ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

LAB MANUAL

2017
 Table of Contents

Laboratory Safety ................................................................................. 2

Guideline for Lab report writing............................................................ 4
Experiment 1: Multi cyclone system ..................................................... 6
Experiment 2: Electrostatic Precipitator System ................................. 14
Experiment 3: Venturi Scrubber System ............................................. 19
Experiment 4: Spray Chamber System ................................................ 24
Experiment 5: SOLTEQ Pulsed-Jet Bag Filter System ........................... 30
APPENDIX A ........................................................................................ 38
References .......................................................................................... 45

1
 Laboratory Safety
Good laboratory technique is not only the sign of professional superiority but also
allow us to prevent most serious and harmful accidents. Good techniques include
proper handling of chemicals, glassware and instruments, and always habitual use of
safety precautions.

General safety rules

1. The laboratory manual is required for anyone to be in the laboratory every

time.
2. No equipment is to be operated until the approval of the instructor. Only the
equipment belong to to the assigned experiment is to be operated. All
members of a group are to be properly informed on the safety aspects of their
assigned experiment and to be familiar with the safety aspects of surrounding
experiments
3. Safety glasses with side shields or safety goggles (when handling hazardous
chemicals). Neckties, dangling clothing or jewelry, and other unsafe items are
prohibited. Long pants are recommended.
4. Sleeping and eating is prohibited in the laboratory. Violation of this rule will
result in dismissal from the laboratory for that day and an unexcused absence.
5. The safety precautions in the experimental plan must be followed.
6. No operating equipment will be left unattended. At least two members of the
group must be present while the equipment is operating.
7. The laboratory floor must be kept dry, clean, and uncluttered at all times. Any
spills should be cleaned up immediately.
8. All chemicals must be transported in a safety carrier. All mercury and alcohol
thermo meters and more than one item of glassware must be transported in a
bucket or other suitable container.
9. CHEMICALS AND GLASSWARE ARE NOT TO BE TRANSPORTED ON
THE SPIRAL STAIRCASE. Only notebooks, calculators, pens and small
tools are allowed to be carried on the spiral staircase.
10. Any accident or hazardous situation must be reported to the Laboratory
Supervisor immediately.

Personal protective equipment

1. A dust mask should be worn when handling powdery solids.

2. Earplugs protect the ears against high-decibel noise (90 dBA or above).
3. Safety glasses with side shields or safety goggles are to be worn at all times in
the laboratory.
4. Contact Lenses are discouraged in the laboratory.
5. Ventilated shoes and sandals are recommended
6. Insulated gloves are required to avoid burns when operating steam valves and
when handling hot objects.
7. Rubber or other protective gloves are required to avoid contact with chemicals
that can burn or penetrate the skin.

2
 8. Long pants (recommended). no neckties, no dangling clothes nor dangling
jewelry.
9. Buttoned long sleeve shirts (recommended).
10. Long-sleeve laboratory coat when handling chemicals that can burn the skin or
be absorbed through the skin.

General equipment safety

Chemical safety

1. Transport all chemicals using a safety carrier. The chemical must be in a

closed container.
2. Flammable, volatile chemicals are to be stored in the Flammable Liquids
Storage Cabinet.
3. Use a Class B Fire Extinguisher for chemical fires.
4. Wear protective gloves and apron when handling strong acids and bases.
5. Store oxidizable materials away from acids and bases.

Electrical safety

1. Use the “left-hand” rule in operating power boxes, i.e. use the left hand to
move the handle up or down.
2. Power must be off before making electrical connections.
3. Avoid splashing or spraying water on electrical connections, wall sockets, and
junction or power boxes.
4. Use a Class C Fire Extinguisher if energized electrical systems are involved.

Personal hygiene practices

1. Wash hands before and after running an experiment.

2. Wear gloves appropriate for the experiment. Clean the gloves after using
them.
3. Cover any cuts or open wounds with clean, suitable material.
4. Do not apply cosmetics while in the laboratory.
5. Keep extra clothing available so that you can change after working in the
laboratory or in case your clothes become contaminated.
6. Use a pipette bulb; do not use your mouth to pipette.

3
 Guideline for Lab report writing

 Cover Page

Write the Name of your University, School, Department, Subject name then Identify
yourself and your partner/s, write you ID number, Date of Performing the experiment,
Date of Submitting the report.

