10

Science
0 Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Light: Mirrors and Lenses

9 Qualitative Characteristics
(Location,Orientation,Type, and
Magnification) of Images Formed by
Plane and Curved Mirrors and Lenses

0
Science 10
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Light: Mirrors and Lenses [Qualitative Characteristics
(Location, Orientation, Type, and Magnification) of Plane and Curved
Mirrors and Lenses]
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module

Writers: Armela S. Alamon, Mariegold Ann J. Japitana
Editors: Randy E. Porras
Reviewers: Emmie Marie S. Sebucao, Fe. T. Batilaran
Illustrator: Alfie A. Gardose

Layout Artist: Armela S. Alamon

Cover Art Designer: Reggie D. Galindez
Management Team: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV – Regional Director
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 10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Light: Mirrors and Lenses
Qualitative Characteristics
(Location,Orientation,Type, and
Magnification) of Images Formed by Plane
and Curved Mirrors and Lenses
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Light: Mirror and Lenses
[Qualitative Characteristics (Location, Orientation, Type and Magnification) of Images
Formed by Plane and Curved Mirrors and Lenses]!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Light: Mirror and Lenses
[Qualitative Characteristics (Location, Orientation, Type and Magnification) of Images
Formed by Plane and Curved Mirrors and Lenses].

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

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At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Hello! How’s your day? Hope you are excited to learn something new today!

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the qualitative characteristics of light: specifically the location, orientation,
type and magnification of the images formed by plane and curved mirrors and
lenses. The lessons are arranged following the content standards of the Science 10
curriculum guide with their corresponding learning competencies.

Most Essential Learning Competency

Predict the qualitative characteristics (location, orientation, type and
magnification) of the images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses.

Lesson Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Predict the qualitative characteristics (location, orientation, type and
magnification) of the images formed by plane
2. Distinguish between converging and diverging mirrors and lenses.
3. Determine the qualitative characteristics (location, orientation, type and
magnification) of images formed by curved mirrors and lenses.
4. Apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the qualitative
characteristics and positions of images formed by mirrors and lenses.

What I Know

Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. You see the reflection of the clock without numbers in your plane mirror. The
image formed by the hands of the clock shows 3:30. What is the real time?
a. 3:30
b. 8:30
c. 9:30
d. 10:30

2. How much larger will your classroom seems to appear if the entire two
adjacent walls of your classroom consist of plane mirror?
a. 2x larger
b. 3x larger
c. 4x larger
d. can’t be determined

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3. A light ray, travelling parallel to a concave mirror’s axis, strikes the mirror’s
surface. The reflected ray ________________.
a. passes through the mirror’s focal point
b. again, travels parallel to the mirror’s axis
c. travels at right angles to the mirror’s center of curvature
d. passes through the mirror’s center of curvature

4. An object is placed between a concave mirror and its focal point. What is the
type and orientation of the image formed?
a. virtual and inverted
b. real and inverted
c. virtual and erect
d. real and erect

5. What kind of mirror is used in automobiles and trucks to give the driver a
wider area and smaller image of traffic behind him?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above

6. What type of mirror do dentists usually use to see clearly the images of our
teeth?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above

7. When a small object is placed on the principal axis of a concave mirror

between the focus and the mirror, the image formed is ______________.
a. erect, magnified, and virtual
b. inverted, magnified, and real
c. inverted, reduced, and real
d. erect, reduced, and real

8. A white sheet of paper cannot act as mirror because it _______the rays of light.
a. diffracts
b. diffuses
c. interferes
d. refract

9. You see your face clearly if you look down on a pool of still water. Which one
of the following statements gives the best explanation for this observation?
a. Light entering the water dispersed.
b. Regular reflection of light happens on the surface of still water.
c. Irregular reflection of light happens on the surface of still water.
d. Light is reflected from the surface of water in different directions.

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10. Where should the object be placed in front of a concave mirror to form a
virtual and magnified image?
a. At the focus
b. At the center of curvature
c. Between the focus and the vertex
d. Between the center of curvature and focus

11. Which of the following is/are true of a concave mirror?

I. It will never form an image
II. An inverted image will be formed if the object distance is greater than the
focal length.
III. An object can be magnified if placed at f
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and II
d. I, II, and III

12. Zed stands 1.5-m tall in front of a plane mirror. What is the height of his
image?
a. 4.5 m
b. 3.0 m
c. 2.0 m
d. 1.5 m

13. What is the distance of your image if you stand 1.5-m in front of a plane
mirror?
a. 1.5 m
b. 2.0 m
c. 3.0 m
d. 4.5m

14. Sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind a lens. What kind of lens
was used?
a. Converging Lens
b. Diverging Lens
c. Focusing Lens
d. None of the above

15. Which of the following optical instruments will be used to produce a reduced
and inverted image of a distant object?
a. Camera
b. Projector
c. Microscope
d. Refracting Telescope

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 Qualitative Characteristics
Lesson
(Location,Orientation,Type, and
6-7 Magnification) of Images Formed by
Plane and Curved Mirrors and Lenses
In the previous module, you learned about electromagnetic spectrum. You gained
an understanding of the different electromagnetic waves and their benefits. One of the
most common among these electromagnetic waves is the visible light.

