ASP MODIFICATIONS
ENVE 309
2024-2025 FALL
✓Conventional ASP (CAS)
✓Tapered Aeration ASP
✓Completely-Mixed ASP
✓High Rate ASP
✓Extended Aeration ASP
✓Contact Stabilization ASP
✓Step Aeration ASP
✓Oxidation Ditch
✓Kraus Process
✓Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
✓Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs)
and others
Conventional AS process (CAS)
• PFR
• Long and narrow tank geometry
• RAS and sewage are fed at one
and the same point in aeration
basin.
• The basin configuration will
determine degree of mixing.
• The wastewater entering the
Sludge wastage
tank is aerated by submerged
diffused aerators along one side
or the bottom of the tank (at
depth:2.5-4 m). This placement
maximizes radial mixing while
minimizing axial mixing.
Ɵc=3-15 d; F/M= 0.2-0.4 kg BOD5/kg MLSS.d; MLSS= 1000-3000 mg/L;
td=4-8 h; R=0.25-0.75; %BOD removal=85-95
Tapered aeration ASP Step feed ASP
• More efficient use of oxygen.
• Tank size for aeration may be
reduced to about half the size of
CAS.
• A modification intended to provide
additional aeration capacity to the
first part of the tank and less in
later stages.
Completely Mixed ASP
Use of surface aeration
• CSTR
• Can accept shock loads without
upset.
• Either diffused or surface
aeration
Use of diffused aeration
_____________
_____________
Ɵc=3-15 d; F/M= 0.2 – 0.6 kg BOD5/kg MLSS.d; MLSS= 1500-4000 mg/L;
td=3-5 h; R=0.25-1.0; %BOD removal=85-95
High-rate AS process • CSTR or PFR
• Can accept shock loads without
upset.
• Similar to CAS or Completely
mixed ASP but SRT is much less
and F/M is higher.
• Primarily used as an
intermediate or preliminary
treatment process
• Suitable to high strength wastes
(loading rate > 16 kg
BOD5/m3·day)
Ɵc=0.5-2 d; F/M= 1.5 -5 kg BOD5/kg MLSS.d; MLSS= 200-1000 mg/L;
td=1.5-3 h; R=1-1.5; %BOD removal=60-70
To which D region does High-rate ASP
correspond in chemostat?
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High-rate AS process
Low MLSS conc is maintained in the aeration tank
i.e. High µ and q at low BSRT
Process yield is maximized, which implies that total O2 requirement /unit
S removed / time is minimized even though qo2 is high
Smaller fraction of substrate is oxidized for energy
Although organic removal rate/unit biomass is high, overall removal is
not
High-rate AS process
Since biopolymers responsible for agglomeration are only produced at
low µ, dispersed growth problem!. i.e. Poor bioflocculation
Also, protozoa (slow growing) will be washed out.
High solids concentration in effluent
Extended Aeration ASP
• CSTR
• Applicable to low flows (< 1 MGD)
• Theoretically;
All S is chanelled into energy metabolism
so that no excess biomass is produced
and sludge handling is eliminated.
Yet, it should be realized in practice:
Build up of non degradable materials that
must be wasted and solids in effluent
will increase.
Ɵc=20-40 d (or NA); F/M= 0.04-0.1 kg BOD5/kg MLSS.d; MLSS= 3000-5000 mg/L
td=10-30 h; R=0.5-1.5; %BOD removal=75-95
Extended Aeration ASP
amount of biomass
dX amount oxidized
=0 produced during to provide for energy
dt g organic removal = Requirements
YT (dS/dt)u Va Kd X Va
kd
q=
YT
kd YT Q(SO − Se )
So, q = = Q(So - Se) / Va X Then, Va =
YT kdX
To which D region does Extended ASP
correspond in chemostat?
𝑆𝑟
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D
Extended Aeration ASP
• Total O2 requirement is high since all S removed is
channelled into energy metabolism.
• Although m/o are maintained in the endegeneous growth
phase, the biomass generally agglomerates poorly and
tends to remain dispersed in the clarifier, forming “pin point
floc”
• Protozoa will attack on the flocs
No sludge Wasting!!! So, BSRT is no longer a usefull design
parameter; F/M is more informative...
Sometimes, too low F/M or over-
aeration causes the floc to be very
compact and dense. It settles quickly
and leaves very small floc particles,
called pin-floc, in the supernatant.
14
Contact Stabilization
• CSTR
• When mixed (colloidal+soluble) organics are present in the WW
• Waste quickly contacted with biomass in first aeration tank (Contact Tank-CT)
• Insoluble (colloidal) organics adsorbed to biomass are then digested (i.e.