 Introduction/ General Information

Based on your text books, write about the subject of the experiment, an introduction
has been already included so you may either add to it or you can write a new one. You
need to paraphrase any material you take from the manual.

 Purpose/ Objective

This gives the objective of the Experiment. What concept or skill was highlighted by
this experiment. Ask yourself “Why did we do this activity? What was I supposed to
learn or practice?" Sometimes the purpose can be stated in one sentence. Other times
it may be necessary to add some extra information to narrow the scope of the activity.

 Materials & Reagents

Include lists the materials that were needed to carry out this activity. This could also
be in the form of a table.

 Procedure

All you are trying to convey is a mental picture of what you did. Ordinal phrases are
not necessary. The order of events is conveyed by the sentence order in the
description. Remember that your audience should be able to repeat your procedure if
they wish to do so. Write your description of what was done so that the reader can
visualize the set-up. Be sure to include reference to any equipment that you used (The
mass was taken on a balance.)

 Observations & Data

This includes both quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (sensual, not emotional)
observations. Quantitative observations are best presented in data tables.

 Analysis of Data/ Results

This is the section where you will show any calculations that you made using the data
you collected.

Give the formula you will use for each type of calculation. You should show which
measurements you are plugging into each calculation and then show the solution.

Once you have shown a sample calculation, you may use a data table to show other
calculated values of the same type.
4
Include graphs and their calculations

This is the proper place to discuss anything that happened during the activity that
may have affected your measurements.

Mention the sources of error, and their effect on the results that were attained during
the experiment.

 Discussion

Give the answers of all the questions included in the last of each experiment.

 Conclusions

This is the section of your report where you discuss how the purpose of the activity
relates to the analysis of your data. In other words, what did you learn.

Stick to the facts; do not comment on whether or not you enjoyed the activity. Be
specific in your statements. If the results of the activity were not satisfactory, suggest
how the activity could be improved to give better data. Did the activity raise questions
that cannot be answered with the data you collected? This is the place to mention
them. Remember, conclusions are connections that are not obvious on the surface.

5
 Experiment 1: Multi cyclone system

Introduction

This Multi Cyclone System (Model: AP 01) has been manufactured to a high standard
with emphasis on ease of use and operational safety. It consists of mainly three
cyclones of different body diameters, a dust feeding system, and an air blower. A flow
measurement device for the incoming air is also provided. The unit has been designed
for student demonstration on dust pollution control using cyclone separator.

Two of the cyclones are made of stainless steel with body diameter of 200 mm. The
other cyclone with 100 mm body diameter is made of borosilicate glass. Each cyclone
has a dust hopper for the purpose of dust collection. The cyclones are arranged in such
a way that students may run single cyclone or two cyclones in series by appropriately
changing the flow of dust-laden air. The dust feeding system consists of an air pump
and a transparent dust container. A suitable feeding rate can be achieved by
manipulating the air flow rate out of the air pump. An air blower is installed at the
outlet is capable of drawing 222 m3/hr of air through the system. The air velocity is
regulated by means of adjusting the blower speed.

Four differential pressure measurements are provided for each cyclone and venturi
meter for the purpose of measuring pressure drop, ∆P. The pressure drop across the
cyclone is directly related to the velocity of air at the cyclone inlet. Students will
determine the cyclone collection efficiency and compare the efficiency of the larger
cyclone to the smaller. Students may also compare efficiency for a single cyclone
operation and a double cyclone operation

V2
V1 V4

DPT
01
DPT
03 Cyclone,
C1
OUTLET
Cyclone, DUST
V3 C3 FILTER
Feeder,
DPT
02
F1
Dust Hopper,
Cyclone, H1
C2

Dust Hopper, VENTURI

H3 METER
Feeder, V7
DPT
F2 04

Dust Hopper,
H2
Compressor V6 V5

BLOWER

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the Double Cyclone System (Model: AP 01).