In this module, you will study two of the properties of visible light – reflection and
refraction. A closer look into these properties will be done through different observable
examples and experimentations using mirrors and lenses. You will also be able to use
the laws of reflection and refraction in order to describe and explain how images are
formed by mirrors and lenses.

One of the thrusts of this module is to make you aware of the purposes of the
different types of mirrors and lenses so you can select the right type of mirrors and
lenses that you can use in your daily lives.

What’s In

Let us try to test what have you learned from your topic on visible spectrum.

Activity 1. FILL ME IN!

Direction: Fill in the table below by supplying the missing number on the visible
spectrum's color, wavelength and frequency. Use Table 2 as your reference. If
wavelengths and frequencies are unknown, use their corresponding range (ex. 400-
484). Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Table 1. Frequency and Wavelength of Colors of Light

No. Wavelength (Nm) Frequency (THz) Color

1 740
2 501
3 yellow
4 violet
5 470
6 690
7 520
8 395
9 537
10 orange

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 Table 2. Frequency and Wavelength of Colors of Light

COLOR FREQUENCY (THz) WAVELENGTH (nm)

Red 400-484 620-750
Orange 484-508 590-620
Yellow 508-526 570-590
Green 526-606 495-570
Blue 606-668 450-495
Violet 668-789 380-450

What’s New

Reflection of Light in Mirrors

Most things bounce or reflect light. Polished or shiny surfaces reflect most of
the light that falls on them. They are good reflectors. Clear reflections in a shiny
metal sheet, a glass table or still water can be observed.
A mirror is usually a flat sheet of glass with a thin layer of a shiny metal
such as silver or aluminum behind the glass. Mirrors are good reflectors. They are
specially designed to reflect light so as to form exact images. Plane mirror is mirror
with a flat reflective surface. In plane mirror, the image appears as if it is behind the
mirror but actually not, so the image is virtual.
Reflection of light is the bouncing of light rays when it hits a surface. It does
not only happen on a smooth surface like plane mirrors, but also happens on rough
surfaces. There are two classifications of reflection; the Specular/Regular
(reflection of light on smooth surfaces such as mirrors or a calm body of water, and
the Diffused/Irregular (reflection of light on rough surfaces such clothing, paper,
wavy water and asphalt roadway).
Have you noticed the word “AMBULANCE” in an ambulance car? How is it
written? Did you ever wonder why is it written that way? You will find the answers
to these questions as you go through this module.

Try the following activities to study one of the properties of light.

Activity 2. MIRROR, MIRROR, ON THE WALL…

Objectives:
a. Determine the height, width, and the distance from the mirror of the
image formed by plane mirrors.
b. Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror of
the object with that of the image formed by the plane mirror.
Materials:
• 1 (10cm x 15cm) plane mirror
• 1 graphing paper
• 10 one-peso coins
• modelling clay
• pen
Procedure:
1. Let the mirror stand vertically along a line on a graphing paper as
shown in Figure 1. Use the modelling clay to support the plane mirror.

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 mirror

graphing
paper

Modelling clay

Figure 1. A Plane mirror on a Graphing Paper.

2. Using a pen, make three (3) different marks along the intersections on
the graphing paper in front of a mirror.
3. Measure the distance of each mark from the mirror by counting the
number of parallel lines between the mark and the base of the plane
mirror. Record your data in a table similar to Table 1 below.
4. Look at the images of the marks formed by mirror. Measure the
distance of each image and the base of the mirror by counting the
number of parallel lines between the image and the base of the mirror.
Record this also in Table 1.

Table 3. Distance of the Object and Image from the Mirror

Mark Number of Parallel Lines
Between the Mark and the Between the Image and the
Mirror Mirror
1
2
3

5. Stack 10 pieces of one-peso coin in front of the plane mirror as in Figure

2.Using a ruler, measure the height and width of the stack of coins.
Measure also the height and width of the image as seen on the mirror.
Enter your measurements in the table similar to Table 2.