stabilized) in second aeration tank (Stabilization Tank-ST)
• So, saving in the total tank volume
Assumptions:
Q, So Contact Tank
Vc,Xc,Se
Q(1+R), Xc, Se •All insoluble material is
(Q-Qw), Xe, Se
adsorbed in the CT
•All S entering the ST are me
RQ, Xs,
Ss
tabolized
•Y coeff. for soluble and inso
luble BOD are the same
Stabilization Tank Qw, Xu, Se
Vs, Xs, Ss
Ɵc=5-10 d ; F/M= 0.2-0.6 kg BOD5/kg MLSS.d;
MLSS (CT)= 1000-3000 mg/L; MLSS (ST)=6000-10000 mg/L;
td (CT)=0.5-1 h; td (ST)=2-4 h; R=0.5-1.5; %BOD removal=80-90
Contact Stabilization Due to insoluble Due to soluble
For ST:
dX / dt = 0 = RQX u + YTQfSo + YTRQS e − kdXsVs − RQX s
solvingforVs;
RQ (X U − X S + YTSe ) + YT QfSO
VS =
k d XS Where 𝑓: insoluble organic
matter fraction in WW
For CT:
QXo + RQX s = Q(1 + R) Xc For CT biomass entering and leaving are
equal (neglecting the increase in biomass
XC due to sythesis in CT)
Xo = 0, Then; R =
XS − X C
If Xu=Xs selected by arranging v RQ (YTSe ) + YT QfSO
ery long θc for ST and thus ∆X=0, VS =
system turns to extended aeration. k d XS
Step Aeration ASP
• PFR
• Process is normally designed as a series of CSTR reactors
Advantages:
•Better equalization of waste load
•Lower peak O2 demand, Better O2 demand distribution
•Smaller aeration tank volume Assumptions:
•Inflow is divided equally
Qw, X3, S3
among stages
Qo, So
•Volume of each stage is equal
Q, So Q, So Q, So
V, X1, V, X2, V, X3, (Qo-Qw), Xe, S3
•Avg active biomass in system
S1 S2 S3 Xa= (X1+X2+X3)/3
Xa ≈ X1≈ X2≈ X3
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
RQo, Xr, S3 Qw, Xr, S3
Ɵc=3-15 d; F/M= 0.2-0.4 kg BOD5/kg MLSS.d; MLSS= 1500-4000 mg/L
td=3-5 h; R=0.25-0.75; %BOD removal=85-95
Step Aeration ASP
3Xa V
θC =
Q W X a + (Q O − Q W )X e
S and X Balances for each stage and for the entire system will yield:
(assuming “discontinous model” for a limiting case of Se<<Ks)
1 YT Q O (SO − S3 ) YOBS (SO − S3 ) − X a
= − kd ; R=
θC 3Xa V Xa − Xr
1
QSO + Q O + R S1
QSO + RQ OS3 3
S1 = ; S2 =
1 2
KX a V + Q O + R KX a V + Q O + R
3 3
Oxidation Ditch
• PFR
• Low rate system;Loading rates = ~0.16-0.24 kg BOD5/m3 . d
• Useful for small communities; but large space required.
• 1-1.5 m deep
• Aeration and circulation is provided
by Aeration rotor circulating at about 0.3 m/sec
RAS WAS
Aeration Rotor
(Kessener brush)
Influent 2nd Effluent
Oxidation ditch
clarifier
Ɵc=15-30 d; F/M= 0.04-0.1 kg BOD5/kg MLSS.d; MLSS= 3000-5000 mg/L
td=15-30 h; R=0.75-1.5; %BOD removal=85-95
Oxidation Ditch with Mechanical Aeration
KRAUS PROCESS
To treat wastewater that is deficient in nitrogen. It is also used when activated
sludge has poor settling characteristics. This modification is most applicable for
Treatment of wastewater high in carbohydrates.
The reaeration tank is added.
Recycling and reaeration of
the digester supernatant and
solids occurs.
A portion of the return sludge is
reaerated.
Ammonia released in digester is
coverted to nitrate in the re-aerati
on tank. Then, this nitrate will
serve as N source in the aeration
tank.
Inert solids (or heavy sludge parti
cles) from digester will
improve sludge settling.
KRAUS PROCESS
• Questionable whether it is worth the additional
sludge pumping, aeration basin capacity, and
oxygen transfer compared with addition of
inorganic nutrients (e.g., NH3 and H3PO4).
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)
• Uses membrane separation instead of settling
• Requires much lower footprint than clarifiers
• Very high solids removal efficiency; High-quality effluent (TSS,
COD, bacteria, turbidity, etc.)
• High MLSS concentrations can be obtained (15-20 g/L)
• Very long sludge age will achieve higher COD removal
(up to 99 %); N removal is also possible!
Disadvantages:
• Cost & life expectancy of membrane modules
• Membrane fouling
• Aeration for membrane cleaning very intense
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)
Ɵc<30 d (typical) (10 to 100 d possible); MLSS= 8000-12000 mg/L ; td > 2 h (4-8 h);
R up to 400%; TMP= 2-12 psi; Flux rate= 0.4-1 m3/m2/d %BOD removal = 95-99
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
➢ Fill and draw type reactor
➢ Completely mixed mode; batch mode with
discontinuous flow
➢ Process is carried out sequentially in the same tank
➢ Have five steps in common
➢ Each process period
dedicated to different processes
VF
Operating Sequence for
SBR
VT
VT-Vo=VF
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
• Vo may be anywhere between 25-70 % of VT
• React phase : 0 to >50% Tc
• Settle time: 2 h
• Draw phase: 5-30 % Tc
• Idle Phase: additional time to complete the cycle
Excess sludge wastage may be carried out:
at the end of react phase or at the end of decant phase or
during the idle phase
SBR Plant
In a 2-tank SBR, while one reactor fills, the other
passes thru the other periods of the cycle;
In a 3-tank SBR, after a reactor fills, it has 2 fill
times to pass thru the remaining period of a cycle
(Tc=TF+TF+TF= 3TF).
Therefore, TF=Tc/n
n=number of tanks
