Scientist Name Work Done Year
Edward Jenner first developed the technique of vaccination 1796
F. Miescher Nucleic acids were first isolated from the nuclei of 1869
pus cells, discovered DNA.
Erwin Chargaf provided data about the ratios of diferent bases 1951
Maurice Wilkins used the technique of X-ray difraction to determine
and Rosalind Franklin the structure of DNA. worked published in 1953.
James D. Watson built the scale model of DNA.
and Francis Crick
Emil Fischer proposed a Lock and Key model 1890
Koshland Induce Fit Model 1959
Robert Hooke discovery of cell by who reported his work in his 1665
famous publication Micrographia. He prepared and
studied thin sections of cork.
Lorenz Oken German believed that “all living beings originate from or 1805
scientist consist of vesicles or cells”
Jean Baptist de-Lamarck “no body can have life if its constituent parts are 1809
not cellular tissue or are not formed by cellular
tissue”.
Robert Brown reported the presence of nucleus 1831
German zoologist Theodor working independently, 1838 and
Schwann and German came out with a theory called the Cell Theory. 1839
botanist Schleiden
Rudolph Virchow German “omnis cellula e cellula”) 1855
physician
Louis Pasteur experimental proof for Virchow‟s hypothesis. 1862
development of vaccines for disease anthrax, fowl
cholera and rabies.
August Weismann all presently living cells have a common origin 1880
Golgi Golgi apparatus 1898
De Duve Lysosomes 1949
De-Duve and coworkers isolated peroxisome from liver cells and other 1965
tissues
Carlous Linnaeus system for naming and classifying all the 18th century
organisms.
Linnaeus publishes the list of names of plants in
1753. naming animals and published his list in
1758.
John Hogg proposed the kingdom Protoctista for microscopic 1861
organisms
Ernst Hackel proposed a third kingdom Protista 1866
E-Chatton suggested procariotique and eu-cariotique. 1937
Herbert Copeland elevated the prokaryotes to kingdom status, 1938
Robert Whittaker five kingdom system 1969
Lynn Margulis and modiied five kingdom classification 1988
Karlene Schwartz
Charles Chamberland found that bacteria can not pass through 1884
porcelain filters, while agent responsible for rabies
can pass through these filters.
Ivanowski discovered that TMV is filterable. 1892
Stanley The filterable agents were first purified. was 1935
successful in crystallizing the tobacco mosaic
virus.
Twort Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, were 1915
D‟Herelle discovered independently. 1917
The most recently discovered and least 1983
upderstood micro organisms are the prions
immunization and other control measures had 1950‟s
largely decreased the danger, but smallpox is still
present in the third world countries where many
people are afected.
it was declared by World Health Organization that 1980
small pox has been eradicated from the world
AIDS was reported by some physicians 1980‟s
agent causing the disease was identified 1984
virus was named (HIV) 1986
experimental administration in humans started in 2001
South Africa.
Dutch Scientist first to report the microbes such as bacteria and 1673
“AntonieVan protozoa.“animalcules”.
Leeuwenhoek”
Robert Koch formulated the „germ theory of disease‟. he
discovered bacteria that caused tuberculosis and
cholera.
A. Fleming Penicillin, first antibiotic to be ever discovered. 1928
functional artificial chromosome was made 1983
in Saccharomyces cervisiae
yeast was the first eukaryote whose genomic 1996
sequence was completely studied.
Van Niel hypothesized that plants split water as a source of 1930s
hydrogen, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
first use of an isotopic tracer (O18) in biological 1940s
research was made.
T.W.Engelmann German The first action spectrum. He worked on Spirogyra. 1883
biologist
scientists in Scotland succeeded in cloning a sheep. 1997
Calvin was awarded Nobel Prize 1961
The German botanist H. Starch Sugar Hypothesis
Van Mohl
Ernst Munch Pressure low theory 1930
Thomas B. Cooley, Thalassaemia is also called Cooley‟s anaemia
American pediatrician
Haemophilus inluenzae is the first microbe to on July 28,
have the genome completely sequenced and this 1995
was Published.
Palade was the first person to study ribosomes 1955
Sacks Suggested that the water molecules move along the 1874
cell walls of xylem vessels due to imbibition
*****************
Huxley and A. F. Huxley Sliding filament model” 1954
Bradford suggested that movement of cilia is due to the 1955
simultaneous contraction or sliding of double
fibrils in two groups one after the other.