Figure 2. Stack of Coins In front of the Plane Mirror

Table 4. Height and Width of Object and Image

Description Object Image
Height (cm)
Width (cm)
Guide Questions:
1. Refer to Table 4, compare the distance (number of parallel lines) from the
mirror of the object with that of the image.
2. Refer to Table 4, how do the height and width of the object compare with the
height and width of the image?

To learn more about reflection of light in the plane mirrors, try the next activity.

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 Activity 3. “ANGLE OF INCIDENCE VS. ANGLE OF REFLECTION”

Objective:
a. Compare the angle of reflection and the angle of incidence.
b. State one of the laws of reflection.
Materials:
• 1 plane mirror
• 1 low-frequency laser/flashlight in lighter
• 1 paper protractor (refer to Figure 4, p.11)
• Clay
Procedure:
1. Let the mirror stand vertically along the edge of the paper protractor as shown in
Figure 3. Use the clay to support the plane mirror.

Figure 3. A Plane mirror on a paper protractor.

Figure 4. Paper Protractor

Lifted from: MathisFun.Com

2. Position the laser beam such that it hits the mirror at an angle of 100 with the
normal line. Measure the angle between the reflected ray and the normal line.
Record your measurement in a table similar to Table 3.
3. Make three trials and get the average.
4. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for angles 200, 300, 400, and 500. Enter all your
measurements in Table 5.

Table 5. Angles of Incidence and Reflection

Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
100
200
300
400
500

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Guide Question:
1. How does the angle of incidence compare with the angle of reflection?

What is It

GUIDE CONCEPTS

The angle between the incident ray and the normal line is known as the angle of
incidence, θi. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is known as the angle
of reflection θi. “The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection”. This is one of
the laws of reflection. The other law states that; “the normal line, incident ray, and the
reflected ray lie on the same plane.”

Reflection of light is employed significantly in making optical instruments like

periscopes. Periscopes allow sea navigators in a submarine to see the surface of the
water.
Incident Ray - The ray of light approaching the mirror represented by an arrow
approaching an optical element like mirrors.

Reflected Ray - The ray of light which leaves the mirror and is represented by an
arrow pointing away from the mirror.

Normal Line - An imaginary line (labeled N in Figure 3) that can be drawn

perpendicular to the surface of the mirror at the point of incidence where the ray strikes
the mirror.

Figure 5. Reflection of a Light Ray on a Plane Mirror

Try the next activity to further investigate the reflection of light in plane mirrors.

Activity 4. MIRROR LEFT-RIGHT REVERSAL

Objectives:
a. Describe the images formed by plane mirror.
b. Show an understanding of reversal effect in mirrors by writing laterally
inverted letters and words.
Materials:
• Alphabet chart (capital letters)
• 1 plane mirror

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Procedure:
1. Place the alphabet chart in front of the plane mirror. Identify all capital letters in
the alphabet that can be read properly in front of the mirror.
2. Write at least 3 words (all in capital letters) that can be read properly both with
mirror and without a mirror in front of it.

Guide Questions:
1. What are the letters of the alphabet (in capital) that can be read properly in
front of a mirror?
2. Think of words (in capital letters) that can be read properly both with a mirror
and without a mirror. What are these words?
3. Why can’t you read most of the words properly in front of the mirror?
4. Write the sentence below on a clear sheet of paper in such a way that it can be
read properly in front of the mirror:

Honesty is the best policy.

This time you will explore how the angle between two plane mirrors affects the number of
images formed. Let’s do the next activity.

Activity 5. WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE?

Objective:
a. Identify the relationship between the number of images formed and the angle
between two mirrors.
b. Use the gathered data to derive the formula for determining the number of
images formed when two mirrors are kept at a certain angle.
Materials:
• 1 one-peso coin
• 1 paper protractor
• 2 plane mirrors
Procedure:
1. Place two plane mirrors at an angle of 900 and place the one-peso coin
between the mirrors as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Two plane mirrors at 90degree angle

2. Count the number of images formed. Record this in a table similar to Table 6
below.
3. Try to vary the angle between the mirrors.
4. Set the angle between the mirrors to 600. Count and record again the number
of images formed.
5. Do again step 4 for angles 450 and 300. Enter all the values in a table similar
to Table 6.
Table 6. Number of Images Formed
Angle Number of Images
900
600
450
300

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Guide Questions:

1. What happens to the number of images formed as you vary the angle between
mirrors?
2. Refer to Table 6. What relationship exists between the number of images
formed and the angle between two mirrors?
3. Use data in Table 6 to derive the formula for determining the number of
images by two mirrors.
4. How should the mirrors be arranged such that an infinite number of images
will be formed or seen?

