ECE 110: Communications 1
II. Noise Analysis
2nd Semester, A.Y 2024-2025
Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
Topic Outline
1. Uncorrelated Noise
2. Noise Voltage
3. Signal to Noise Power Ratio
4. Noise Factor and Noise Figure
5. Equivalent Noise Temperature
Introduction to Noise
• Electrical Noise is any undesirable electrical energy that
falls within the pass band of the signal.
2 General Category of Noise
• Uncorrelated Noise
• Correlated Noise
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1. Uncorrelated Noise
• 1.1 External Noise • 1.2 Internal Noise
• 1.1.1 Atmospheric Noise • 1.2.1 White/ Thermal Noise
• 1.1.2 Extraterrestrial Noise • 1.2.2 Shot Noise
o Solar Noise • 1.2.3 Partition Noise
o Cosmic Noise
• 1.2.4 Excess Noise
• 1.1.5 Man-made Noise
• 1.2.5 Transit-time Noise
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1.2.3 White/ Thermal Noise
• Thermal noise power is proportional to the product of bandwidth and
temperature. Noise Power is:
𝑁 = 𝐾𝑇𝐵
Where N = noise power (watts)
B = bandwidth (hertz)
K = Boltzmann’s proportionality constant (1.38x10−23 joules per kelvin)
T = absolute temperature (kelvin) (room temperature = 17°C, or 290 K)
• Example:
Convert the following temperatures to kelvin: 100°C, 0°C, and -10°C.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1.2.3 White/ Thermal Noise
• Noise Power in dBm:
𝐾𝑇𝐵
𝑁(𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 10 log
0.001
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1.2.3 White/ Thermal Noise
• Example:
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1.2.2 Shot Noise
• Caused by random fluctuations in electron emission from cathodes in
vacuum tubes.
Where 𝐼𝑆 = RMS noise current in ampere
q = magnitude of the charge in an electron,
equal to 1.6 𝑥10−19 coulomb
𝐼𝑜 = dc bias current in the device, in amperes
B = effective noise bandwidth (hertz)
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1.2.2 Shot Noise
Example:
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1.2.3 Partition Noise
• It occurs only in devices where a single current separates into two or
more paths.
1.2.4 Excess Noise
• Flicker Noise or 1/f Noise
• Pink Noise – because there is proportionately more energy at the low
frequency end of the spectrum than with white noise, just as pink light
has a higher proportion of red (the low frequency end of the visible
spectrum) than does white light.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
1.2.5 Transit Time Noise
• This high-frequency noise occurs when the time taken by charge carriers
to cross a junction is comparable to the period of the signal. Some of
the carriers may diffuse back across the junction, causing a fluctuating
current that constitutes noise. Since most devices are used well below
the frequency at which transit-time effects are significant.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
2. Noise Voltage
Fig. Noise Source Equivalent
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
2. Noise Voltage
Example:
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
Addition of Noise from different sources
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
Addition of Noise from different sources
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
Addition of Noise from different sources
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
ECE 110: Communications 1
II. Noise Analysis
2nd Semester, A.Y 2024-2025
Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
Impulse Noise
• Is characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short duration in the total noise
spectrum.
• Voice communications – produce a sharp popping or crackling sound.
• Data circuits – can be devastating.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
Interference
• Is a form of external noise and, as the name implies “to disturb or detract
from”.
• Most interference occurs when harmonics or cross-product frequencies from
one source fall into the passband of neighboring channel.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
3. Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio (S/N)
• The ratio of the signal power level to the noise power level.
𝑆 𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑆 = signal power (watts)
=
𝑁 𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁 = noise power (watts)
• The signal-to-noise power ratio is often expressed as a logarithmic function with decibel
unit:
𝑆 𝑃𝑆
(𝑑𝐵) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑁 𝑃𝑁
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
3. Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio (S/N)
Example:
For an amplifier with an output signal power of 10W and output noise power of 0.01W,
determine the signal-to-noise power ratio.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
3. Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio (S/N)
• Signal-to-noise power ratio can also be expressed in terms of voltages and resistances:
𝑆
𝑉𝑆2 𝑁
= signal-to-noise power ratio (decibels)
𝑆 𝑅 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = input resistance (ohms)
(𝑑𝐵) = 10log( 𝑖𝑛2 ) 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 resistance (ohms)
𝑁 𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑠 = signal voltage (volts)
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑛 = noise voltage (volts)
𝑆 𝑉𝑆
(𝑑𝐵) = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑁 𝑉𝑛
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
3. Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio (S/N)
Example 1:
For an amplifier with an output signal voltage of 4V, an output noise voltage of 0.005 V,
and an input and output resistance of 50 Ω, determine the signal-to-noise power ratio.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
4. Noise Factor (F) and Noise Figure (NF)
Noise Factor (F) is a ratio of input signal-to-noise power ratio to
output signal-to-noise power ratio.
Noise Figure (NF) is the noise factor stated in Db and is a
Noise Figure (NF) (dB) = 10 log 𝐹
parameter commonly used to indicate the quality of a receiver.
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
4. Noise Factor (F) and Noise Figure (NF)
Example:
The signal power at the input of an amplifier is 100W and the noise power is 1W. At
the output, the signal power is 1W and the noise power is 30 mW. What is the
amplifier noise figure?
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
5. Equivalent Noise Temperature
I will send out external documents for the Equivalent
Noise Temperature Explanation
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
ECE 110: Communications 1
THANK YOU!
2nd Semester, A.Y 2024-2025
Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
ECE 110 – Principles of Communications Systems
II. Noise Analysis Part III
(Last Topic Only)
Prepared by:
Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Course Instructor
1. EQUIVALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE
In satellite communications systems, it is often necessary to differentiate or
measure noise in increments as small as a tenth or a hundredth of a
decibel. Noise figure, in its standard form, is inadequate for such precise
calculations
1. EQUIVALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE
2. NOISE DENSITY
Noise density (𝑁0 ) is the noise power normalized to a 1-Hz bandwidth, or
the noise power present in a 1-Hz bandwidth. Mathematically, noise density
is:
2. NOISE DENSITY
