires- when two or more fire breaks out within a building, the building is certainly
suspicious.
3. Color of smoke- some fire burn with little
62 or no smoke but there are exceptions to this. The
observation of the smoke must be made at the start of the fire since once the fire has
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
consumed a major proportion; the value of the smoke is lost, because the smoke will not
indicate the material used by the arsonist.

A. When white smoke appears before the water from the fire hose comes in

B. Contact with the fire, it indicates humid materials burning. Examples: hay, vegetables,
phosphorous with garlic odor.

C. Biting smoke indicates lack of air but if accompanied large flames it indicates
petroleum products and rubber.

D. Reddish-brown smoke indicates nitrocellulose. sI, Ha, SO4, HNO3. HCI.

COLOR OF SMOKE- The firefighter's first clue to the combustibles of the fire:

Combustibles Color of Smoke

 Hay/vegetable compounds,

phosporous White
 Benzine White to Gray

 Nitro-cellulose, sulphur Yellow to brownish-yellow

 Nitric and Hydrochloric acid Gunpowder Yellow to brownish-yellow

 Chlorine gas Greenish-yellow

 Wood, paper, wood Gray to brown

 Iodine Violet

 Cooking oil Brown

 Naptha, Lacquer thinner Brownish black

 Turpentine Blackto brown

Acetone, Kerosene, Gasoline, Tar Black

Lubricating oil, Rubber, Coal Plastics black

4. Smoke Marks- an experienced investigator will determine the volume of smoke involved at
a fire and the character as residue deposited on walls or elsewhere. Smoke marks have often
been of assistance in determining the possibility of a fire having more than one place of origin.

5. Color of Flame- The color of the flame is a good indicator of the intensity of the fire, it is an
important factor in determining incendiarism.

 .A reddish glow indicates heat of62

about 5000 degree C, a real light red about 1000°C

 Red flames indicate presence of petroleum products.

 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
 Blue flame indicates use of alcohol as accelerant.

COLOR OF FLAME-Flame colors is another clue for the firefighters to determine the intensity
of fire:

Flame Color Temperature

 Faint Red 975 degree F 525 degree C

 Red visible in daylight 1050 degree F- 565 degree C

 Blood red 1175 degree F- 635 degree C

 Dark Cherry red 1250 degree F- 675 degree C

 Medium cherry red 1365 degree - F 740 degree C

 Bright red 1555 degree F- 845 degree C.

 Salmon red 1650 degree F- 900 degree C

 Orange 1725 degree F- 940 degreeC

 Lernon 1825 degree F- 995 degree C

 Light yellow 1975 degree F 1080 degree C

 White 2200 degree F- 1205 degree C

 Blue White 2550 degree F- 1400 degree C

6. Size of fire - the size of fire is important when correlated with the type of alarm, the received
and the time of arrival of the first responder at the fire scene. Fire makes what might be termed
a normal progress, Such progress can be estimated after an examination of the material
burned in the building, and the normal ventilation offered to the fire. The time element and the
degree of headway much by the flames became important factors to determine possible
incendiarism.

7. Direction of Travel- While it is admitted that no two fires burn in identical fashion, yet it can
be shown that the fire makes normal progress through various types of building. Considering
the type of construction, the building materials, combustibility of contents, channel of
ventilation and circumstances surrounding the sending of alarm, an experienced investigator
can determine whether a fire has spread abnormally fast.

8. Intensity- The degree of heat given off by a fire and the color of its flame often times indicate
that some accelerant has been added to the material normally present in a the building and
the investigator must look further for more evidence Used of such accelerant.

62
9. Odor- The odor of gasoline, alcohol, kerosene and other flammable liquids which are often
used as an accelerant is a characteristics and often times an arsonists is trapped because of
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
this tell tale sign. Most of fire-setters are inclined to use substances which will make the blaze
certain and at the same time burn up any evidence of their crime.

