▪ Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
1. The common salt or table salt is a white powder used for making food. The chemical
name of common salt is sodium chloride (NaCl)
2. It is a neutral salt with pH= 7.
3. It is formed after the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
4. It is a colourless, crystalline substance.
NaOH(aq.) +HCl(aq.) NaCl(aq.) + H2O
How is sodium chloride obtained?
Common salt occurs naturally in sea water or as rock salt.
❖ Sea Water – common salt is obtained from sea water by the process of evaporation.
The heat slowly evaporates the water and only common salt is left behind. But it is
impure so it is purified to obtain pure common salt.
❖ Rock Salt – Underground deposits of salts are found in many parts of the world. The
large crystals of common salt found in underground deposits are called as rock salt.
Rock salt is usually brown due to presence of impurities in it.
USES OF COMMON SALT
1. Common salt is used as a raw material for making a large no. of useful
chemicals. For eg. NaOH, Na2So4 etc.
2. It is used in cooking of food. It enhances the taste of the food.
3. It is used as a preservative in pickle and meat, fish.
CHEMICALS FROM COMMON SALT -
▪ Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide)-
1.Sodium hydroxide is also known as Caustic soda. It is a strong base.
MANUFACTURING OF CAUSTIC SODA –
Chlor-Alkali Process-
Sodium Hydroxide is produced by the electrolytic decomposition of aqueous solution of Sodium
Chloride.
The aqueous solution of NaCl is known as Brine.
When electricity is passed through brine it decomposes to form Sodium Hydroxide, chlorine and
Hydrogen.
This process is known as chlor-alkali because of products formed chlor for chlorine and alkali for
sodium hydroxide which is a base.
During the process Chlorine gas is produced at anode (positively charged) and Hydrogen gas is
produced at cathode (negatively charged)
Electrolysis
2NaCl (aq.) + H2O(l) 2NaOH (aq.) + Cl2(g)+H2(g)
The Basic principle behind it –
HYDROGEN GAS - CHLORINE GAS - SODIUM HYDROXIDE -
1. Hydrogen is used 1. Used as a disinfectant to 1. It is used in
to manufacture sterilise water in manufacture of soaps
ammonia which swimming pools. and detergents.
is used for 2. It also used in 2. It used in degreasing of
production of manufacturing of metals, oil refining.
various fertilizers bleaching powder and 3. It is used to make
2. In the hydrochloric acid. artificial fibres such as
hydrogenation of 3. It is used to make plastic rayon etc,
vegetable oils to such as polyvinyl chloride 4. In paper industry
form solid fats PVC, CFCs 5. In manufacturing of
i.e., margarine Chlorofluorocarbon. dyes and bleach.
(vegetable ghee) 4. It is used in manufacture 6. As a laboratory reagent.
3. Liquid hydrogen of pesticides.
is used as a fuel
for rockets
4. It is used to make
ethanol and
hydrochloric acid
▪ Washing Soda (Na2Co3.10H2O)
1. Washing Soda is sodium carbonate containing ten molecules of water of
crystallisation. That is sodium carbonate decahydrate.
2. Anhydrous sodium carbonate is called as Soda-ash.
3. It has the property to remove grease, dirt from clothes thus it is given the name
“Washing Soda”.
4. Sodium carbonate is a white coloured crystalline solid whose solution in water is
alkaline in nature,
❖ MANUFACTURING OF BAKING SODA – SOLVAY PROCESS
✓ Brine solution (aqueous solution of NaCl) is made to react with Ammonia and thus
called as ammoniacal brine solution. This solution is then passed through CO2 to
obtain sodium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium chloride.
✓ NaCl +H2O+NH3+CO2 NH4Cl + NaHCO3
✓ Sodium bicarbonate is separated by filtration, dried and heated. On heating sodium
bicarbonate decomposes to produce anhydrous sodium carbonate, carbon di oxide and
water vapour.
✓ 2 NaHCO3 Heat Na2CO3 + CO2+H2O
✓ Anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and recrystallised to get washing
soda crystals containing 10 molecules of water of crystallisation.
✓ Na2CO3 + 10 H2O recrystallise Na2CO3.10H2O
USES OF WASHING SODA –
1. It is used in glass, soap and paper industry.
2. Sodium carbonate is used as “cleansing agent” for domestic purposes. In fact, it is a
component of many dry soap powders.