6
Objectives

With the SOLTEQ® MULTI CYCLONE SYSTEM (Model: AP01), student shall be
able:

a) To study the effect of cyclone body diameter upon collection efficiency.

b) To study the effect of inlet velocity upon collection efficiency.
c) To compare the overall collection efficiency between single and double
cyclone.
d) To verify the theoretical relationship between pressure drop, and inlet
velocity

Requirements

Dust Particles Sample : Kaolin, Mesh 60 (K200)

Digital Balance : 6,400 g; accuracy: 0.01g

Ventilated Working Area : Approximately 10 m2

Electrical : 220V/1-phase/60Hz

Theory

Cyclone separators are gas cleaning devices that employ a centrifugal force generated
by a spinning gas stream to separate the particulate matter (solid or liquid) from the
carrier gas. The separator unit may be a single large chamber, a number of small
tubular chambers in parallel, series or dynamic unit similar to a blower. Units in
parallel provide increased volumetric capacity, while units in series provide increased
removal efficiency (Wark, 1981).

As shown in Figure 2, the incoming dust-lader air travels in a spiral path around and
down the cylindrical body of the cyclone. The centrifugal force developed in the
vortex tends to move the particles radially towards the wall, and the particles that
reach the wall slide into the cone and are collected in the dust hopper bottle. The
particulate matter slides down in accordance with specific gravity. The clean gas
then forms a smaller spiral path and comes out from the top of the cyclone. The
heavier particles are collected in the dust hopper bottle, while the lighter particles
will escape with carrier medium (air) through the vortex finder located at the top of
cyclone

7
 Figure 2: Principle of cyclone operation

*Referred to instrument manual for comprehensive description

𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑽𝐩 𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 ∝ ∝ (1)
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑹𝝁𝒈

From equation1, as a first approximation, the collection efficiency is found to increase

with increase in inlet velocity (Vp), particle density (p), and particle diameter (dp); it
is found to decrease with an increase in carrier gas viscosity (μg), and cyclone
diameter (R), (recall that gas viscosity increase with increase in temperature).(Wark,
1981).

In general, higher collection efficiency is related to higher pressure losses. This is

easily seen when empirical pressure loss equation are compared to an efficiency
relation such as equation 1. One such relation is

(2)

Where;

P = Pressure drop, inches of water.

Q = Volume flow rate of gas, ft3/min.

P = Pressure, atm

T = Temperature, Rankine

g = Gas density, lb/ft3

Empirical design factor

K =
(Wark,1981)

8
 Experimental Procedures

Effect of Cyclone Diameter

1. Prepare the experiment for small cyclone, C1 operation.

2. Weight separately the empty feed container, F1 and dust hopper, H1.
3. Weight 50g of sample and pour slowly into the feed container, F1.
4. Connect the air compressor to the feed container with the tubing provided and
ensure the valve, V7 is initially closed.
5. Attach the feed container, F1 to the holder and leave approximately 0.5 – 1.0
cm gap between feed container, F1 so that the outlet of feed container is just
outside the inlet piping of cyclone.
6. Clean the outlet dust filter.
7. Make sure all items and connection are assembled and tightened properly
before starting the experiment.
8. Open valve V4.
9. Switch on the Main Switch and turn on the air blower.
10. Adjust the air blower speed to achieve inlet air velocity at 10m/s. (Refer to
Table 1 in Appendix C).
11. Switch on the air compressor and open the valve, V7 slowly until boiling
phenomena is observed.
12. Start the stop watch simultaneously.
13. Collect readings for pressure drop across cyclone and air flowrate.
14. Run the experiment for 60 min.
15. Switch off the compressor and air blower after the experiment is completed.
16. Clean off the dust sample that left inside cyclone into dust hopper (if there
any) gently by using compressed air (done carefully to avoid losses)
17. Unattached the feed container, F1 and the dust hopper, H1 and weight them
separately.
18. Determine the collection efficiency of the cyclone by key in the weight of
sample loaded and collected.
19. Repeat the experiment with the big cyclone, C2, feed container, F2 and dust
hopper, H2.
20. Valve V1, V3, V4 and V5 are fully closed.

