📌 SET 1 (100 Questions) – Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions)

1️⃣ Define a haloalkane with an example.​
2️⃣ What is Finkelstein’s reaction?​
3️⃣ Write the IUPAC name of C₂H₅Cl.​
4️⃣ Why do haloalkanes have higher boiling points than alkanes?​
5️⃣ What happens when chlorobenzene reacts with NaOH at 623K and high pressure?​
6️⃣ Why are aryl halides less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution?​
7️⃣ Write the structure of 2-bromo-3-methylpentane.​
8️⃣ What is the major product when bromobenzene reacts with Mg in dry ether?​

🔟
9️⃣ Which is more reactive towards SN1: tert-butyl chloride or methyl chloride?​
Define the Saytzeff rule.​
1️⃣1️⃣ What is Wurtz reaction?​
1️⃣2️⃣ Name the product when ethyl bromide reacts with alcoholic KOH.​
1️⃣3️⃣ What is the role of NaI in Finkelstein’s reaction?​
1️⃣4️⃣ Name a reagent that can distinguish between chlorobenzene and ethyl chloride.​
1️⃣5️⃣ What happens when chlorobenzene is treated with Na metal in dry ether?​
1️⃣6️⃣ Why do SN1 reactions occur faster in polar protic solvents?​
1️⃣7️⃣ What happens when chloroform is exposed to air and sunlight?​
1️⃣8️⃣ Why do fluoroalkanes have the highest bond dissociation energy?​
1️⃣9️⃣ What is the hybridization of carbon in CH₃Cl?​
2️⃣0️⃣ Why does benzyl chloride undergo SN1 reaction faster than chlorobenzene?

🔹 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions)

2️⃣1️⃣ Differentiate between SN1 and SN2 mechanisms with examples.​
2️⃣2️⃣ Convert ethyl chloride to propanoic acid.​
2️⃣3️⃣ Why does chlorobenzene not undergo SN1 reaction easily?​
2️⃣4️⃣ Write the reaction for the preparation of chloroethane from ethanol.​
2️⃣5️⃣ Explain Fittig reaction with an example.​
2️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to p-dichlorobenzene.​
2️⃣7️⃣ Explain why haloalkanes are more reactive than haloarenes towards nucleophiles.​
2️⃣8️⃣ Give an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction in aryl halides.​
2️⃣9️⃣ What happens when chlorobenzene reacts with Na in dry ether?​
3️⃣0️⃣ Explain the mechanism of the reaction between ethyl bromide and KOH in
aqueous solution.​
3️⃣1️⃣ Why is benzyl chloride more reactive towards SN1 reaction than ethyl chloride?​
3️⃣2️⃣ Explain why phenyl chloride is less reactive than benzyl chloride towards
nucleophilic substitution.​
3️⃣3️⃣ Why are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) harmful to the environment?​
3️⃣4️⃣ Differentiate between allyl and aryl halides.​
3️⃣5️⃣ Convert chloroethane to butane.​
3️⃣6️⃣ What is carbylamine reaction? Write an equation.​
3️⃣7️⃣ Write the product of methyl bromide + AgCN.​
3️⃣8️⃣ Explain reductive dehalogenation with an example.​
3️⃣9️⃣ What happens when bromobenzene is treated with excess chlorine?​
4️⃣0️⃣ Why do fluoroalkanes have the highest dipole moment among haloalkanes?

🔹 3-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions)

4️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of SN1 reaction with an example.​
4️⃣2️⃣ Explain why nucleophilic substitution in haloalkanes follows SN1 and SN2
mechanisms.​
4️⃣3️⃣ Convert benzene to p-nitrobromobenzene.​
4️⃣4️⃣ Convert ethyl bromide to but-2-ene.​
4️⃣5️⃣ Why do aryl halides not undergo nucleophilic substitution easily? Explain using
resonance.​
4️⃣6️⃣ Explain the effect of steric hindrance on SN1 and SN2 reactions.​
4️⃣7️⃣ Convert benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol.​
4️⃣8️⃣ What happens when chlorobenzene reacts with methyl chloride in the presence
of AlCl₃?​
4️⃣9️⃣ Explain Sandmeyer’s reaction with an example.​
5️⃣0️⃣ Convert ethyl chloride to propane.​
5️⃣1️⃣ What happens when bromobenzene reacts with NaOH at high temperature and
pressure?​
5️⃣2️⃣ Write the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in benzyl chloride.​
5️⃣3️⃣ Differentiate between allyl halide and aryl halide reactivity.​
5️⃣4️⃣ Convert chloroethane to propanone.​
5️⃣5️⃣ Explain why benzylic halides are highly reactive in SN1 reactions.​
5️⃣6️⃣ What happens when chlorobenzene reacts with Na in dry ether?​
5️⃣7️⃣ Convert ethyl bromide to acetone.​
5️⃣8️⃣ What happens when chlorobenzene reacts with Mg in dry ether?​
5️⃣9️⃣ Convert propene to allyl bromide.​
6️⃣0️⃣ What is Swarts reaction? Write the reaction.
🔹 5-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions)
6️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of SN1 and SN2 reactions with energy diagrams.​
6️⃣2️⃣ Discuss the effect of solvent polarity on SN1 and SN2 reactions.​
6️⃣3️⃣ Convert benzene to p-bromochlorobenzene using proper reactions.​
6️⃣4️⃣ Explain why aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution easily.​
6️⃣5️⃣ Write a detailed mechanism of Finkelstein reaction.​
6️⃣6️⃣ Explain Saytzeff and Hoffmann elimination rules with examples.​
6️⃣7️⃣ Convert benzene to 2,4,6-tribromophenol using proper reactions.​
6️⃣8️⃣ Explain why allyl and benzyl halides undergo SN1 reactions faster than primary
alkyl halides.​
6️⃣9️⃣ Convert chloroethane to ethylamine.​
7️⃣0️⃣ Convert benzene to acetophenone using proper steps.​
7️⃣1️⃣ Explain the industrial method of preparation of chloroethane.​
7️⃣2️⃣ Convert chlorobenzene to aniline using a stepwise reaction.​
7️⃣3️⃣ Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in allyl halides.​
7️⃣4️⃣ Convert bromoethane to butanoic acid.​
7️⃣5️⃣ Explain the reaction of benzyl chloride with NaOH.​
7️⃣6️⃣ Write the mechanism of alcoholysis of haloalkanes.​
7️⃣7️⃣ Convert propene to propanol.​
7️⃣8️⃣ What happens when chlorobenzene reacts with methyl chloride in the presence
of AlCl₃?​
7️⃣9️⃣ Convert methyl bromide to ethanoic acid.​
8️⃣0️⃣ Write the mechanism for the reaction of ethyl bromide with NaI in acetone.
📌 ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS & ETHERS (100
Questions)
🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Quick Concept
Checks
1️⃣ Define a primary alcohol with an example.​
2️⃣ Write the IUPAC name of CH₃-CH(OH)-CH₃.​
3️⃣ What happens when ethanol reacts with Na metal?​
4️⃣ What is the Lucas test used for?​
5️⃣ Why does phenol show acidic nature while alcohols do not?​
6️⃣ Name a reagent that distinguishes between primary, secondary & tertiary alcohols.​
7️⃣ What happens when phenol is treated with Br₂ water?​
8️⃣ What is the product of dehydration of ethanol using conc. H₂SO₄?​

🔟
9️⃣ Write the IUPAC name of CH₃OCH₂CH₃.​
What happens when phenol reacts with FeCl₃?​
1️⃣1️⃣ Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons of similar mass?​
1️⃣2️⃣ What is the functional group of ethers?​
1️⃣3️⃣ Which is more acidic: ethanol or phenol? Why?​
1️⃣4️⃣ What is Williamson’s synthesis?​
1️⃣5️⃣ What happens when methanol is oxidized using acidified KMnO₄?​
1️⃣6️⃣ Write the formula of a tertiary alcohol with four carbon atoms.​
1️⃣7️⃣ Why is phenol more reactive towards electrophiles than benzene?​
1️⃣8️⃣ Name a strong oxidizing agent that can convert a primary alcohol to a carboxylic
acid.​
1️⃣9️⃣ What is the role of ZnCl₂ in Lucas test?​
2️⃣0️⃣ Which is more acidic: ortho-nitrophenol or para-nitrophenol? Why?