Alois Alzheimer Alzheimer‟s disease was first described 1907
Darwin first to propose an objective definition of instincts 1859
in terms of animal behaviour.
ethologists (Uexkull 1934, thought that animals sometimes respond
Lorenz 1935) instinctively to specific though often complex
stimuli. Such stimuli came to be called “sign
stimuli
Garner and Allard Effect of photoperiodism was first studied. 1920
Hans Spemann Work on embryonic induction was reported. 1924
and Hilde Mangold
German geneticist Karl role for chromosomes in heredity was first 1900
Correns suggested
American Walter Sutton chromosomal theory of inheritance, first 1902
formulated
Thomas Hunt Morgan studying the fruit fly, Drosphila melanogaster, 1910
detected a mutant male fly. 1911
noticed a peculiar difference in the chromosomes 1933
of male and female Drosophila
awarded a Nobel Prize for his contributions to
genetics.
Oswald Avery along with characterized what they referred to as the 1944
Colin Macleod and “Transforming principle”.
Maclyn McCarty
Alfred Additional evidence supporting Avery‟s conclusion 1952
Hershey and Martha was provided, who experimented with
Chase bacteriophages T2
biochemist P.A. the basic structure of nucleic acids was determined 1920‟s
Levene, by the who found that DNA contains three main
components.
Mathew Meselson and The three hypothesis of DNA replication were 1958
Franklin Stahl of the evaluated.
California Institute of
Technology
Archibald Garrod and concluded that certain diseases 1902
William Bateson among their patients were more prevalent in
particular families. From Garrod‟s finding, it could
be inferred that the information encoded within the
DNA of chromosomes acts to specify particular
enzymes.
Stanford University when a series of experiments 1941
geneticists George Beadle provided definitive evidence on this point.
and Edward Tatum Beadle and Tatum deliberately set out to create
Mendelian mutations in chromosomes
and then studied the effect of these mutations on
the organisms. succeeded in identifying and
isolating many growth deficient mutants.
English biochemist described the complete sequence of 1953
Frederick Sanger amino acids of insulin.
Vernon Ingram discovered the molecular basis of sickle cell 1956
anemia
Mendel findings Brunn Society for study of Natural 1865
. Science. 1866
work was published in the proceedings of the
society.
Correns, De Varies and Independently rediscovered and acknowledged his 1900(16
Tschermach work years after
death of
mendal)
Karl Landsteiner ABO blood group system was discovered. 1901
Rh Blood group system was discovered. 1930
Bernstein explained the genetic basis of ABO system. 1925
J. Seiler ZZ - ZW Type : This type of sex - determination 1914
pattern is common in birds, butterflies and moths.
It was discovered by in in moth.
Correns discovered that pollens of certain plants were sex - 1907
determining.
1933, T. H. Morgan was awarded a Nobel
Prize for his contributions to genetics.
Biotechnology has produced drugs and vaccines to 1980s
cure human illnesses.
Hamilton O. Smith, at isolated the first restriction enzyme. 1970
Johns Hopkins University
Kary B. Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 1983
methods were developed that allowed the 1970s
nucleotide sequence of any purified DNA
fragement to be determined simply and quickly.
transgenic crops were planted on more than 70 1999
million acres worldwide and the
acreage is expected to triple in about five years.
when special high-yield hybrid plants were 1960s
developed during the so called green revolution
German botanist Gottlieb said that plant cells are totipotent 1902
Haberlandt
Cornell botanist F.C. grew a complete carrot plant from a tiny piece of 1958
Steward phloem.
John C Sanford and developed another method of introducing DNA 1987
Theodore M. Klein of into a plant tissue culture callus.
Cornell University
modern synthesis or Neo-Darwinism was early 1940s
developed.
.
Hardy-Weinberg theorem is named for the two 1908
scientists who
derived the principle independently in
Joseph Grinnell an first proposed the term niche in 1917
American ornithologist ecology
Charles Eltan considered the niche, the basic role of an
organism in the community.
The loss of the productivity of the ecosystem is 1980s
nearly irreversible and massive
famines, such has occurred in Ethiopia in the mid
are a tragic result
Palade was the first person to study them. 1955