What’s More

Yippee! You’ve already learned that the image appears in plane mirror is virtual
and left-right reversal. You have also found out that the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection.
This time, we will discuss reflection on curved mirrors and lenses. Several
activities will follow to qualitatively describe the characteristics (location, orientation, size
and type) of objects formed by curved mirrors and lenses.

Activity 6. DESCRIBE ME!

Objective: Describe the image formed on both sides of the spoon

Materials:
▪ Spoon (use the clear/shiny one to see clearer image)
▪ Ball pen with cap
Procedure:
1. Examine both sides of the spoon.
Q1. What do you observe?
2. Position the spoon (bulging part) and the ball pen with cap vertically parallel
with each other.
3. Move the ball pen back and forth to the spoon.
Q2. Compare the images formed as you move the ball pen closer and away
from the spoon.
4. Repeat procedure 4 and 5 using the other side of the spoon.
Q3. Compare the images formed in terms of the size and orientation on both
sides of the spoon.

As you look on the spoon, you will see different images (in terms of the size and
orientation) on its two surfaces. This is a reflection on curved mirrors.
A curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its surface is a section of sphere.
There are two kinds of curved mirrors: the concave and the convex. Each type reflects
images in a different fashion. This is due to the curve of the mirror.

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 Two Kinds of Curved Mirrors
1.Concave Mirror (Converging mirror)
This type of spherical mirror has its
surface of reflection curved inwards towards the
center. It is also known as a converging
mirror because it brings incoming parallel rays
together. It causes these rays to converge.
Unlike a flat mirror, concave mirrors are
capable of forming both real and virtual image Figure 7. Concave Mirror

2.Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

This type of mirror has its surface of reflection

curved outwards against the center. It is also
known as a diverging mirror because it causes
rays to diverge upon reflection. Unlike images
formed by concave mirrors, an image formed by
a convex mirror is virtual in nature.
Figure 8. Convex Mirror

The following are important points to be considered in locating the image formed by
curved mirrors:

1. Center of Curvature, C- the center of the sphere of which the mirror is part.
Its distance from the mirror is known as the radius.
2. Vertex, V- the center of the mirror.
3. Focal Point/ Focus, F- the point between the center of the curvature and
vertex. Its distance from the mirror is known as the focal length, f.

(a) (b)

Figure 9. (a) Concave Mirror (b) Convex Mirror

Lifted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved mirror

The Four Principal Rays on Curved Mirrors

By convention we shall regard the light incident on a curved mirror as coming

from the left. (Note: We use arrow as object).

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 Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

1.P-F RAY. A ray of light parallel to the 1.P-F RAY. A ray of light parallel to the
principal axis is reflected passing through principal axis is reflected as if passing
the principal focus, F. through the principal focus, F.

2.F-P RAY. A ray of light passing through 2. P-F RAY. A ray of light directed towards
the focus, F is reflected parallel to the the focus, F is reflected parallel to the
principal axis. principal axis.

3.C-C RAY. A ray of light passing through 3.C-C . A ray of light directed towards the
the center of curvature , C reflects back center of curvature , C reflects back along
along the own path. its own path.

4.V-RAY. A ray of light directed to the 4.V-RAY. A ray of light directed to the
vertex reflects at equal angle from the vertex reflects at equal angle from the
principal axis. principal axis.
Note: All dashes are imaginary extensions of reflected rays.

Ray Tracing
In determining the position and nature of image of curved mirror graphically, any
two of the so called “Four Principal Rays” may be considered. The following are the ray
diagramming steps:

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1. From the object, draw the first ray (P-F ray). From the same point on the object, draw
the second (F-P ray), third (C-C ray), and fourth (V ray).

2. The intersection of the four rays is the image point corresponding to the object point.
For example, if you started diagramming from the tip of the arrow-shaped object, the
intersection of the reflected rays is also the tip of the arrow-shaped image. Thus, you can
determine completely the position and characteristics of the image.

Activity 7: ARE YOU L-O-S-T AFTER REFLECTION?

Objective: Construct ray diagram to determine the location, orientation, size and
type of images formed by curved mirror.
Materials:
▪ ruler
▪ protractor or any object with curve side
▪ sheet of paper
▪ Ballpoint pen ( use different colors of ink for incident and reflected rays)
Procedure:
1. Using the protractor and ruler, copy each of the diagram (A-G) below on a separate
sheet of paper. As much as possible, use the four principal rays to locate the
image formed in a curved mirror. (Letter A is given as a guide /example for you).
2. Complete the table (Table 7) that follows.