3. It is used to remove permanent hardness of water (impurities of water).
4. It is also used in manufacturing of sodium compounds like borax.
▪ Baking Soda (NaHCO3) –
1.Sodium Bicarbonate is a mild non -corrosive base. It used as a major constituent of baking
powder and used in kitchen for fast cooking. It commonly used for making food items crispy and
spongy in nature.
2. It is produced using the ammoniacal brine solution and reacting it with carbon di oxide.
3. It consists of white crystals which are sparingly soluble in water. The solution of it in water is
mildly alkaline.
4. When it is heated it decomposes to form Sodium carbonate and carbon di oxide, this
the main reason why it is used as a major constituent of baking powder because the CO2
produce aerates the items.
MANUFACTURING OF BAKING SODA –
• When ammoniacal brine solution is passed through carbon di oxide it
produces baking soda and ammonium chloride,
NaCl + H2O + NH3 +CO2 NH4 Cl + NaHCO3
USES OF BAKING SODA
1.It is used as an antacid to cure the acidity caused in stomach. Being Alkaline in nature it
neutralises the excess acid produced in stomach.
2. It is widely used in making baking powder. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and
edible acid such as tartaric acid.
3. Baking soda is used in the soda-acid fire extinguisher.
4. Baking soda is used in toothpastes.
BAKING POWDER –
When baking powder is mixed on water ( reaction happens only in presence of water not in
dry form )then baking soda and tartaric acid present in it react with each other and carbon di
oxide is produced which is trapped into the dough and bubbles out slowly making the food
item rise in volume.
If only baking soda is used in making cakes, breads then the sodium carbonate formed by the
action of heat will give a bitter taste to the food item. The advantage of using baking powder
is that the edible acid present in it neutralises its bitter taste and forms sodium tartrate salt
which has a pleasant taste.
NaHCO3(aq.) + H + X- Na X + H2O + CO2
BAKING POWDER Sodium salt
Of acid
(Neutral taste)
▪ BLEACHING POWDER –
Bleaching powder is also known as calcium oxychloride (CaOCl2)
1. It is also known as chloride of lime.
2. It is a solid and yellowish white in colour.
3. It can be easily identified with the strong smell of chlorine.
4. The term bleach means removal of colour, often used as bleaching agent
and it works because of oxidation.
5. It reacts with cold water, but small insoluble portion which is the lime is
left behind it. Aqueous solution of it is basic in nature.
Manufacturing of Bleaching Powder –
- When chorine gas is passed through dry slaked lime i.e., calcium
hydroxide it gives calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder) and water.
- Ca (OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
Uses of Bleaching Powder –
1. Bleaching Powder is used as a disinfectant to clean drinking water, moss
remover, weed killer.
2. Bleaching powder is used for bleaching of cotton in textile industry and
for bleaching wood pulp in paper industry.
3. It used for bleaching clothes in laundry and also in making the wool
unshrinkable.
4. Bleaching powder is used as an oxidising agent in many industries.
▪ PLATER OF PARIS –
1.Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrate, the formula for it is
CaSo4. ½ H2O.
2.It is a white coloured powder and has a very remarkable property of setting
into a hard mass on wetting with water.
PREPARATION OF P.O.P –
1.Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating gypsum which is calcium sulphate dihydrate
(CaSO4.2H2O). It is prepared by heating gypsum to a temperature of 373 K.
2.When gypsum is heated at 373 K it loses its ¾ molecules of water of crystallisation and
forms plaster. (CaSO4. ½ H2O).
> 373 K
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4. ½ H2O
3. The heating of gypsum is to be controlled very carefully, the temperature of heating it
should not go above 373 K or nor below it. If it is heated above 373 K then it loses all the
water of crystallisation and forms CaSO4 which is the anhydrous form and is know as
dead burnt plaster”.
> 373 K
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4 (dead burnt plaster)
The calcium sulphate hemihydrate actually means that 2 molecules of CaSO4 Share one
molecule of water so that effective water of crystallisation for one unit of CaSO4 comes to
½ molecule of water. So, 2CaSO4. H2O or CaSO4. ½ H2O means one and the same thing.
The setting of POP is accompanied by slight expansion in volume due which it is used in
making of statues etc.
USES OF POP –
1. POP is used in hospitals for setting of fractured bones in right position to ensure
correct healing.
2. It is used in making toys, decorative pieces, cases for statues, ornaments etc.
3. It is used in making of fire proofing material
4. It is used for sealing air gaps in an apparatus in a laboratory.
5. It used for making surfaces smooth before painting in houses and for making
ornamental designs on sealing of the house.
6. It is used in making chalks for writing on the blackboard.