10. Condition of Content - Persons tending to set their house on fire frequently remove
objects of value either materially or sentimentally. Store and other business establishments
remove a major portion of their content or replace valuable merchandise with, out of style
articles.

11. Doors and windows- Locked doors and obstructed Entrance and passageways are
sometimes point to an attempt to impeded firemen in their operation to put out the fire. Doors
and windows showing signs of forced entry may point to arson preceded by burglary or arson
by someone without a key to the premises.

12. Other Suspicious Circumstances- Interested by standers of familiar faces and discovery
of some objects which might be part of a mechanical fire- setting device among debris.

 LEGAL ASPECTS OF FIRE INVESTIGATION

Arson and other crimes involving destruction

ARSON - It is the intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.

The Legal Aspect's of Arson/Fire Investigation:

-It is the concern of the fire investigator to prove malicious intent of the offender. Intent must
be proved, otherwise no crime exist.
-The law presumes that a fire is accidental, hence criminal designs must be shown.
- Fire caused by accident or criminal design must be shown.
-Fire caused by accident or negligence does not constitute arson.

Basis of Criminal Liability in Arson:

1. Kind and character of the building burned;
2. Location of the building
3. Extent of value of the damage;
4. Whether inhabited or not.

Republic Act 9514. The "Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008" An Act Establishing A
Comprehensive Fire Code of the Philippines, Repealing Presidential Decree No. 1185 and for
other purposes was signed and approved by President Gloria M. Arroyo on December 19,
2008.

The new Fire Code aims to promote economic development through the Prevention and
Suppression or all kinds of destructive fires and to boost the fire service as a profession. The
law is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 2553.

AUTHORITY/POWER OF BFP CHIEF

1. Issue closure orders for building structures declared as fire hazards, notwithstanding any
permits, clearances or certificates earlier62issued by local authorities;
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
2. Order the removal of hazardous materials or hazardous operations of business
establishments whose physical layout is prone to industry related fire incidents;

3. Order the work stoppage of structures still being constructed for absence or violation of any
approved construction plan.

ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT PROVISION OF THE LAW

1. The increase in Administrative fines from P12,000 to P50,000 for violation of the Provisions
of the Fire Code;

2. For failure to correct the deficiency or abate the fire hazard a fine from P20,000 to P100,000
with the punishment of imprisonment of one to six years, in addition to the payment of
damaged to victims if violation leads to the loss of life and damaged to property;

3. Imposes accountability on public officials or employees, through: Reprimand, Suspension,

or Removal, as well as Criminal Penalties for Negligence, Malfeasance, Misfeasance in
performing their sworn duties to the country;

4. Public officials who violate the law will be punished by a jail term of six (6) months to six (6)
years, and a fine of not more than P100,000 or both.

5.Requires Private Fire Volunteers and Fire Practitioners Should undergo a Mandatory
Training and Competency Evaluation to be conducted The by BFP under the operational
control of the BFP Fire Ground Commander.

PD No. 1613 Amending the Laws on Arson.

Section 1. Arson Any person who burns or sets fire to the property of another shall be
punished by Prison Mayor (Reyes, 1999).
The same penalty shall be imposed when a person sets fire to his own property under
circumstances which cause or expose danger the life or property of another.

Section 2. Destructive Arson The penalty of Reclusion Temporal in its maximum period to
Reclusion Perpetua shall be imposed by burning the following:"
1. Any ammunition factory and other establishment where explosives, inflammable or
combustible materials are stored;
2. Any archive, museum, whether public or private, or any edifice devoted to culture, education
or social services;
3. Any church or place of worship or other building where people usually assemble;
4. Any train, airplane or any aircraft, vessel or watercraft, or conveyance for transportation of
persons or property;
5. Any building where evidence is kept for use in any legislative, judicial, administrative or
other official proceedings;
6. Any hospital, hotel, dormitory, lodging house, house tenement, shopping center, public or
private market, theatre or movie house or any similar place or building;
7. Any building whether used as a dwelling or not, situated in a populated or congested area.

