Bharati Vidyapeeth’s
College Of Engineering ,Lavale
,Pune.
Department Of Computer Engineering
Second Year Sem - I
Academic Year 2020-21
Subject : Computer Graphics
Subject Code : 210244
Subject Teacher : Prof. Sanket Sunil Pawar.
UNIT V: CURVES & FRACTALS
Spline Curve :
B-Spine Curve:
B-Spine Curve : Local Control
Bezier Curve : Global Control
Fractals:
A French/American mathematician Dr Benoit Mandelbrot discovered Fractals.
The word fractal was derived from a Latin word fractus which means broken.
What are Fractals?
Fractals are very complex pictures generated by a computer from
a single formula. They are created using iterations. This means
one formula is repeated with slightly different values over and
over again, taking into account the results from the previous
iteration.
Fractals are used in many areas such as −
Astronomy − For analyzing galaxies, rings of Saturn, etc.
Biology/Chemistry − For depicting bacteria cultures, Chemical reactions, human
anatomy, molecules, plants,
Others − For depicting clouds, coastline and borderlines, data compression, diffusion,
economy, fractal art, fractal music, landscapes, special effect, etc.
Generation of Fractals
Fractals can be generated by repeating the same shape over and over again as shown
in the following figure. In figure a shows an equilateral triangle. In figure b, we can
see that the triangle is repeated to create a star-like shape. In figure c, we can see that
the star shape in figure b is repeated again and again to create a new shape.
We can do unlimited number of iteration to create a desired shape. In programming
terms, recursion is used to create such shapes.
Geometric Fractals
Geometric fractals deal with shapes found in nature that have non-integer or fractal
dimensions. To geometrically construct a deterministic nonrandom self-similar fractal,
we start with a given geometric shape, called the initiator. Subparts of the initiator are
then replaced with a pattern, called the generator.
f we use the initiator and generator shown in the above figure, we can construct
good pattern by repeating it. Each straight-line segment in the initiator is
replaced with four equal-length line segments at each step.
Types of Fractals
Fractals in Nature.
Fractals in Computers.
Fractal Shapes.
Fractals in Math.
Fractals in 3D modeling.
Fractal in Information and Data
Management.
Fractals in Computer System
Architecture.
Fractals in other areas of Technology.
What is Koch Curve?
The Koch snowflake (also known as the Koch curve, Koch star, or Koch island)
is a mathematical curve and one of the earliest fractal curves to have been
described.
The progression for the area of the snowflake converges to 8/5 times the area
of the original triangle, while the progression for the snowflake’s perimeter
diverges to infinity. Consequently, the snowflake has a finite area bounded by
an infinitely long line.
1.The Koch snowflake can be constructed by starting with an equilateral triangle, then recursively altering each
line segment as follows:
•Divide the line segment into three segments of equal length.
•Draw an equilateral triangle that has the middle segment from step 1 as its base and points outward.
•Remove the line segment that is the base of the triangle from step 2.
•After one iteration of this process, the resulting shape is the outline of a hexagram.
1.The Koch snowflake is the limit approached as the above steps are followed over and over again.
2.The Koch curve originally described by Koch is constructed with only one of the three sides of the original
triangle.
3.In other words, three Koch curves make a Koch snowflake.
Hilbert Curve:
The Hilbert curve (also known as the Hilbert space-filling curve) is
a continuous fractal space-filling curve first described by the German
mathematician David Hilbert in 1891 as a variant of the space-filling Peano
curves discovered by Giuseppe Peano in 1890.
