2022 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Communication Systems (ICKES)

Benefits of Hydroponics System using IoT

1st Shubham S 2nd Shuchith B U 3rd Siddarth M P
Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT)
PES University PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
4th Siddarth M 5th Revathi G P 6th Prasad B Honnavalli
2022 International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Communication Systems (ICKECS) | 978-1-6654-5637-1/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICKECS56523.2022.10060221

Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT)
PES University PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Global population growth has increased the

demand for agricultural products and, consequently, the need II. RELATED WORKS
for new methods of production. The proportion of available The Internet of Things, or IoT, is now widely used in
fertile land is at its lowest point. This is where the usage of agriculture, and numerous studies have shown that using
hydroponics can be put to use to address majority of the technology to help with agriculture may increase comfort
current issues in agriculture, home gardening, and green city
and productivity. By incorporating IoT technology and the
applications. Using nutrient solutions necessary for the growth
of a particular plant directly, hydroponics is a method of
required sensors, the system in [6] was able to handle
growing plants without the use of soil. external conditions. The Titan Smartponics system's online
interface allowed for parameter control, and the outcomes
A hydroponic system offers a favorable environment for demonstrated that the plants produced in the control system
plant growth while significantly reducing the amount of water outperformed the external system.
consumed. The plants grown hydroponically are not subject to The study in [7] primarily focuses on employing more
soil-borne illnesses or pest attacks. All around the world, there
simpler methods to achieve optimum productivity. Analysis
are fewer locations with access to clean water and food.
Hydroponics offers a solution to all of these issues.
was conducted on a single plant utilizing a system consisting
Agriculture's most likely future is hydroponics, which can be of pHarmbot and hydrobot to manage specific parameters as
done effectively with the aid of IoT. a simpler way to apply the Internet of Things concept to the
traditional hydroponics system. The project described in [9]
Keywords— Hydroponics, Internet of Things, Thingspeak, primarily focuses on maximizing power and water usage,
Blynk, ESP32, MatLab employing soil moisture and a DHT11 sensor, storing the
acquired data in a server database, and constructing front-end
I. INTRODUCTION web apps to retrieve the data that is more suitable for a
particular sapling's growth.
Hydroponic farming is simple and straightforward. On
the health of the soil, traditional farming has several negative Reference [11] focuses on research that primarily
repercussions. In India and many other nations, soil health addresses the issue of greenhouse climate change and seeks
has been steadily deteriorating. Since hydroponics can better to maximize findings by using several sensors while
handle this issue of soil health than most other agricultural modifying the environment, nutrient solution, and other
methods, it is an excellent alternative to traditional farming. parameters. The research done in [15] attempts to use the
Hydroponic crops grow more quickly, better, and healthier ideas of Big Data and improve their model by changing the
since they use less water, less space, and no pests or weeds. quantity of the nutrient solution and monitoring them to
Irrigation is a time-consuming task for farmers. IoT obtain the maximum yield.
technology would assist in lowering the demand for land,
saving time, water, and human labor. III. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
A bigger field and careful plant maintenance are The primary objectives of this project are to develop an
necessary for a typical agricultural approach. Farm automated hydroponic system that may be used for a variety
management requires greater time and effort from farmers. of applications, including small-scale home gardens,
Agriculture has historically required a lot of physical labor. commercial farming, and large-scale city planning models
The management of an automated hydroponic system [6]. Additionally, to evaluate the pace of growth between
involves very little physical effort and is not labor intensive. plants cultivated hydroponically and conventionally.
When a hydroponic system is used in a terrace garden or Installed sensors communicate data continuously and
a back garden, far more vegetation may be grown in the notify the mobile application whenever the water supply runs
same amount of area, which makes traditional house low, updating users on the situation and providing status in
gardening appear to be very inefficient in terms of land real-time. It is also far less wasteful as the excess nutrient
utilization. Given that an IoT hydroponic system is solution can be made to return to the supply,(also known as
automated and perceived as more aesthetically pleasing and drip-system) bringing such concepts together with the
sophisticated than a regular garden, more homes are likely to hydroponics system can create a revolution in the field of the
opt for one in the future. agricultural industry.