Section 3. Other Cases or Forms of Arson The penalty of Reclusion Temporal to Reclusion
Perpetua shall be imposed if the property burned is any of the following:
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1, Any building used as offices of the government or any of its agencies,
2. Any inhabited house or dwelling;
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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3. Any industrial establishment, shipyard, oil well or depot, mine shaft, platform or tunnel

a. Any plantation, farm, pasture land, growing crop, grain field, orchard, bamboo groove or
forest;
b. Any rice mill, sugar mill, cane mill or mill central; and

C. Any railway or bus station, airport, wharf, wharehouse.

Section 4. Special Aggravating Circumstances in Arson The penalty in any case of arson shall
be imposed in its maximum period:
1. If committed with intent to gain
2. If committed for the benefit of another;
3. If the offender is motivated by spite or hatred towards the owner or occupant of the property
burned;
4. If committed by a syndicate.

The offense is committed by a syndicate if it is planned or carried out by a group of three (3)
or more persons.

Section 5. Where Death Results from Arson If by reason of or on the occasion of Arson death
results, the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua to Death shall be imposed.

Section 6. Prima Facie Evidence of Arson Any of the following circumstances shall constitute
prima-facie evidence of arson:
1. If the fire started simultaneously in more than one part of the building or establishment;
2. If substantial amount of flammable substances or materials are stored within the building
not necessarily in the business of the offender or for household use;
3. If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other flammable substances or materials soaked
therewith containers thereof,or any mechanical, electrical, chemical, or electronic contrivance
designed to start a fire, ashes or traces of any of the foregoing are found in the ruins or
premises of the burned building or property
4.If the building or property is insured substantially more than its actual value at the time of
the issuance of the policy;
5. If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire insurance policy, more than two fires have
occurred in the same or other premises owned or under the control of the offender and/or
insured;'
6. If shortly before the fire, a substantial portion of the effects insured and stored in a building
or property had been withdrawn from the premises except in the ordinary course of business.
7. if a demand for money or other valuable consideration was made where the fire in
exchange for the desistance of the offender or for the safety of the person or property of the
victim.

Section 7. Conspiracy to commit Arson. Conspiracy to commit arson shall be punished by

Prision Mayor in its minimum period.

Section 8. Confiscation of Object of Arson. - The building which is the object of arson including
the land on which it is situated shall be confiscated and escheated to the State, unless the
owner thereof can prove that he has no participation in nor knowledge of such arson despite
the exercise of due diligence on his part.

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Section 9. Repealing Clause. - The provisions of Articles 320 to to 326-B of the Revised Penal
Code and all laws, executive orders, rules and regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
withthe provisions of this Decree are hereby repealed or amended accordingly.
R.A. No. 7659 An Act Defining Henious Crimes and Reimposing the Death Penalty Law."

Article 320 of the RPC is hereby amended to read as follows:

Art. 320. Destructive Arson The penalty of Reclusion Perpetua to Death shall be imposed
uponany person who shall burn:
1. One or more buildings or edifices, consequent to one single act of burning, or as a result of
simultaneous burning, or committed on several or different occasions;
2. Any building of public or private ownership, devoted to the public in general or where people
usually gather or congregate for a definite purpose such as, but not limited to official
government function or business, private transaction, commerce trade, worship, meetings and
conference, or merely incidental to as definite purpose such as but not limited to hotels,
motels, transient dwellings, public conveyance or stop terminals, regardless of whether the
offender had knowledge that there are persons in the said buildings or edifices at the time it is
set on fire and regardless also of whether the building is actually inhabited or not;
3. Any train or locomotive, ship or vessel or airplane, devoted to transportation or conveyance,
or for public use, entertainment or leisure;
4. Any building, factory, warehouse, installation and any appurtenances thereto, which are
devoted to the service of public utilities;
5. Any building, the burning of which is for the purpose of concealing o destroying evidence of
another violation of law, or the purpose of concealing bankruptcy or defrauding creditors or to
collect from insurance.
The penalty of Reclusion Perpetua to Death shall be imposed upon any person who shall burn
the following:

1. Any arsenal, shipyard, storehouse or military powder or fireworks factory, ordnance

storehouse, archives Or general museum of government;
2. In an inhabited place, any storehouse or factory of inflammable or explosive material.

