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Introduction To Quantum Physics

Quantum physics studies matter and energy at atomic scales, introducing concepts like wave-particle duality and quantum superposition. Key principles include the Schrödinger equation, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and quantum tunneling, which have significant applications in technology. This field has transformed our understanding of nature and continues to influence advancements in various scientific domains.

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18 views2 pages

Introduction To Quantum Physics

Quantum physics studies matter and energy at atomic scales, introducing concepts like wave-particle duality and quantum superposition. Key principles include the Schrödinger equation, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and quantum tunneling, which have significant applications in technology. This field has transformed our understanding of nature and continues to influence advancements in various scientific domains.

Uploaded by

ynwhalien
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Introduction to Quantum Physics

Introduction Quantum physics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of matter and
energy at atomic and subatomic scales. It challenges classical mechanics and introduces concepts
such as wave-particle duality and quantum superposition.

1. Wave-Particle Duality

 Light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.


 Double-Slit Experiment: Demonstrates that electrons and photons can behave as waves,
creating an interference pattern.
 De Broglie Wavelength: Relates a particle’s momentum to its wavelength.

λ=hp\lambda = \frac{h}{p}

where:

o hh is Planck’s constant (6.626×10−346.626 \times 10^{-34} Js)


o pp is momentum

2. The Schrödinger Equation

 Describes how quantum systems evolve over time.


 Time-independent form:

−ℏ22m∇2ψ+Vψ=Eψ- \frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \nabla^2 \psi + V \psi = E \psi

where:

o ℏ\hbar is the reduced Planck’s constant


o ψ\psi is the wave function
o VV is the potential energy
o EE is the total energy

3. Quantum Superposition and Entanglement

 Superposition: A quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously until


measured.
 Entanglement: When two particles become linked, measuring one affects the state of the
other instantly, regardless of distance.
4. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

 It is impossible to simultaneously determine both the exact position and momentum of a


particle.

ΔxΔp≥ℏ2\Delta x \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}

where:

o Δx\Delta x is the uncertainty in position


o Δp\Delta p is the uncertainty in momentum

5. Quantum Tunneling and Applications

 Quantum Tunneling: Particles can pass through energy barriers due to wave-like
properties.
 Applications:
o Semiconductor technology (transistors)
o Nuclear fusion (stars)
o Scanning tunneling microscopes

Conclusion Quantum physics revolutionized our understanding of nature and led to


breakthroughs in computing, cryptography, and artificial intelligence. It continues to shape the
future of science and technology.

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