CONCAVE MIRROR
A. B C.
.

D. E.

CONVEX MIRROR
A. B.

Table 7. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors
Location of Object Image
Location Orientation Size (same, reduced Type
(upright or erect) or enlarged ) ( real or virtual)

16
Concave Between C inverted (the image reduced (the image real (the image is in
A.Farther than C and F is upside down) becomes smaller) front of the mirror)
B. At C
C. Between F and C
D. At F
E. Between F and V
Convex
F. Farther than C in front
of the mirror
G. Between F and V in
front of the mirror

Questions:
1. Refer to the table above, how does the location of the object affects the characteristics and
location of the image formed in a concave mirror? Convex mirror?
2. What type of mirror do dentists usually use to clearly see the images of our teeth? Why?
3. What kind of curved mirror do you see in most of the department stores? Why do they use
such kind of mirror?

REFRACTION OF LIGHT IN LENSES

Refraction is the bending of light rays when it travels from one medium to another medium of
different densities.
A lens is a transparent material made of glass or plastic that refracts light rays and focuses (or
appear to focus) them at a point.

Types of Lenses
1.CONVEX LENS- it is thicker in the center
than edges. It forms real and virtual images
depending on the position of the object. It is
also called Converging Lens because the light
that passes through it tends to converge at a
particular point called the focal point.
Figure 10. Convex Lens
Lifted fromhttps://www.toppr.com/content/concept/
what-are-concave-and-convex-lenses-210241/

2. CONCAVE LENS- it is thicker at the

edges and thinner in the center. It forms
upright and reduced images. It is also called
Diverging Lens because the light that passes
through it tends to diverge at a particular
point called the focal point.
Figure 11. Concave Lens
Lifted from: https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/
what-are-concave-and-convex-lenses-210241/

IMAGES FORMED BY LENSES

The following are important points to be considered in locating graphically the image
formed in lenses:
1.Vertex, V – the geometric center of the lens.
2. Focal Point / Focus, F – a point where light rays converge ( or appears to converge)
when parallel light rays pass through a lens.
-its distance from the vertex is called the focal length, f.

17
 (a) (b)
Figure 12. (a ) Convex Lens (b) Concave Lens
Lifted from: https://www.tes.com/lessons/ZS1X98Q7nb2I5g/lens

The Three Most Useful Rays in Lenses

Convex Lens ( Converging Lens ) Concave Lens ( Diverging Lens )

1.P-F RAY. A ray of light parallel to the 1.P-F RAY. A ray of light parallel to the
principal axis is refracted passing principal axis is refracted as if passing
through the principal focus, F behind the through the principal focus, F in front of
lens. the lens.

2. F-P RAY. A ray of light passing 2. F-P RAY. A ray of light directed towards
through the focus, F in front of the lens the focus, F behind the lens is refracted
parallel to the principal axis.
is refracted parallel to the principal axis.

3. V RAY. A ray of light passing through 3. V RAY. A ray of light passing through
the exact center of the lens ( vertex ) the exact center of the lens ( vertex )
continue to travel in the same direction. continue to travel in the same direction.

Ray Tracing

To graphically determine the position and kind of the image formed, the ray
diagram can be used. Consider the following steps using the three major rays described
above:

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1.From the object, draw the first ray ( P-F Ray). From the same point on the object, draw
the second ( F-P Ray ) and the third ( V Ray) rays.

2. The intersection of the rays is the image point corresponding to the object point. For
example, if you start diagramming from the top of the arrow-shaped object, the
intersection of the refracted rays is also the tip of the arrow-shaped object. Thus, you
can determine completely the position and characteristics of the image.

3. For a concave lens, light rays diverge from a virtual focus, but the procedure for
locating images is the same as for convex lenses.

ACTIVITY 8. ARE YOU L-O-S-T AFTER REFRACTION?

Objective:
▪ Construct ray diagram for lenses.
▪ Determine graphically the location, orientation, size and type of image
formed.
▪ Show graphically the changes in the image formed as an object’s position
is changed.
Materials:
▪ Paper
▪ ruler
Procedure:
1. Copy each of the diagrams (A-E for Convex Lens and F-H for Concave Lens)
below on a clear sheet of paper. Construct ray diagram using, as much as
possible, the “three most useful rays” for each of the following cases to
determine the location, orientation, size, and type of the image.(Letter A is
given for you).