978-1-6654-5637-1/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

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 IV. METHODOLOGY 8) Soil moisture sensor: A device that passes an electric
current through the soil and observes resistance to measure
A. Hardware the volumetric content of water [2][9].
1) DHT11 sensor: A temperature and humidity sensor 9) ESP32 microcontroller: It is one of the development
as shown in Fig. 1 which measures the temperature and boards of the Esp32 series [13]. The module is shown in
outputs temperature and humidity as the output [1][5]. The Fig. 3 which has built-in Wi-Fi connectivity and the ability
sensor works on a range of 3V to 5V voltage. Light sensors to drive the entire system through power allocation and is
are used to measure ambient light levels [14]. For crops, involved in sending data continuously [10]. Other
light is the primary energy source for photosynthesis. When microcontroller boards such as Raspberry Pi can be used to
using a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), remember that store data in a cloud. Through IP address, the stored data
resistivity drops as the light intensity rises and vice versa. can be accessed efficiently [15].
The voltage divider circuit is made to detect resistance as a
result of changes in light intensity. With a rise in light
intensity, the voltage level rises. On the board, the analog
reading is taken. It is suitable for use in greenhouses [11]
when artificial lighting is provided by any incandescent
lamp [9].

Fig. 3. ESP32 Devkit Module

B. Software
In order to enable functionality and resource
Fig. 1. DHT11 Sensor heterogeneity, the suggested IoT software architecture must
perform satisfactorily. Various software and application
2) pH sensor: A sensor that measures the hydrogen ion designs to perform analysis or to inform updates to users
concentration [1][7] in the water according to equation (1) include the ones listed below:
[11]. Arduino IDE: It is an open-source application that
3) Water level depth sensor: A high-level or drop allows to code programs to ESP32 board and it runs on
recognition sensor that measures the volume of water (in Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux [10]. The ESP32 board
cm3) in order to determine the depth or the water level, with several data pins is easy for connecting various
helps to determine the amount of water still in the storage accessories.
container, and provides accurate reports to prevent empty Thingspeak: A cloud platform that helps in remote
water containers, which will lead to hydroponic plants that monitoring of applications built over IoT and builds MatLab
lack water, [11] and helps to find out how much water is models to perform analysis of the data [4].
still there. Blynk IoT: A mobile application that used control
4) Water pump (5V DC pump): Solenoid 2-valve water applications built over IOT via Internet [1][4]. Provides the
pump which pumps the water into the system when the user with the desired information through a graphical user
depth of water reaches below a specified threshold value [1]. interface or human-machine interface [16].
5) Relay: A electromechanical switch that is used to
control the water pump [1] and controls the movement of C. Block Diagram
the fan which is done through voltage switching [14]. The
relay module is the electrical switch for mains voltage to
turn on or off or let the current go through or not [9] and can
be connected to the ESP32 board as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. 4-Channel Relay module

6) Fan: A device that works under a relay that helps in

regulating the temperature of the system [13].
7) Strip LED: An electronic device producing artificial Fig. 4. Work-flow of the Model
light [3].