🔹 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Short

Explanations & Reactions
2️⃣1️⃣ Write a chemical equation for the preparation of anisole from phenol.​
2️⃣2️⃣ Why do alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions but phenols do not?​
2️⃣3️⃣ Convert ethanol to ethanoic acid.​
2️⃣4️⃣ Why is phenol soluble in water while benzene is not?​
2️⃣5️⃣ Explain Kolbe’s reaction with an example.​
2️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to phenol in two steps.​
2️⃣7️⃣ Explain why the bond angle in ethers is larger than that in alcohols.​
2️⃣8️⃣ What happens when phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid?​
2️⃣9️⃣ Convert ethanol to ethene.​
3️⃣0️⃣ What is the difference between dehydration and dehydrogenation of alcohols?​
3️⃣1️⃣ Explain why boiling points of alcohols are higher than ethers.​
3️⃣2️⃣ Write a reaction to show the Williamson’s synthesis of anisole.​
3️⃣3️⃣ Convert propene to propanol.​
3️⃣4️⃣ What happens when phenol reacts with Zn?​
3️⃣5️⃣ Explain why ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho-methylphenol.​
3️⃣6️⃣ Convert phenol to salicylic acid.​
3️⃣7️⃣ What happens when diethyl ether is treated with HI?​
3️⃣8️⃣ What is the major product when 2-propanol undergoes oxidation?​
3️⃣9️⃣ Why does phenol not react with NaHCO₃?​
4️⃣0️⃣ Convert phenol to benzene.

🔹 3-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Mechanisms &

Applications
4️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of dehydration of alcohols using conc. H₂SO₄.​
4️⃣2️⃣ Convert propanol to propanoic acid.​
4️⃣3️⃣ Convert benzene to p-nitrophenol.​
4️⃣4️⃣ Explain the acidic nature of phenols with resonance structures.​
4️⃣5️⃣ Write the mechanism of the reaction of alcohols with Lucas reagent.​
4️⃣6️⃣ Convert ethyl alcohol to acetaldehyde and then to acetic acid.​
4️⃣7️⃣ Write the mechanism for the preparation of diethyl ether by Williamson’s synthesis.​
4️⃣8️⃣ Explain why alcohols form hydrogen bonds but ethers do not.​
4️⃣9️⃣ Convert benzene to p-hydroxybenzoic acid.​
5️⃣0️⃣ Write the mechanism for the electrophilic substitution of phenol with bromine.​
5️⃣1️⃣ Convert phenol to benzaldehyde.​
5️⃣2️⃣ Explain the differences in reactivity between alcohols and ethers towards acids.​
5️⃣3️⃣ What happens when phenol reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?​
5️⃣4️⃣ Convert ethanol to acetone.​
5️⃣5️⃣ Explain the mechanism of the preparation of phenol from diazonium salts.​
5️⃣6️⃣ Convert methanol to ethanoic acid.​
5️⃣7️⃣ Explain why ethers are relatively unreactive.​
5️⃣8️⃣ What happens when anisole reacts with Br₂ in CS₂?​
5️⃣9️⃣ Convert phenol to benzophenone.​
6️⃣0️⃣ What happens when phenol is treated with CO₂ under high pressure?

🔹 5-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Long

Conversions & Numericals
6️⃣1️⃣ Explain Kolbe’s reaction and Reimer-Tiemann reaction with mechanisms.​
6️⃣2️⃣ Convert ethanol to ethylamine using a multi-step reaction.​
6️⃣3️⃣ Write a detailed mechanism of Williamson’s ether synthesis.​
6️⃣4️⃣ Convert phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol with a proper mechanism.​
6️⃣5️⃣ Explain why phenols undergo electrophilic substitution at the ortho and para
positions.​
6️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to benzyl alcohol in three steps.​
6️⃣7️⃣ Write a detailed mechanism for dehydration of an alcohol to an alkene.​
6️⃣8️⃣ Convert benzene to benzophenone.​
6️⃣9️⃣ Explain why ortho-nitrophenol has a lower boiling point than para-nitrophenol.​
7️⃣0️⃣ Convert ethanol to butanoic acid in four steps.​
7️⃣1️⃣ Explain the reaction of phenol with Br₂ and FeCl₃.​
7️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzene to hydroquinone using a multi-step reaction.​
7️⃣3️⃣ Explain the reaction of ethers with concentrated HI.​
7️⃣4️⃣ Convert ethanol to acetamide.​
7️⃣5️⃣ Write a reaction to prepare anisole using phenol and NaOH.​
7️⃣6️⃣ Explain the mechanism of oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes.​
7️⃣7️⃣ Convert benzene to benzoic acid using a stepwise approach.​
7️⃣8️⃣ Explain the resonance structures of phenol and their effect on acidity.​
7️⃣9️⃣ Convert phenol to salicylaldehyde.​
8️⃣0️⃣ Explain the mechanism of Williamson’s synthesis with an example.
📌 ALDEHYDES & KETONES (100
Questions)
🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Quick Concept
Checks
1️⃣ Write the IUPAC name of CH₃CHO.​
2️⃣ What happens when ethanal is treated with Tollen’s reagent?​
3️⃣ Define a ketone with an example.​
4️⃣ Why do aldehydes undergo nucleophilic addition reactions?​
5️⃣ What is the functional group present in aldehydes and ketones?​
6️⃣ Why is benzaldehyde less reactive than formaldehyde in nucleophilic addition
reactions?​
7️⃣ Which test can distinguish between acetone and ethanol?​
8️⃣ Write the product of the reaction of propanal with Fehling’s solution.​

🔟
9️⃣ Why do aldehydes have higher boiling points than alkanes?​
Which reagent is used in the iodoform test?​
1️⃣1️⃣ What happens when benzaldehyde is heated with NaOH?​
1️⃣2️⃣ What type of isomerism is shown by aldehydes and ketones?​
1️⃣3️⃣ Why is formaldehyde more reactive than acetone?​
1️⃣4️⃣ Write the product of the reaction of ethanal with hydrogen cyanide.​
1️⃣5️⃣ Which test distinguishes between aldehydes and ketones?​
1️⃣6️⃣ Write the formula of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde.​
1️⃣7️⃣ What happens when acetone is reduced with LiAlH₄?​
1️⃣8️⃣ Why does benzophenone not respond to the Fehling’s test?​
1️⃣9️⃣ Why are aldehydes more reactive towards nucleophiles than ketones?​
2️⃣0️⃣ Which aldehyde does not give a silver mirror test?