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

G. H.

2. Use the table below to summarize the characteristics and location of the
images formed by lenses.

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 Table 8. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses
Image
Location of Object Location Orientation Size (same, Type (real or
(upright or reduced or virtual)
inverted) enlarged)
CONVEX LENS Between F inverted reduced Real (the
A. Beyond 2F’ and 2F image is in
front of the
lens)
B. At 2F’
C. Between 2F’and F’
D. At F’
E. Between F’ and V
CONCAVE LENS
F. At 2F’
G. At F’
H. Between F’ and V

KEY POINTS
As an object comes nearer (beyond F’) the convex lens, the image appears farther
and magnified (enlarged).
As it comes closer to the convex lens (between F and V ), the image appears
upright and becomes virtual.
For all locations of objects in front of a concave lens, the image formed is always
upright, reduced, virtual and located between F and V.
A concave lens cannot form real image because a real image is formed by
intersection of real refracted rays, and concave lens spreads out the real rays.

What I Have Learned

Yes! You are a bit closer on finishing this module. To sum up what you have
learned on mirrors and lenses, answer the questions below. Identify the word/s that will
complete the sentence correctly. Select your answer from the choices inside the
parenthesis. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. (Reflection, Refraction) is the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like
plane mirror.
2. The ray of light approaching the mirror is called (incident, reflected) ray.
3. The ray of light which leaves the mirror is called (incident, reflected) ray.
4. According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence is (lesser, greater, equal)
to the angle of reflection.
5. In plane mirror, the object’s distance from the mirror is (lesser, greater, equal) the
image distance from the mirror.
6. In plane mirror, the image formed is always (real, virtual), (upright, inverted),
(same, different) size as the object’s size, and (same, different) distance than the
object’s distance from the mirror.
7. (Single, Multiple) image/s is/are formed by the reflection that happens when
arranging at least two mirrors at an angle.
8. A (concave, convex) mirror is a spherical mirror whose parallel incident rays
converge or meet at a focal point after reflection.
9. A (concave, convex) mirror is a spherical mirror whose parallel incident rays
diverge or spread after reflection.

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 10. In convex mirror, the object located in all locations will always produce an image
(between F and V, At C); (inverted, upright); (reduced, enlarged); and (virtual,
real).
11. In convex lens, if the object is at 2F’, the size of the image formed is (reduced,
same) size as the object’s size.
12. In concave lens, the object located in all locations will always produce an image
that is (inverted, upright); (reduced, enlarged); and (virtual, real).

What I Can Do

ACTIVITY 9. WHERE AM I?

Match Column A (Optical Instruments) with Column B (Location of Objects) on Table

9. Refer to the figures below for convex lens to identify the location of object for
which the optical instruments are used. Make a similar table on a separate sheet of
paper for your answer.
A. B C.

D. E.

Table 9. Optical instruments and location of objects

Column A Column B
1.Photocopy “Xerox” machine At infinity
2.Camera Beyond 2F”
3.Telescope At 2F’
4.Projetor Between 2F’ and F’
5.Magnifying Glass Between F’ and V

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 Assessment
Alright! Two steps more to go and you’re done with this module. Kindly
answer the Assessment below.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. As indicated by the hands of the clock without numbers, the real time is 9:30.
What is the time indicated in its image if the clock is placed in front of a plane
mirror?
a. 2:30
b. 3:30
c. 9:30
d. 10:30
2. If you stand in front of two adjacent large mirrors (at 900), how many images
will you see?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
3. What type of mirror is used in a view finding mirror of a vehicle?
a. Convex
b. Concave
c. Plain
d. Parabolic

4. If you placed a number chart in front of a plane mirror, what numbers will
you read properly in the mirror?
a. 0, 1, 6, and 9
b. 0, 1 and 6
c. 6 and 9
d. 0 and 8
5. An object is placed 1 meter from a plane mirror. What is the distance of its
image from the mirror?
a. 0.5m
b. 1m
c. 2m
d. 4m
6. An object is placed between a concave mirror (vertex) and its focal point. What
is the type and orientation of the image formed?
a. virtual and inverted
b. virtual and upright
c. real and inverted
d. real and upright
7. A light ray travelling parallel to a concave mirror’s axis, strikes the mirror’s
surface. What is the direction of the reflected ray?
a. It passes through the mirror’s focal point.
b. It travels again parallel to the mirror’s axis.
c. It travels at right angle to the mirror’s axis.
d. It passes through the mirror’s center of curvature.