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D. Approach allowed the same to grow hydroponically. The second set
In the flow chart mentioned above Fig. 4, It is evident included identical plants that were raised in a typical habitat
that a set of sensors are connected to the ESP32 (without utilizing a created system). With the help of
microcontroller through which data and analog pins are characteristics like temperature variation, water use, etc.,
connected. 2 breadboards have been used in this system some interesting graphs were created utilizing the data that
which is powered by the ESP32 board shown in Fig. 3 as was collected in Thingspeak. For roughly a week, the model
positive, and negative terminals, and these breadboards are was left to run on its own. During that time, it was able to
used in turn to power up the sensors. record the plant's daily growth height, and the MatLab
The compiled code will initially be run via uploading it Analysis Tool was used to do the following analysis.
to the ESP32 which is powered by a 12V battery or mains A. Discrete sequence Plots
power source, which also powers on all of the sensors and
causes them to begin reading data from their interfaces and 1) Variation in solution’s pH:
Different nutrient solutions are more effective in certain
loading it into ESP32. The water level depth sensor is used
hydroponics systems. On the other hand, because different
in the first step of the process, reading the amount of water
nutrient solutions break down into ions in ions, they give
in the pipe (in cm3) and sending data back to the ESP32
[10], where the received value is compared with the varied conductivity values. The ability of plants to absorb
threshold value that is given in the code. The motor is set to solutions typically depends on the pH of the solution [1][7].
Plants absorb nutritional solutions through their roots. Acid
be switched ON through the relay if the value is less than
solutions, for instance, encourage the absorption of
the threshold., in which for every 2 seconds, it checks the
hydrogen, the pH value can be found as mentioned in
status of the flag in the code and works accordingly [16], the
equation (1) [11].
same principle applies to the temperature sensor (DHT11),
which measures temperature in Celsius and compares it to a pH = -log[(H3O+)] (1)
predetermined threshold value. If the ambient temperature From point of Analysis, keen observational analysis was
exceeds the threshold, the other relay condition is set to performed on the data that was collected from the
high, and the fan motor is switched on as a result (this Thingspeak cloud which contained 4000 data points taken
comparison is made every two seconds). Using the ESP32's across 2 days. At first, the solution will be acidic because of
built-in Wi-Fi function, it is able to upload data from these the presence of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Sodium (also
sensors to the Thingspeak cloud, where analyses were known as NPK). At first, as the water supply starts water
carried out and graphs were created to collect more tries to neutralize the solution hence the value of pH goes on
information and crucial data that facilitated the plant's rapid increasing because of more water content [6]. After a
growth. Despite the fact that any application can be created Certain Point when the threshold value is reached, supply
with enough technology, connecting to Blynk-IoT was done stops and that’s where a gap can be observed in Fig. 5 in the
in order to send data. Thanks to the Bluetooth functionality graph, later when plants start to absorb the solution and
of the ESP32, any application can be developed with an hence water content goes on decreasing, the presence of
appropriate front-end [9], and for some sensors, users were NPK dominates so pH gradually decreases. And this process
able to remotely control the system's functioning with a goes on as and when water needs to be pumped
stable network connection [6]. Certain notifications were
sent to users' mobile devices.
V. APPLICATIONS
Smart hydroponic systems can be used for many
different things. They can be used for a variety of tasks, like
collecting plants from the earth and cultivating them in
space stations. The well-known ideas of the Internet of
Things can be combined with traditional farming methods to
build smart systems. Organic farming has received a lot of
attention recently. Restaurants grew their meals using
hydroponics in the subway networks of several southeast
Asian nations [17]. Terrace farming, which can be employed Fig. 5. Sequence Plot of pH
on space stations where the grown food can serve as an
astronaut food source because it takes up little space and
guarantees a healthy atmosphere, can be used to use it in a 2) Variation in Water Level
range of constructions [16]. It was one of the base conditions for maintaining a
supply of the nutrient solution. Initially, the threshold was
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS set to 2500 cm3 So whenever the water supply reached the
The complete project Model was created using the threshold value [12], the supply stops by turning the motor
earlier discussed methodology, which used a drip system to off, and when water was being consumed (level goes down),
deliver solutions effectively [7]. For Comparative analysis, the water supply began by turning the motor on, thereby
the experiment was carried out using two sets of plants to maintaining an average threshold [4]. The same can be seen
evaluate the concept [6]. One of the sets contained a few of in Fig. 6 where alternate data points are observed going in
the plants such as tomato, coriander, and lettuce [7], and alternating up and down trends.

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 C. Two Y-Axes Plot
These plots help identify underlying relationships, and
patterns observed among any 2 given parameters.
1) Temperature against pH:
From the graph Fig. 9, It is evident that, initially,
whenever the temperature (represented in blue color) was
observed to be more, plants consumed more of the solution,
and a bit of evaporation in the solution can be expected, and
hence the value of the solution’s pH (represented in red
color) can be observed to be a bit higher [6], this can be
attributed due to the fact that more of water content was
Fig. 6. Sequence plot of water level (in cm3) consumed leaving NPK behind and resulting in a solution
which is highly acidic nature.
B. Histograms
1) Temperature variation:
The graph Fig. 7 showcases a plot of a histogram
wherein data taken over 72 hours is been depicted on the y-
axis (across 3 days) [12], and the temperature scale is
depicted on the x-axis, It is evident that in the first 10 hours
maximum temperature of 26 degrees was observed and in
the next 10 hours, it has increased to 26.5 degrees on
average and so on [4].