🔹 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Short

Explanations & Reactions
2️⃣1️⃣ Differentiate between aldehydes and ketones based on their structure.​
2️⃣2️⃣ Write a chemical reaction for the preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene.​
2️⃣3️⃣ Convert ethanol to ethanal.​
2️⃣4️⃣ Why are lower aldehydes more soluble in water than higher aldehydes?​
2️⃣5️⃣ Write the reaction for aldol condensation.​
2️⃣6️⃣ Convert propanol to propanone.​
2️⃣7️⃣ Explain why ketones are less reactive than aldehydes.​
2️⃣8️⃣ What happens when acetone is treated with HCN?​
2️⃣9️⃣ Convert acetaldehyde to lactic acid.​
3️⃣0️⃣ Write a reaction to prepare benzophenone from benzene.​
3️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition in aldehydes.​
3️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol.​
3️⃣3️⃣ What is the effect of electron-withdrawing groups on the reactivity of aldehydes?​
3️⃣4️⃣ Convert propanol to propanoic acid.​
3️⃣5️⃣ Why do ketones not give Fehling’s test?​
3️⃣6️⃣ Convert acetaldehyde to butan-2-one.​
3️⃣7️⃣ Write the reaction for the preparation of benzophenone from benzoyl chloride.​
3️⃣8️⃣ What happens when aldehydes react with ammonia?​
3️⃣9️⃣ Convert acetophenone to benzoic acid.​
4️⃣0️⃣ Explain the Clemmensen reduction reaction.

🔹 3-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Mechanisms &

Applications
4️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition in aldehydes and ketones.​
4️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzaldehyde to cinnamic acid.​
4️⃣3️⃣ Convert acetone to isopropanol.​
4️⃣4️⃣ Why are ketones less reactive towards nucleophilic addition than aldehydes?​
4️⃣5️⃣ Write the mechanism of aldol condensation.​
4️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to benzophenone.​
4️⃣7️⃣ Write the mechanism of reaction of acetaldehyde with 2,4-DNP.​
4️⃣8️⃣ Explain why formaldehyde is a good reducing agent.​
4️⃣9️⃣ Convert acetone to tert-butanol.​
5️⃣0️⃣ Write the mechanism of Fehling’s test.​
5️⃣1️⃣ Convert benzaldehyde to benzoic acid using KMnO₄.​
5️⃣2️⃣ Explain why the boiling points of aldehydes are higher than hydrocarbons.​
5️⃣3️⃣ What happens when aldehydes react with ammonia derivatives?​
5️⃣4️⃣ Convert benzaldehyde to benzylamine.​
5️⃣5️⃣ Explain the reaction of benzophenone with Grignard reagent.​
5️⃣6️⃣ Convert methanol to ethanal.​
5️⃣7️⃣ What happens when formaldehyde is treated with NaOH?​
5️⃣8️⃣ Convert benzaldehyde to hydrobenzoin.​
5️⃣9️⃣ Explain why aldehydes are more reactive than ketones.​
6️⃣0️⃣ Convert benzophenone to benzene.

🔹 5-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Long

Conversions & Numericals
6️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition in aldehydes with an example.​
6️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzene to acetophenone.​
6️⃣3️⃣ Write a detailed mechanism of aldol condensation.​
6️⃣4️⃣ Convert benzophenone to benzyl alcohol in three steps.​
6️⃣5️⃣ Explain the effect of resonance on the reactivity of benzaldehyde.​
6️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to benzyl alcohol using stepwise reactions.​
6️⃣7️⃣ Write a detailed mechanism for the reaction of acetone with NH₂OH.​
6️⃣8️⃣ Convert acetaldehyde to ethanoic acid.​
6️⃣9️⃣ Explain why acetophenone is less reactive than acetaldehyde.​
7️⃣0️⃣ Convert benzaldehyde to benzophenone.​
7️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of Clemmensen reduction.​
7️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzene to acetaldehyde using a multi-step reaction.​
7️⃣3️⃣ Explain the reaction of aldehydes with NaHSO₃.​
7️⃣4️⃣ Convert acetone to hydroxyacetone.​
7️⃣5️⃣ Explain the role of Grignard reagents in ketone synthesis.​
7️⃣6️⃣ Write a reaction to prepare benzophenone from benzyl chloride.​
7️⃣7️⃣ Explain the reaction of aldehydes with Schiff’s reagent.​
7️⃣8️⃣ Convert benzophenone to benzene using Zn/HCl.​
7️⃣9️⃣ Explain why aldehydes undergo oxidation easily.​
8️⃣0️⃣ Explain the reaction mechanism of oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
📌 AMINES (100 Questions)
🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Quick Concept
Checks
1️⃣ Define an amine with an example.​
2️⃣ Write the IUPAC name of CH₃NH₂.​
3️⃣ What is the functional group of amines?​
4️⃣ Which is more basic: ethylamine or aniline? Why?​
5️⃣ Write the chemical formula of aniline.​
6️⃣ What happens when aniline reacts with bromine water?​
7️⃣ Why do amines form hydrogen bonds?​
8️⃣ Name a reagent that can distinguish between primary, secondary & tertiary amines.​

🔟
9️⃣ What is Hinsberg’s reagent?​
Why do aliphatic amines have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons?​
1️⃣1️⃣ Write the formula of a secondary amine with three carbon atoms.​
1️⃣2️⃣ What happens when aniline reacts with acetic anhydride?​
1️⃣3️⃣ Why is aniline less basic than ammonia?​
1️⃣4️⃣ Write the reaction of aniline with HCl.​
1️⃣5️⃣ What happens when methylamine reacts with nitrous acid?​
1️⃣6️⃣ Which is more basic: ammonia or aniline? Why?​
1️⃣7️⃣ What is the common name of CH₃NH₂?​
1️⃣8️⃣ Why do aromatic amines not undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions easily?​
1️⃣9️⃣ What happens when aniline is treated with NaNO₂ and HCl at 273 K?​
2️⃣0️⃣ Name the product obtained when aniline is reduced using Sn/HCl.

🔹 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Short

Explanations & Reactions
2️⃣1️⃣ Differentiate between primary, secondary & tertiary amines.​
2️⃣2️⃣ Write a reaction for the preparation of ethylamine from ethanol.​
2️⃣3️⃣ Why is aniline a weaker base than aliphatic amines?​
2️⃣4️⃣ Convert benzene to aniline in two steps.​
2️⃣5️⃣ What happens when aniline reacts with benzoyl chloride?​
2️⃣6️⃣ Explain Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction with an equation.​
2️⃣7️⃣ Convert nitrobenzene to aniline.​
2️⃣8️⃣ Write the structure of N,N-dimethyl aniline.​
2️⃣9️⃣ What happens when aniline reacts with concentrated H₂SO₄?​
3️⃣0️⃣ Explain why amines act as nucleophiles.​
3️⃣1️⃣ Convert benzamide to aniline.​
3️⃣2️⃣ Why does aniline react with Br₂ water without a catalyst?​
3️⃣3️⃣ Explain the reaction of methylamine with nitrous acid.​
3️⃣4️⃣ Convert aniline to p-bromoaniline.​
3️⃣5️⃣ Explain why amines form salts with acids.​
3️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to N-methyl aniline.​
3️⃣7️⃣ What happens when aniline reacts with acetic anhydride?​
3️⃣8️⃣ Explain the structure and hybridization of amines.​
3️⃣9️⃣ Convert ethylamine to ethyl isocyanide.​
4️⃣0️⃣ What happens when ethylamine reacts with excess CH₃I?