Testimonial Evidence in Arson;

Testimonial Evidence is the testimony given in court or the disposition by one who has
observed that to which he is testifying; or one who, though he has not observed the facts, is
nevertheless qualified to give an opinion relative to such facts (Sadili and Pena, 1998

The Role of Circumstantial Evidence in Arson Investigation:

Circumstantial Evidence- is the proof of facts from which taken collectively, the existence of a
particular fact in dispute/issue may be inferred as a necessary or probable consequence
(Sadili and Pena).

Elements of Circumstantial Evidence for Conviction:

-If there is more than one circumstances;

-If the facts from which the inferences is derived are proven; and
-If the combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond
reasonable doubt.

Who Can Be A Witness?

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Section 20 of the Revised Rules on Evidence provides that "except as provided in the next
succeeding section, all persons who can perceive, and perceiving, can make known their
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
perception to others, may be a witness. (Peria, 1989).

Religious or political belief, interest in the outcome of the case, or conviction of a crime unless
otherwise provided by law shall not be a ground for disqualification."

-Person who started the alarm;

-Watchman;
-Those who suffered injuries in the fire should be interviewed;
-The occupants and employees of the building;
-Spectators;
-The bookkeeper or accountant;
-Fire fighters, the eyes and ears of fire investigators;
-The first person that discovered the fire;

-The last person in the premises;

-The owners of the banks;
-The Police officers

Arson of Property of Small Value (Art. 323, RPC)

Elements
1. Burning of any uninhabited hut, storehouse, barn, shed, or any other property;
2. Value of property does not exceed twenty five pesos (25.00).
3. Under circumstances clearly excluding all danger of the fire spreading.

Crimes involving Destruction

Offender causes destruction by any of the following means:

1.explosion;
2. discharge of electric current;
3. inundation, sinking or stranding of a vessel;
4. taking up the rails from a railway track;
5. malicious changing of railway signals for the safety of moving train;
6. by using any other agency or means of destruction;
7. destroying telegraph wires and telegraph post or those other communication system.

Article 325, RPC

Burning of ones own property as a means of Committing Arson. This article punishes the
burning one's own property for the purpose of committing arson or great destruction of
property.

Article 326, RPC

Setting fire to property exclusively owned by the offender. This article provides the purpose of
the offender to:

 defraud or cause damage to another, o

 r damaged is actually caused upon

62 another's or property even such purpose is absent,
or
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
 thing burned is a building in an inhabited place.

Legal Requirements in Preserving Physical Evidence in Arson

A. Admissibility of the Object or Substance: It requires full accounting of the object or
substance from the scene of the fire to the court.

B. Admissibility of the results of Laboratory Examinations:

1. Qualification of Technician
2. Safeguarding, of the samples during analysis
3. Result of the examination

C. Interpretations of the Findings (to be made in non-technical language):

D. Interview and Interrogation:
1. Time and Place of questioning
2. Interviews of firemen, neighbors, person who discovered the fire, insurance agent, insured
person and other person who has direct connection regarding the burned property

3. Interrogation
a) proof of the existence of the fire
b) to establish jurisdiction of the court
c) Corpus Delicti
d) Proof for incendiary origin of the fire
e) Proof of the guilt of accused.

E. Searching for Evidence:

The safest procedure is for the investigator to start at the top of the heap and carefully
removing the objects one by one, laying them aside until reaching the bottom where he will
find the "pot of gold", the evidence.