22
8. What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area and
smaller image of the shoppers/buyers?
a. Plane mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Concave mirror
d. None of the above
9. If you look down on a pool of wavy water, you can’t see your face clearly.
Which one of the following gives the best explanation for the observation?
a. Light entering the water is dispersed
b. Regular refection of light happens on the surface of wavy water
c. Irregular refection of light happens on the surface of wavy water
d. Light is reflected from the surface of water in different directions
10. A 30 cm object is placed in front of the plane mirror. What is the size of its
image in the mirror?
a. 15 cm
b. 30 cm
c. 45 cm
d. 60 cm
11. A light ray strikes a plane mirror at an angle of 30 0. At what angle will the
light ray reflects?
a. 150
b. 300
c. 600
d. 900
12. Light rays bend as it passes from one transparent medium to another
transparent medium of different densities. What property of light is being
described in the sentence?
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Diffraction
d. Interference
13. What type of lens produces smaller and upright image?
a. convex
b. concave
c. converging
d. can’t be determined
14. A convex lens will make an image appear ______ if the object is placed
between the focal point and the lens (vertex).
a. upright and reduced
b. upright and enlarged
c. inverted and reduced
d. inverted and enlarged
15. A light ray travelling parallel to the axis of a convex lens strikes the lens.
What happens to this ray after travelling through the lens?
a. it travels crossing the axis at a point equal to twice the focal length.
b. it travels to the axis passing between the lens and its focal point
c. it travels to the axis passing through its focal point
d. it travels parallel to the principal axis.

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 Additional Activities

Hurray! You’re on the last step! Apply what you had learned on the topics and activities
to answer this activity.
Direction: The diagram below shows a spherical surface that is silvered on both sides.
Thus, the surface serves as double-sided mirror, with one of the sides being the concave
and one being the convex side. The principal axis, focal point, and center of curvature
are shown. The region on both sides of the mirror is divided into eight sections (labeled
M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, and W). Five objects (labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) are shown at various
locations about the double-sided mirror. Use the diagram to answer the questions #1-
5.Select the choices below the question (M-W). Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

Figure 13. Diagram of a double-sided mirror

Lifted from: https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-4/Image-
Characteristics-for-Convex-Mirrors

1. The image of object 1 would be located in section ______.

M N P Q R S T W
2. The image of object 2 would be located in section ______.
M N P Q R S T W
3. The image of object 3 would be located in section ______.
M N P Q R S T W
4. The image of object 4 would be located in section ______.
M N P Q R S T W
5. The image of object 5 would be located in section ______.
M N P Q R S T W