🔹 3-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Mechanisms &

Applications
4️⃣1️⃣ Explain the basicity of amines in aqueous and gaseous phases.​
4️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzene to benzylamine.​
4️⃣3️⃣ Convert aniline to benzoic acid.​
4️⃣4️⃣ Explain why tertiary amines do not undergo acylation reactions.​
4️⃣5️⃣ Write the mechanism of the reaction of aniline with nitrous acid.​
4️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to N,N-dimethyl aniline.​
4️⃣7️⃣ Explain why aryl amines are weaker bases than alkyl amines.​
4️⃣8️⃣ Write the mechanism of the reaction of aniline with acetyl chloride.​
4️⃣9️⃣ Convert benzyl chloride to benzylamine.​
5️⃣0️⃣ Explain why amines are more soluble in water than hydrocarbons.​
5️⃣1️⃣ Convert benzamide to benzylamine.​
5️⃣2️⃣ Explain why aniline is more reactive towards electrophiles than benzene.​
5️⃣3️⃣ Convert aniline to benzophenone.​
5️⃣4️⃣ Write the mechanism of Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.​
5️⃣5️⃣ Explain why diazonium salts are useful intermediates in organic synthesis.​
5️⃣6️⃣ Convert aniline to p-hydroxyaniline.​
5️⃣7️⃣ What happens when aniline reacts with CH₃I in excess?​
5️⃣8️⃣ Convert nitrobenzene to 1,3-dibromobenzene.​
5️⃣9️⃣ Explain why primary amines form stable salts with acids.​
6️⃣0️⃣ Convert benzyl chloride to benzamide.
🔹 5-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Long
Conversions & Numericals
6️⃣1️⃣ Explain the preparation of amines by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.​
6️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzene to p-toluidine.​
6️⃣3️⃣ Write a detailed mechanism of Hoffmann bromamide reaction.​
6️⃣4️⃣ Convert nitrobenzene to benzophenone using stepwise reactions.​
6️⃣5️⃣ Explain the structure and bonding in amines.​
6️⃣6️⃣ Convert benzene to benzyl alcohol using stepwise reactions.​
6️⃣7️⃣ Write a detailed mechanism for the reaction of aniline with nitrous acid.​
6️⃣8️⃣ Convert benzene to m-bromoaniline.​
6️⃣9️⃣ Explain why amines act as Lewis bases.​
7️⃣0️⃣ Convert benzene to benzophenone.​
7️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of diazotization reaction in aniline.​
7️⃣2️⃣ Convert benzene to aniline using a multi-step reaction.​
7️⃣3️⃣ Explain the reaction of amines with Hinsberg’s reagent.​
7️⃣4️⃣ Convert ethylamine to propanoic acid.​
7️⃣5️⃣ Explain the role of Grignard reagents in amine synthesis.​
7️⃣6️⃣ Write a reaction to prepare aniline using benzamide.​
7️⃣7️⃣ Explain the reaction of amines with acetyl chloride.​
7️⃣8️⃣ Convert benzophenone to benzene using Zn/HCl.​
7️⃣9️⃣ Explain why aromatic amines undergo electrophilic substitution at the ortho and para
positions.​
8️⃣0️⃣ Explain the mechanism of diazo coupling reactions with an example.
📌 BIOMOLECULES (100 Questions)
🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Quick Concept
Checks
1️⃣ Define carbohydrates with an example.​
2️⃣ Write the general formula of monosaccharides.​
3️⃣ What is a reducing sugar? Give an example.​
4️⃣ Name the linkage present in proteins.​
5️⃣ Give one example of an essential amino acid.​
6️⃣ What is a zwitterion?​
7️⃣ Define the primary structure of proteins.​
8️⃣ What type of bonding stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?​

🔟
9️⃣ Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes rickets.​
What is the basic structural unit of nucleic acids?​
1️⃣1️⃣ Define enzymes.​
1️⃣2️⃣ Name the two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms.​
1️⃣3️⃣ What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?​
1️⃣4️⃣ Define denaturation of proteins.​
1️⃣5️⃣ What is the difference between starch and cellulose?​
1️⃣6️⃣ What are globular proteins?​
1️⃣7️⃣ Name a water-soluble vitamin.​
1️⃣8️⃣ Which nitrogen base is present in RNA but not in DNA?​
1️⃣9️⃣ Name the sugar present in DNA.​
2️⃣0️⃣ What are non-reducing sugars? Give an example.

🔹 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Short

Explanations & Reactions
2️⃣1️⃣ Differentiate between monosaccharides and disaccharides with examples.​
2️⃣2️⃣ What happens when glucose reacts with bromine water?​
2️⃣3️⃣ How do α-glucose and β-glucose differ?​
2️⃣4️⃣ Write the Haworth structure of fructose.​
2️⃣5️⃣ What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?​
2️⃣6️⃣ Explain the role of enzymes in biological reactions.​
2️⃣7️⃣ What are vitamins? Classify them based on solubility.​
2️⃣8️⃣ How does denaturation affect the structure of proteins?​
2️⃣9️⃣ What are the three types of RNA? Mention their functions.​
3️⃣0️⃣ Why are carbohydrates called polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones?​
3️⃣1️⃣ Explain the term mutarotation with an example.​
3️⃣2️⃣ Differentiate between RNA and DNA.​
3️⃣3️⃣ Write the structure of an α-amino acid.​
3️⃣4️⃣ What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?​
3️⃣5️⃣ What are nucleotides and nucleosides?​
3️⃣6️⃣ What is the function of vitamin C in the human body?​
3️⃣7️⃣ Why are enzymes specific in their action?​
3️⃣8️⃣ Define hydrogen bonding in proteins.​
3️⃣9️⃣ What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?​
4️⃣0️⃣ Explain the term "feedback inhibition" in enzyme action.