Fig. 9. Temperature v/s pH (Temperature, C)

2) pH
Graph Fig. 10 indicates that initially on providing the
solution, water content gradually increases. Hence an
increase in pH is observed as the presence of NPK is
neutralized, later as the solution is consumed by plants, pH
gradually decreases, this can be attributed due to low watery
content and higher nutrient concentration (NPK), hence the
solution is more acidic which indicates less pH value
Fig. 7. Variation in Temperature (C)
observed in Right-hand side of the graph Fig. 10.
2) Variation in Soil moisture:
Graph Fig. 8 showcases a plot of a histogram that
depicts data that was collected for around 83 hours (3+
days). Although soil is not used in the project, the cocopeat
soil was used only to give support for the growth of plants.
Hence when the presence of solution in the tank, interacts
with this soil, soil moisture data was recorded. One can
observe an upward/downward trend which depicts the usage
of the nutrient solution by plants every now and then.
Fig. 10. Variation in pH across two days

D. Growth Rate Comparison Results

From the growth charts Fig. 11 and Fig. 12, it is evident
that by applying principles of IoT one can expect a good,
fast yield compared to the traditional approach. By
automizing the entire process not only can one reduce
human involvement but also can get the expected product in
a much easier, faster way [13]. In these charts, a linear
growth trend can be observed across 7 days [4], The red line
indicates the Growth rate of the plant using 1st sample
Fig. 8. Variation in Soil moisture (in relative %) which had plants that were grown in the hydroponic system
and the blue line indicates those plants that were grown in
the traditional approach. Here plant’s height versus time has
been considered as one of the qualitative measurements
which determine the successful growth of a plant.

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 Under varied conditions, plants were hydroponically and necessary data into the Thingspeak cloud as well as the
cultivated, and some of the morphological data were Blynk-IoT mobile application [1][3][9][12][16] wherein the
measured and analyzed. the usage of blue light LED-treated user is notified with appropriate messages and also notifies
plants resulted in a greater accumulation of biomass, leaf about the actions that need to be taken [13][14]. For
density, leaf area, and pigment content were the results of example, the below table (TABLE II) shows some
additional LED light [17]. notifications that were obtained while experimenting
according to the scenario of the system. The mobile
interface is shown in Fig. 15.
TABLE II. User Notifications
Condition/status of the system Notification through App
Water level (<2500) Low Plant Water level
Temperature (>25 degrees) Fan turned ON.
the Motor is ON/OFF Motor ON / OFF
The Ph of supply below a set
Supply Improper
threshold

Fig. 11. Growth rate of Tomato (in cm)

Fig. 12. Growth rate of Coriander (in cm) Fig. 13. Implemented Circuit

TABLE I. Growth rate Comparison of Plants with and without using IoT
Techniques
Plants Height pH Temp Height
With Range Range achieved
non-IoT using IoT
approach approach
In 7 days In 7 days
(in cm) (in cm)
tomato 28.6 4.9-5.6 21- 29
26°C
Fig. 14. Complete Developed Project
lettuce 18.5 5.2-6 21- 18.8
24°C
coriander 26.2 4.9-6.3 25- 26.6
30°C

From the above growth comparison of various plants

(TABLE I.), It is evident that, by using the smart
Hydroponics system, the yield of plants increases when
compared to the conventional method of growing Plants.
This Table (TABLE I.) also shows the optimal conditions of
growing plants (parameters like temperature) [16] (like
lettuce, tomato coriander) which have been identified as
factors for fast/successful growth under this system. One
can also observe that for that particular range of pH, and
temperature [9], variation in height of the plants can be seen. Fig. 15. Plants (on the left) and Mobile Interface (on the right)
Circuit implementation is shown in Fig. 13 and the project is
shown in Fig. 14.
I. FUTURE SCOPE
E. Mobile Application IoT will play a major role in the development of
Since the system uses ESP32-Devkit which has a built-in the hydroponic way of growing plants. Automation using
Wi-Fi module, it is possible to send the status of the system IOT along with the advancement in technology, interaction

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 Benefits of Hydroponics System using IoT
1st Shubham S 2nd Shuchith B U 3rd Siddarth M P
Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT)
PES University PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
4th Siddarth M 5th Revathi G P 6th Prasad B Honnavalli
Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT)
PES University PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Benefits of Hydroponics System using IoT

1st Shubham S 2nd Shuchith B U 3rd Siddarth M P
Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT)
PES University PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
4th Siddarth M 5th Revathi G P 6th Prasad B Honnavalli
Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT) Centre for Internet of Things(C- IoT)
PES University PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

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