Steps in Tracing the Origin of Fire and Searching for Evidence

1. External/Outside Survey careful conduct of inspection to the burned building

2. Internal/Inside Survey correlate the same with the outside survey of the structure in question
3. Locate the point of origin of fire, the ceiling area enter the building to must be checked first
4. Look for Prima Facie Evidence of Arson

F. Entering the Building: When entering the building, the investigator should observe the
following:
1. Look for mark on doors and windows not burned for possible indication of forcible entry.
2. Notice whether the intruder has discarded tools used for forcible entry.
3. Notice unusuał arrangement of the building content.
4. Stocks or substitution of stocks, new expensive stocks have been removed, substituted by
second hand or old stocks.

Guidelines in the Investigation of Arson

I. Arrival and Observation

Arrival
 observe person/vehicle leaving the
62 area
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 characteristics of person/ vehicle leaving the area

 unusual road/street condition

 barricade showing the progress of response

 vehicle parked in such a manner as to create obstruction to the fire scene.

Observation
 identify the person who called the fire department

 first person who leave the fire scene

 did the fire occur during or after business hour?

 Was it during daytime or night time?

 Condition of traffic in the area.

II. The Fire Scene:

Protecting the Fire Scene
 Cooperation of the firemen and the Police

 . Assignment of guards

Mechanics of Search

 Planning

 Sifting of the Debris

 Location of the point of origin of the fire

 General Rules/SOP's

Collecting and Preserving of Evidence

 Photography

 Sketching

 Assistance of Qualified Experts

 Handling of Physical Evidence

 Forwarding of Physical Evidence

III. Post Investigation 62

 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Methods

Among the most likely method to be used by investigators are the recording of the facts noted
at the fire scene, sketches and photographs as well as statements taken from the witnesses.
And other sources of information that maybe useful in developing the investigation and
completing the reports, fire inspection reports and financial reports.
All notes should be thorough, accurate, detailed and neat so that they are easily to transcribe
and/ or read. They will readily assist in correlating observations and developing leads. These
notes are the principal basis of all reports the investigator makes and submits.

The Fire Investigation Report

It is the final written results of taking notes, recording observations and interviewing witnesses.
includes the written results of the construction and size of the burned structure, what the
firemen observed and encountered upon their arrival at the fire scene, the color of the smoke
and flame, and the intensity and location of the fire.

Inventory of Evidence
As the evidence is collected and marked for identification purposes, it should be entered on
some type of inventory sheet. In all cases, it will improve the admissibility of evidence by
establishing chain of custody necessary to prove during the trial on an arson case.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson

Leo Bustria, 2013 Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation Second Edition, Wiseman's Books
Trading Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity1.Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the
following statements:
1.this is important when correlated with the type of alarm,
the received and the time of arrival of the first responder at the fire scene.
2.A good indicator of the intensity of the fire, it is an
important factor in determining incendiarism.
3.A person responsible setting a building on fire and
pretends to discover it, turn the alarm
62 or make some rescue works
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
4 This occurs during the free-burning stage of the fire, or,
when it undergoes pyrolytic decomposition or heated gases move upward on the
walls leaving a burnt pattern.
5. It is the fact of that crime was committed.
6. The degree of heat given off by a fire and the color of its
flame
7. the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn anything
without any motivation
8.It Is a crime against persons or property.

9. is the proof of facts from which taken collectively, the

existence of a particular fact in dispute/issue may be inferred as a necessary or
probable consequence
10. Persons tending to set their house on fire frequently
remove objects of value either materially or sentimentally. What tell tale sign is
this?
Let’s Analyze
Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions:

1. Discuss the importance of arson investigation in determining the true cause of

fire?_________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________________
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_____________________________________________________________
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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_________________

In a Nutshell

1. Since you already have the knowledge with law that defines,
criminalize and punishes arson, please provide some its advantages
and disadvantages as well as provide your own set of provisions or
even addition to said law which you think will be more beneficial and
essential.

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DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120

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