🔹 3-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Mechanisms &

Applications
4️⃣1️⃣ Explain the structure and function of cellulose.​
4️⃣2️⃣ How do enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions?​
4️⃣3️⃣ What are reducing and non-reducing sugars? Explain with examples.​
4️⃣4️⃣ Explain the different types of proteins with examples.​
4️⃣5️⃣ What are the different levels of protein structure?​
4️⃣6️⃣ Describe the structure of α-helix and β-pleated sheet in proteins.​
4️⃣7️⃣ What happens when glucose is oxidized with nitric acid?​
4️⃣8️⃣ What is the effect of pH on amino acids? Explain with a diagram.​
4️⃣9️⃣ How do vitamins act as coenzymes?​
5️⃣0️⃣ What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?​
5️⃣1️⃣ Explain the function of hemoglobin as a protein.​
5️⃣2️⃣ Differentiate between starch and glycogen.​
5️⃣3️⃣ Why do nucleic acids undergo hydrolysis?​
5️⃣4️⃣ Describe the process of DNA replication.​
5️⃣5️⃣ How does vitamin D prevent bone disorders?​
5️⃣6️⃣ What happens when proteins undergo hydrolysis?​
5️⃣7️⃣ Describe the different forms of RNA and their functions.​
5️⃣8️⃣ What happens when sucrose undergoes hydrolysis?​
5️⃣9️⃣ What is the role of ATP in metabolism?​
6️⃣0️⃣ Explain the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition.
🔹 5-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Long
Explanations & Applications
6️⃣1️⃣ Explain the structure and function of DNA.​
6️⃣2️⃣ Describe the process of protein synthesis in cells.​
6️⃣3️⃣ Explain the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins.​
6️⃣4️⃣ Write the structure and function of different vitamins.​
6️⃣5️⃣ What are essential amino acids? Why are they important?​
6️⃣6️⃣ Explain the significance of enzymes in metabolism.​
6️⃣7️⃣ How do DNA and RNA differ in structure and function?​
6️⃣8️⃣ Describe the process of digestion of carbohydrates in the human body.​
6️⃣9️⃣ How does vitamin deficiency lead to diseases? Give examples.​
7️⃣0️⃣ What are the different types of linkages found in biomolecules?​
7️⃣1️⃣ Explain how nucleic acids are responsible for heredity.​
7️⃣2️⃣ Describe the process of transcription and translation in cells.​
7️⃣3️⃣ How are monosaccharides converted into disaccharides? Explain with reactions.​
7️⃣4️⃣ Explain the lock and key model of enzyme action.​
7️⃣5️⃣ What is denaturation of proteins? Give examples.​
7️⃣6️⃣ How do hormones regulate body metabolism?​
7️⃣7️⃣ Explain the process of energy production from glucose.​
7️⃣8️⃣ Describe the role of vitamins in enzyme function.​
7️⃣9️⃣ Explain the process of glycolysis and its importance.​
8️⃣0️⃣ What are the structural differences between starch and cellulose?
📌 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (100
Questions)
🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Quick Concept
Checks
1️⃣ Define molar conductivity.​
2️⃣ Write the Nernst equation for a Zn²⁺/Zn half-cell.​
3️⃣ State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis.​
4️⃣ What is the SI unit of conductivity?​
5️⃣ Define order of a reaction.​
6️⃣ What is the difference between molecularity and order of a reaction?​
7️⃣ Why does the rate of a reaction increase with temperature?​
8️⃣ State Raoult’s law.​

🔟
9️⃣ What is an ideal solution?​
What is meant by an azeotropic mixture?​
1️⃣1️⃣ Define the term osmotic pressure.​
1️⃣2️⃣ What is the van’t Hoff factor?​
1️⃣3️⃣ What is the unit of rate constant for a first-order reaction?​
1️⃣4️⃣ What is the difference between adsorption and absorption?​
1️⃣5️⃣ Why are transition metals good catalysts?​
1️⃣6️⃣ Define Henry’s law.​
1️⃣7️⃣ Write an example of heterogeneous catalysis.​
1️⃣8️⃣ What happens when an electrolyte is added to a colloidal solution?​
1️⃣9️⃣ What is the role of a salt bridge in an electrochemical cell?​
2️⃣0️⃣ What is the relation between Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and EMF of a cell?

🔹 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Short

Explanations & Reactions
2️⃣1️⃣ Differentiate between an electrochemical cell and an electrolytic cell.​
2️⃣2️⃣ Explain Kohlrausch’s Law and its applications.​
2️⃣3️⃣ Why does the conductivity of a solution decrease with dilution?​
2️⃣4️⃣ Derive the relation between standard free energy change (ΔG°) and EMF of a cell.​
2️⃣5️⃣ Differentiate between order and molecularity of a reaction.​
2️⃣6️⃣ What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction?​
2️⃣7️⃣ Explain the common ion effect with an example.​
2️⃣8️⃣ Define colligative properties and name four of them.​
2️⃣9️⃣ What is the significance of the Arrhenius equation?​
3️⃣0️⃣ Why do transition metals form colored compounds?​
3️⃣1️⃣ What is the difference between physisorption and chemisorption?​
3️⃣2️⃣ Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.​
3️⃣3️⃣ Write the integrated rate equation for a first-order reaction.​
3️⃣4️⃣ Define reverse osmosis. Give one application.​
3️⃣5️⃣ What is the importance of van’t Hoff factor in colligative properties?​
3️⃣6️⃣ Explain the effect of dilution on the colligative properties of solutions.​
3️⃣7️⃣ Explain the significance of the equilibrium constant (K) in chemical equilibrium.​
3️⃣8️⃣ Write the cell reaction and EMF for a Daniell cell.​
3️⃣9️⃣ Define the rate of reaction and specific rate constant.​
4️⃣0️⃣ How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?

🔹 3-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Mechanisms &

Applications
4️⃣1️⃣ Derive the Nernst equation for a single electrode potential.​
4️⃣2️⃣ Calculate the standard EMF of a Zn-Cu cell given E°Zn²⁺/Zn = -0.76V and E°Cu²⁺/Cu
= 0.34V.​
4️⃣3️⃣ Explain the working of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.​
4️⃣4️⃣ Why do strong electrolytes have high molar conductivity at infinite dilution?​
4️⃣5️⃣ Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solutions with examples.​
4️⃣6️⃣ Explain why the boiling point of a solution increases on adding a non-volatile solute.​
4️⃣7️⃣ Define osmotic pressure and explain its importance in biological systems.​
4️⃣8️⃣ Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 10g of glucose in 100g of water.
(Kf = 1.86 K kg mol⁻¹).​
4️⃣9️⃣ Differentiate between rate of reaction and rate constant.​
5️⃣0️⃣ Derive the integrated rate law for a first-order reaction.​
5️⃣1️⃣ Explain why the half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of initial
concentration.​
5️⃣2️⃣ Show that a zero-order reaction follows linear kinetics.​
5️⃣3️⃣ Explain the Arrhenius equation and its significance in chemical kinetics.​
5️⃣4️⃣ Write the mechanism of the heterogeneous catalysis in the hydrogenation of ethene.​
5️⃣5️⃣ Explain why emulsions are considered colloidal solutions.​
5️⃣6️⃣ Describe the role of adsorption in heterogeneous catalysis.​
5️⃣7️⃣ Explain how the rate of reaction changes with temperature and activation energy.​
5️⃣8️⃣ Explain the concept of colligative properties using vapor pressure lowering.​
5️⃣9️⃣ Write two important industrial applications of electrochemistry.​
6️⃣0️⃣ Explain the effect of pressure on the solubility of gases in liquids.