24
 25
What’s New
Activity 2: Mirror, Mirror on the wall
Table 3. Distance of the Object and Image from the Mirror
Mark No. of Parallel lines
between the object and the mirror between the image and the
mirror
1 (Answers may vary from each group). The no. of parallel lines of the
object from the mirror should be the same as the no. of parallel lines of
2
the image of the mirror.
3
Table 4. Height and Width of Object and Image
Description Object Image
Height (cm) (Answers may vary from each group). The height and width of
the object and the image formed should be the same.
Width (cm)
Answers to Questions:
Q1. The distance (as indicated by the number of parallel lines) of the object from the mirror is
the same as the distance of the image from the mirror.
Q2. The height and the width of the object is the same as the height and width of the image as
seen from the plane mirror.
What's In
No Wavelength (Nm) Frequency( THz) COLOR What I Know
1 740 400-484 Red
2 501 526-606 Green 1. b 9. b
3 570-590 508-526 Yellow 2. c 10. c
4 380-450 668-789 Violet 3. d 11. b
5 470 606-668 Blue 4. c 12. d
6 690 400-484 Red 5. b 13. c
7 570-590 530 Orange 6. c 14. a
8 395 668-789 Blue 7. a 15. a
9 495-570 537 Green 8. b
10 590-620 484-508 Orange
Answer Key
 26
What Is It
Answers to Questions:
Q1. The letters of the alphabet that can be read properly in front of the mirror
are A,H,I,M,O,T,U,V,W,X,Y
Q2. Some words that can be read properly both with a mirror and without
a mirror are MOM, WOW, TIT, TAT, TOOT, etc.
Q3.
Activity 5. Who wants to be a Millionaire?
Table 6: No. of Images from Two Mirrors at an Angle
Angle No. of Images Angle No. of Images
900 3
600 5
450 7
300 11
Answers to Questions:
Q1. As the angle between two mirrors decreases, the number of images increases.
Conversely, as the angle between the mirrors increases, the number of images
formed decreases.
Q2. From the data in Table 4, the number of images is inversely proportional to the
angle between two mirrors.
Q3. Using the data from Table 4, the following formula will be derived.
What’s New(C0nt…)
Activity 3: Angle of Incidence vs. Angle of Reflection
Table 5: Angle of Incidence and Reflection
Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
100 100 100 100 100
200 200 200 200 200
300 300 300 300 300
400 400 400 400 400
500 500 500 500 500
Answer to Question:
Q1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
1.
 27
What’s More
Activity 6
( Answers may vary)
1. 1.The curve in each side of the spoon is different.
2. 2.The image formed is upright. As you move the ballpen closer to spoon,
the image becomes bigger/larger.
3. The image formed is inverted and reduced.
Activity 7
Are You L-O-S-T After Reflection?
A. B. C.
D. E.
F. G.
What Is It (Cont…)
Answers to Questions:
Q3. Using the data from Table 4, the following formula will be derived.
N= 360 -1 Where N = no. of images
Θ and θ = angle between
Q4. The mirrors should be placed parallel facing each other to see an infinite number of images.
 28
What’s More (Cont…)
Table 7. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors
Location of Object Image
Location Orientation Size ( same, Type
(upright or reduced or (real or
inverted enlarged virtual)
CONCAVE Between C and inverted reduced real
F
A. Farther than C
B. At C At C inverted same real
C. Between C and Beyond C inverted enlarged real
F
D. At F No Image Formed
E. Between F and Behind the upright enlarged virtual
V mirror
CONVEX Between F and V upright reduced virtual
• All Locations
Answer to Questions:
1. The location of the object affects the characteristics and location of the
image in such a way that as the object comes nearer the concave mirror, the
images appears farther away from the mirror and becomes larger and
inverted. As it comes closer to the mirror (between F and V), the image
appears upright and becomes virtual. For all locations of object in front of a
convex mirror, the image always formed between F and V, upright, reduced
and virtual.
2. A dentist’s mirror is a concave mirror because the image appears larger or
magnified, making it easier for the dentist to see the details of the object
(teeth).
3. Most of the department stores use convex mirrors because it gives a wider
range of view.
Activity 8
Are You L-O-S-T After Refraction?
A B. C. D.
.
 29
Additional Activities Assessment What I Have Learned
1. S 1. a 11. b 1. Reflection
2. R 2. incident
3. P 2. c 12. b 3. reflected
4. M 4. equal
3. a 13. b 5. equal
5. W
6. virtual, upright, same,
4. d 14. b
same
5. b 15. c 7. Multiple
8. concave
6. b 9. convex
What I Can Do 10. between F and V,
7. a upright, reduced,
1. At 2F’ virtual
2. Beyond 2F” 8. b 11. same
3. At infinity 12. upright, reduced,
4. Between 2F’ and F’ 9. c virtual
5. Between F’ and V
10.b
E.. F. G. H.
Table 8. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses
Location of Object Image
Location Orientation Size ( same, Type ( real
(upright or reduced or or virtual)
inverted) enlarged )
CONVEX LENS Between F inverted reduced real
A.Beyond 2F’ and 2F
B.At 2F’ At 2F inverted same real
C.Between 2F’ and F’ Beyond 2f inverted enlarged real
D. At F’ No Image Formed
E. Between F’ and V Beyond 2F’ upright enlarged virtual
CONCAVE LENS Between F upright reduced virtual
and V
(All Locations)
References

Science 10 Learner’s Material pp.168-189, 194-195, 198-203, 215-218

Figure 4. Paper Protractor

Retrieved August 14,2020 from: MathisFun.Com

Figure 9. (a) Concave Mirror (b) Convex Mirror

Retrieved June 25, 2020 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_mirror

Figure 10. Convex Lens

Retrieved June 27,2020 from: https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/ what-are-
concave-and-convex-lenses-210241/

Figure 11. Concave Lens

Retrieved June 27,2020 from: https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/ what-are-
concave-and-convex-lenses-210241/

Figure 12. (a) Convex (b) Concave Lens

Retrieved June 27,2020 from: https://www.tes.com/lessons/ZS1X98Q7nb2I5g/lens
Figure 13. Diagram of a double-sided mirror
Retrieved June 25, 2020 from:
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-4/Image-Characteristics-
for-Convex-Mirrors

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 EDITOR’S NOTE
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and
addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based
on DepEd’s Most Essential Competencies (MELC). This is a
supplementary material to be used by all learners of
SOCCSKSARGEN Region in all public schools beginning SY
2020-2021. The process of LR development was observed in the
production of this module. This is Version 1.0. We highly
encourage feedback, comments, and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN
Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 228 8825 / (083) 228 1893
Email Address: [email protected]