🔹 5-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Long

Explanations & Applications
6️⃣1️⃣ Derive the relationship between Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and EMF of a cell.​
6️⃣2️⃣ Explain the variation of molar conductivity with dilution for strong and weak
electrolytes.​
6️⃣3️⃣ Explain the working of a lead storage battery with reactions.​
6️⃣4️⃣ Calculate the time required to deposit 1.5g of aluminum from AlCl₃ solution using a
current of 3A. (Atomic mass of Al = 27 u, 1F = 96500 C).​
6️⃣5️⃣ Derive the rate equation for a first-order reaction and show that its half-life is
independent of concentration.​
6️⃣6️⃣ Explain the kinetic molecular theory of gases and how it relates to reaction rates.​
6️⃣7️⃣ Write a detailed note on catalysts and their types.​
6️⃣8️⃣ Derive the integrated rate equation for a zero-order reaction.​
6️⃣9️⃣ Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for a reaction at 25°C if the standard EMF of
the cell is 1.1V.​
7️⃣0️⃣ Explain the effect of temperature on equilibrium constant (K) and reaction rate.​
7️⃣1️⃣ Explain the mechanism of enzyme catalysis and its industrial applications.​
7️⃣2️⃣ Describe the concept of fractional distillation and azeotropes in solutions.​
7️⃣3️⃣ Explain the classification of colloids and their applications in daily life.​
7️⃣4️⃣ Explain the working and importance of a fuel cell.​
7️⃣5️⃣ Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution containing 5g of urea in 500mL of water
at 298K. (R = 0.0821 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹).​
7️⃣6️⃣ Describe the role of surfactants in detergents and emulsions.​
7️⃣7️⃣ Derive the relationship between van’t Hoff factor and colligative properties.​
7️⃣8️⃣ Discuss the applications of electrochemistry in corrosion prevention.​
7️⃣9️⃣ Explain how electrolysis is used for metal extraction and refining.​
8️⃣0️⃣ Derive the equation for the rate of change of potential of a cell with temperature.
📌 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (100
Questions)
🔹 1-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Quick Concept
Checks
1️⃣ What is lanthanide contraction?​
2️⃣ Why do transition metals form colored compounds?​
3️⃣ Write the electronic configuration of Cr (Z = 24).​
4️⃣ What is the oxidation state of Mn in KMnO₄?​
5️⃣ Why do transition metals show variable oxidation states?​
6️⃣ What are interstitial compounds?​
7️⃣ Why does Zn not show variable oxidation states?​
8️⃣ Define crystal field splitting.​

🔟
9️⃣ Name one ore of iron.​
What is the IUPAC name of [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺?​
1️⃣1️⃣ What is the difference between coordination number and oxidation number?​
1️⃣2️⃣ Write an example of a bidentate ligand.​
1️⃣3️⃣ What is the shape of [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ according to VBT?​
1️⃣4️⃣ Why do actinoids show a greater range of oxidation states than lanthanoids?​
1️⃣5️⃣ Name one homoleptic complex.​
1️⃣6️⃣ What is the formula of potassium ferricyanide?​
1️⃣7️⃣ Define chelation with an example.​
1️⃣8️⃣ What is the primary valency of Cr in [Cr(NH₃)₆]Cl₃?​
1️⃣9️⃣ Which is more basic: lanthanoids or actinoids?​
2️⃣0️⃣ Name a coordination compound used in chemotherapy.

🔹 2-MARK QUESTIONS (20 Questions) – Short

Explanations & Reactions
2️⃣1️⃣ Explain why Zn²⁺ compounds are colorless while Cu²⁺ compounds are colored.​
2️⃣2️⃣ Differentiate between lanthanoids and actinoids.​
2️⃣3️⃣ Why do transition metals act as good catalysts?​
2️⃣4️⃣ Write the IUPAC name of [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻.​
2️⃣5️⃣ Explain the spectrochemical series.​
2️⃣6️⃣ Why do coordination compounds show isomerism?​
2️⃣7️⃣ What is the effect of lanthanide contraction on atomic radii?​
2️⃣8️⃣ Explain the role of KMnO₄ in redox titrations.​
2️⃣9️⃣ How does the presence of ligands affect the stability of a coordination compound?​
3️⃣0️⃣ Why is Sc considered a transition metal even though it has only one oxidation state?​
3️⃣1️⃣ Define linkage isomerism with an example.​
3️⃣2️⃣ Explain why K₂Cr₂O₇ is used as an oxidizing agent.​
3️⃣3️⃣ What happens when Fe³⁺ reacts with SCN⁻?​
3️⃣4️⃣ What are metal carbonyls? Give one example.​
3️⃣5️⃣ Explain the difference between geometrical and optical isomerism in coordination
compounds.​
3️⃣6️⃣ Why do transition metals form alloys easily?​
3️⃣7️⃣ What is the charge on the central metal atom in [Co(en)₃]³⁺?​
3️⃣8️⃣ Explain why [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ is square planar while [NiCl₄]²⁻ is tetrahedral.​
3️⃣9️⃣ Write the structure of [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺.​
4️⃣0️⃣ What is the difference between inner and outer orbital complexes?

🔹 3-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Trends &

Applications
4️⃣1️⃣ Explain why Mn²⁺ is more stable than Fe²⁺ in aqueous solution.​
4️⃣2️⃣ Write the oxidation states of Cr in CrO₃, Cr₂O₇²⁻, and CrO₄²⁻.​
4️⃣3️⃣ How does lanthanide contraction affect the chemical properties of elements?​
4️⃣4️⃣ Why do transition metals form coordination compounds easily?​
4️⃣5️⃣ Explain why CuSO₄ is blue in color.​
4️⃣6️⃣ Write the balanced equation for the oxidation of Fe²⁺ by KMnO₄ in acidic medium.​
4️⃣7️⃣ Explain why actinoids exhibit greater irregularities in their oxidation states than
lanthanoids.​
4️⃣8️⃣ Discuss the hybridization and geometry of [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻.​
4️⃣9️⃣ Write the structural difference between cis and trans isomers of [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂].​
5️⃣0️⃣ Why are d-block elements used in making stainless steel?​
5️⃣1️⃣ Write the IUPAC name of [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂].​
5️⃣2️⃣ Why does K₂Cr₂O₇ act as an oxidizing agent in acidic medium?​
5️⃣3️⃣ Write the equations for the preparation of potassium dichromate from chromite ore.​
5️⃣4️⃣ Explain the Werner’s theory of coordination compounds.​
5️⃣5️⃣ What is the role of EDTA in complexometric titrations?​
5️⃣6️⃣ How does the color of a coordination complex depend on the ligand field strength?​
5️⃣7️⃣ Explain the difference between tetrahedral and square planar complexes.​
5️⃣8️⃣ Explain why transition elements have high melting and boiling points.​
5️⃣9️⃣ How does the oxidation state of iron affect the color of its complexes?​
6️⃣0️⃣ Write a short note on the catalytic properties of transition metals.

🔹 5-MARK QUESTIONS (30 Questions) – Long

Explanations & Applications
6️⃣1️⃣ Explain the oxidation states and trends in the d-block elements.​
6️⃣2️⃣ What are the different types of isomerism in coordination compounds? Explain with
examples.​
6️⃣3️⃣ Describe the structure and bonding in metal carbonyls.​
6️⃣4️⃣ Write the balanced chemical reactions involved in the manufacture of K₂Cr₂O₇.​
6️⃣5️⃣ How do the magnetic properties of transition metals vary across the series?​
6️⃣6️⃣ Explain crystal field theory (CFT) and its application in transition metal complexes.​
6️⃣7️⃣ Explain the preparation, properties, and uses of KMnO₄.​
6️⃣8️⃣ Discuss the biological significance of coordination compounds.​
6️⃣9️⃣ Explain why the color of transition metal complexes depends on ligand strength.​
7️⃣0️⃣ Discuss the use of lanthanide compounds in medical imaging.​
7️⃣1️⃣ Explain the industrial applications of coordination compounds.​
7️⃣2️⃣ Describe the splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral field according to CFT.​
7️⃣3️⃣ Explain the role of transition metals in catalysis.​
7️⃣4️⃣ Discuss the trends in melting and boiling points of d-block elements.​
7️⃣5️⃣ Describe the preparation, structure, and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇.​
7️⃣6️⃣ Explain why lanthanoids have lower ionization enthalpy than actinoids.​
7️⃣7️⃣ Discuss the importance of chelation in biological systems.​
7️⃣8️⃣ Explain the formation of interstitial compounds in transition metals.​
7️⃣9️⃣ Describe the process of extraction of iron from its ore.​
8️⃣0️⃣ Explain how ligand field theory is different from valence bond theory.

🔥 CBSE Class 12 Chemistry – 100 Most Probable Application-Based

Questions (Physical, Inorganic & Organic) 🚀

(Based on CBSE PYQs, NCERT & Arihant All-in-One Analysis)

📌 Breakdown:​
✅ 30 Physical Chemistry Questions – Real-world numericals, industrial &
✅ 30 Inorganic Chemistry Questions – Coordination compounds, metallurgy,
environmental applications​

✅ 40 Organic Chemistry Questions – Drug chemistry, polymer applications,

catalysts, biomolecules​

industrial synthesis

📌 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (30 Questions) – Real-Life

Numericals & Applications
1️⃣ Electrochemistry: How are fuel cells used in electric vehicles? Explain with
reactions.​
2️⃣ Electrochemistry: How does corrosion affect bridges and buildings? Explain the
electrochemical process and prevention methods.​
3️⃣ Electrochemistry: Why is silver chloride stored in dark bottles? Explain in terms of
photochemical reactions.​
4️⃣ Electrochemistry: Why are lithium-ion batteries preferred in mobile phones? Explain
using electrochemical principles.​
5️⃣ Electrochemistry: Calculate the time required to deposit 1g of copper using
electrolysis with a 2A current.​
6️⃣ Chemical Kinetics: Why does food spoil faster in summer than in winter? Explain
using Arrhenius equation.​
7️⃣ Chemical Kinetics: Explain how temperature affects the rate of drug metabolism in
the human body.​
8️⃣ Chemical Kinetics: How does a catalyst increase the efficiency of chemical reactions
in industry?​
9️⃣ Solutions: Why do cold drinks taste different when chilled vs. warm? Explain in terms

🔟
of solubility and Henry’s Law.​
Solutions: Why do antifreeze solutions help prevent freezing in car radiators?
Explain with colligative properties.​
1️⃣1️⃣ Solid State: Why are semiconductors used in solar panels? Explain their working
principle.​
1️⃣2️⃣ Solid State: Why is glass considered a supercooled liquid?​
1️⃣3️⃣ Adsorption: How do gas masks protect workers in chemical industries? Explain in
terms of adsorption.​
1️⃣4️⃣ Adsorption: Why is activated charcoal used in water filters? Explain adsorption
principles.​
1️⃣5️⃣ Colligative Properties: Why is intravenous (IV) fluid isotonic to blood? Explain with
osmotic pressure.​
1️⃣6️⃣ Colligative Properties: Why is salt used to melt ice on roads in cold regions?​
1️⃣7️⃣ Thermodynamics: Why do athletes drink electrolyte solutions after heavy exercise?​
1️⃣8️⃣ Thermodynamics: Why does a hot cup of coffee cool down over time? Explain in
terms of entropy.​
1️⃣9️⃣ Chemical Kinetics: How do catalytic converters in cars reduce pollution?​
2️⃣0️⃣ Electrochemistry: Why is platinum used in fuel cells?​
2️⃣1️⃣ Electrochemistry: Why do aluminum containers resist corrosion even though
aluminum is reactive?​
2️⃣2️⃣ Chemical Kinetics: Explain why light-sensitive medicines are stored in
amber-colored bottles.​
2️⃣3️⃣ Electrochemistry: Why is NaCl added to water to conduct electricity?​
2️⃣4️⃣ Colligative Properties: Why do fish survive in freezing lakes during winter? Explain
with colligative properties.​
2️⃣5️⃣ Solutions: Why is ethanol used in perfumes? Explain in terms of volatility.​
2️⃣6️⃣ Electrochemistry: How is electroplating used to protect iron from rusting?​
2️⃣7️⃣ Electrochemistry: Why are rechargeable batteries better than normal batteries?​
2️⃣8️⃣ Thermodynamics: How does pressure cooking reduce cooking time? Explain with
thermodynamic principles.​
2️⃣9️⃣ Adsorption: Why are catalysts in industries used in finely divided form?​
3️⃣0️⃣ Solid State: Why does graphite conduct electricity but diamond does not?

📌 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (30 Questions) – Industrial &

Environmental Applications
3️⃣1️⃣ Coordination Compounds: How does EDTA help in water softening? Explain.​
3️⃣2️⃣ Coordination Compounds: How are metal complexes used in chemotherapy for
cancer treatment?​
3️⃣3️⃣ Coordination Compounds: Why is K₄[Fe(CN)₆] used in blueprints?​
3️⃣4️⃣ Coordination Compounds: How does hemoglobin carry oxygen in the blood?​
3️⃣5️⃣ Metallurgy: Why is gold purified using the cyanide process? Explain the principle.​
3️⃣6️⃣ Metallurgy: Why is aluminum used for making aircraft bodies? Explain in terms of
density and reactivity.​
3️⃣7️⃣ Metallurgy: How does electrolysis help in the extraction of aluminum? Explain
Hall-Héroult process.​
3️⃣8️⃣ Coordination Chemistry: Why does rusting occur faster in coastal areas?​
3️⃣9️⃣ p-Block Elements: Why is ozone important for Earth’s atmosphere? Explain its
formation and depletion.​
4️⃣0️⃣ p-Block Elements: Why is chlorine used in water treatment plants?​
4️⃣1️⃣ d-Block Elements: Why do transition metals show catalytic properties?​
4️⃣2️⃣ p-Block Elements: Why are noble gases used in light bulbs?​
4️⃣3️⃣ p-Block Elements: Why is sulfuric acid called the "King of Chemicals"?​
4️⃣4️⃣ p-Block Elements: How is silicon used in making electronic chips?​
4️⃣5️⃣ Coordination Compounds: Why is cisplatin used in cancer treatment?​
4️⃣6️⃣ Metallurgy: Why is iron coated with zinc (galvanization)?​
4️⃣7️⃣ Coordination Compounds: Why is [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ blue while [CuCl₄]²⁻ is yellow?
Explain.​
4️⃣8️⃣ d-Block Elements: Why are silver nanoparticles used in medical applications?​
4️⃣9️⃣ p-Block Elements: Why is carbon dioxide used in fire extinguishers?​
5️⃣0️⃣ Metallurgy: Why is copper used in electrical wiring instead of aluminum?​
5️⃣1️⃣ p-Block Elements: How do fluorides prevent tooth decay?​
5️⃣2️⃣ Coordination Compounds: Why is chlorophyll important for photosynthesis?​
5️⃣3️⃣ p-Block Elements: How does SO₂ contribute to acid rain?​
5️⃣4️⃣ Metallurgy: Why is tungsten used in making filaments of electric bulbs?​
5️⃣5️⃣ Coordination Compounds: Why does blood turn red when exposed to oxygen?​
5️⃣6️⃣ Metallurgy: How does stainless steel resist rusting?​
5️⃣7️⃣ p-Block Elements: Why is borosilicate glass used in laboratory glassware?​
5️⃣8️⃣ p-Block Elements: Why is NH₃ used as a refrigerant?​
5️⃣9️⃣ Metallurgy: Why is silver used in mirrors?​
6️⃣0️⃣ Metallurgy: How does aluminum foil protect food?

📌 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (40 Questions) – Drug

Chemistry, Polymers, Industrial Synthesis
6️⃣1️⃣ Haloalkanes: Why is chloroform stored in dark bottles?​
6️⃣2️⃣ Alcohols: Why is ethanol used as a hand sanitizer?​
6️⃣3️⃣ Aldehydes: How does formaldehyde preserve biological specimens?​
6️⃣4️⃣ Ketones: Why is acetone used as a nail polish remover?​
6️⃣5️⃣ Carboxylic Acids: Why is vinegar used as a food preservative?​
6️⃣6️⃣ Amines: How do painkillers like paracetamol work?​
6️⃣7️⃣ Polymers: Why are biodegradable plastics better for the environment?​
6️⃣8️⃣ Aldehydes: Why is benzaldehyde used in perfumes?​
6️⃣9️⃣ Drugs: Why is aspirin used as a blood thinner?​
7️⃣0️⃣ Polymers: Why is nylon used in making ropes
📌 LIQUID SOLUTIONS (15 Numericals)
1️⃣ Calculate the mass of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) required to prepare 250g of a 5% (w/w)
solution.​
2️⃣ A solution contains 30g of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol) in 500g of water.
Calculate the molality of the solution.​
3️⃣ Determine the mole fraction of ethanol and water in a solution containing 46g of
ethanol and 180g of water.​
4️⃣ A solution is prepared by dissolving 2 moles of glucose in 500g of water.
Calculate the depression in freezing point (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol⁻¹).​
5️⃣ The vapor pressure of pure water at 25°C is 30mmHg. Calculate the vapor
pressure of a solution containing 10g of NaCl in 180g of water. (Molar mass of
NaCl = 58.5 g/mol).​
6️⃣ Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 5g of
glucose in 500mL of water at 27°C. (R = 0.0821 L atm mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, Molar mass of
glucose = 180 g/mol).​
7️⃣ A 2% (w/v) aqueous solution of urea exerts an osmotic pressure of 1.2 atm at
300K. Calculate the molar mass of urea.​
8️⃣ Determine the mass of NaCl required to prepare 1L of a solution having an
osmotic pressure of 10 atm at 27°C.​
9️⃣ Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 5g of NaCl in

🔟
500g of water. (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol⁻¹).​
Determine the relative lowering in vapor pressure of a solution containing 5
moles of urea in 100 moles of water.​
1️⃣1️⃣ Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 49g of H₂SO₄ in 500mL of
solution.​
1️⃣2️⃣ A solution containing 15g of an unknown solute in 500mL of benzene has an
osmotic pressure of 4 atm at 27°C. Determine the molar mass of the solute.​
1️⃣3️⃣ Why do boiling point and freezing point change when a non-volatile solute is
added to a solvent? Explain mathematically.​
1️⃣4️⃣ Find the mass of KCl required to depress the freezing point of 1kg of water by
2K. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol⁻¹).​
1️⃣5️⃣ A solution containing 1.5g of a non-volatile solute in 100mL of benzene boils at
81.2°C. The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1°C, and Kb for benzene is 2.53 K
kg mol⁻¹. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.

📌 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (15 Numericals)

1️⃣ Calculate the standard EMF of a cell consisting of Zn/Zn²⁺ (0.1M) and Cu²⁺/Cu
(0.01M). (E°Zn²⁺/Zn = -0.76V, E°Cu²⁺/Cu = 0.34V).​
2️⃣ A current of 3A is passed through a solution for 30 minutes. Calculate the mass
of copper deposited. (1F = 96500 C, Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5 u).​
3️⃣ A solution of AgNO₃ is electrolyzed using silver electrodes. How much silver is
deposited when 5A current is passed for 40 minutes?​
4️⃣ Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for a reaction at 25°C if the standard EMF
of the cell is 1.1V.​
5️⃣ The resistance of a 0.1M KCl solution is 200Ω in a cell with a cell constant of 1.5
cm⁻¹. Calculate its conductivity.​
6️⃣ The conductivity of a 0.01M solution of CH₃COOH is 4.95 × 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹. Calculate
its degree of dissociation and dissociation constant (Ka). Given: Λ°m of
CH₃COOH = 390 S cm² mol⁻¹.​
7️⃣ Calculate the time required to deposit 1.5g of aluminum from AlCl₃ solution
using a current of 3A. (Atomic mass of Al = 27 u).​
8️⃣ A copper electrode is placed in a Cu²⁺ solution of unknown concentration. The
potential measured against a standard hydrogen electrode is 0.27V. Calculate the
concentration of Cu²⁺.​
9️⃣ Calculate the standard free energy change (ΔG°) for a reaction with E°cell =

🔟
1.1V. (F = 96500 C mol⁻¹).​
A conductivity cell filled with 0.1M NaCl solution has a resistance of 150Ω. If
the cell constant is 1.2 cm⁻¹, determine its conductivity.​
1️⃣1️⃣ Why does conductivity decrease with dilution in electrolytic solutions? Explain
mathematically.​
1️⃣2️⃣ The conductivity of a 0.02M solution of KCl at 25°C is 1.26 × 10⁻² S cm⁻¹.
Calculate its molar conductivity.​
1️⃣3️⃣ How is Kohlrausch’s Law used to calculate the molar conductivity of a weak
electrolyte at infinite dilution?​
1️⃣4️⃣ Calculate the standard electrode potential for the following reaction at 25°C: Zn
+ Fe²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Fe. Given: E°Zn²⁺/Zn = -0.76V, E°Fe²⁺/Fe = -0.44V.​
1️⃣5️⃣ Write the Nernst equation and explain its importance in calculating cell
potential under non-standard conditions.

📌 CHEMICAL KINETICS (10 Numericals)

1️⃣ For a reaction A → B, the concentration of A decreases from 1.0M to 0.25M in 50
minutes. Determine the order of the reaction.​
2️⃣ The rate constant of a first-order reaction is 5 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. How long will it take
to reduce the concentration to 1/8th of its original value?​
3️⃣ The half-life of a first-order reaction is 10 minutes. Calculate the rate constant.​
4️⃣ A zero-order reaction has a rate constant of 0.5 M min⁻¹. How long will it take for
the concentration to decrease from 1M to 0.2M?​
5️⃣ Calculate the activation energy for a reaction at 300K with k = 2 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ and at
400K with k = 3.5 × 10⁻² s⁻¹.​
6️⃣ The decomposition of a substance follows second-order kinetics with k = 0.01 L
mol⁻¹ min⁻¹. Calculate the time required for the concentration to decrease from 1M
to 0.25M.​
7️⃣ Derive the integrated rate law for a first-order reaction and calculate the rate
constant if 75% of a reaction completes in 40 minutes.​
8️⃣ Explain how temperature affects the rate of drug metabolism in the human body
using Arrhenius equation.​
9️⃣ Write the mathematical expression for a second-order reaction and explain how

🔟
the rate constant is determined.​
A chemical reaction has an activation energy of 50 kJ mol⁻¹. Calculate the rate
constant at 298K if A = 3 × 10⁶ s⁻¹.