Summary

Open Close

Small cyclone, V1, V2, V3, V5 and V6 fully

V4 fully open
C1 closed, V7 partially open

V1, V3, V4, V5 and V7 fully

Big cyclone, C3 V2 fully open
closed, V6 partially open

9
Air flow rate, Q (m3/h)

Inlet velocity, vci (m/s)

Pressure Drop (in water)

Initial weight of sample in feed container, WCI

(g)

Final weight of sample in feed container, WCF

(g)

Weight of sample collected in dust container,

WH (g)

Collection efficiency, (%)

Where,

Effect of Inlet Velocity

1. Prepare the experiment for big cyclone, C2 operation.

2. Weight separately the empty feed container, F2 and dust hopper, H2.
3. Weight 50g of sample and pour slowly into the feed container, F2.
4. Connect the air compressor to the feed container with the tubing
provided and ensure the valve, V6 is initially closed.
5. Attach the feed container to the holder and leave approximately 0.5 –
1.0 cm gap between feed container, F2 so that the outlet of feed
container is just outside the inlet piping of cyclone.
6. Clean the outlet dust filter.
7. Make sure all items and connection are assembled and tightened
properly before starting the experiment.
8. Open valve, V2.
9. Switch on the Main Switch and turn on the air blower.
10. Adjust the air blower speed to achieve inlet air velocity at 10m/s.
(Refer to Table 1 in Appendix C).
11. Switch on the air compressor and open the valve, V6 slowly until
boiling phenomena is observed.
12. Start the stop watch simultaneously.
13. Collect readings for pressure drop across cyclone and air flowrate.
14. Run the experiment for 60 min.
15. Switch off the air compressor and air blower after the experiment is
completed.
16. Clean off the dust sample that left inside cyclone into dust hopper (if
there any) gently by using compressed air (done carefully to avoid
losses)
10
 17. Unattached the feed container, F2 and the dust hopper, H2 and weight
them separately.
18. Determine the collection efficiency of the cyclone by key in the weight
of sample loaded and collected.
19. Repeat the experiment with the inlet air velocity 5 m/s.
Summary:
Open Close

Big cyclone, C2 V2 fully open V1, V3, V4, V5 and V7 fully

closed, V6 partially open

Air flow rate, Q (m3/h)

Inlet velocity, vci (m/s)

Pressure Drop (in water)

Initial weight of sample in feed container, WCI

(g)

Final weight of sample in feed container, WCF

(g)

Weight of sample collected in dust container,

WH (g)

Collection efficiency, (%)

Where,

Comparison between Single and Double Cyclone

1. Prepare the experiment for big cyclones in series, C2 and C3.

2. Weight the empty feed container, F2 and both dust hoppers, H2 and
H3.
3. Weight 50g of sample and pour slowly to the feed container, F2.
4. Connect the air compressor to the feed container and ensure the valve,
V6 is fully closed.
11
 5. Attach the feed container to the holder and leaves approximately 0.5 –
1.0 cm gap between the feed container, F2 so that the outlet of feed
container is just outside the inlet piping of cyclone.
6. Clean the outlet dust filter.
7. Make sure all items and connection are assembled and tightened
properly before starting the experiment.
8. Open valve V1 and V3.
9. Turn on the air blower.
10. Adjust the air blower speed to achieve inlet air velocity at 10m/s.
(Refer to Table 1 in Appendix C).
11. Switch on the air compressor and open the valve, V6 slowly until
boiling phenomena is observed.
12. Start the stop watch simultaneously.
13. Collect readings for pressure drop across cyclone and air flowrate.
14. Run the experiment for 60min.
15. Switch off the air compressor and air blower after the experiment is
completed.
16. Clean off the dust sample that left inside cyclone into dust hopper (if
there any) gently by using compressed air (done carefully to avoid
losses).
17. Unattached the feed container, F2 and dust hoppers, H2 and H3 and
weight them separately.
18. Determine the total collection efficiency of the cyclones by key in the
weight of sample loaded and collected.
Summary:
Open Close

Double cyclone, C2 and

- V1 and V3 - V2 and V4 fully closed
C3 fully open - V5 and V7 fully closed

Air flow rate, Q (m3/h)

Inlet velocity cyclone 2, vc2 (m/s)

Pressure Drop (inch H2O)

Initial weight of sample in feed container, WCI (g)

Final weight of sample in feed container, WCF (g)

Weight of sample collected in dust container C2,

WH2 (g)

Weight of sample collected in dust container C3,

WH3 (g)

Total collection efficiency, (%)

12
Where,

𝑊𝐻2 + 𝑊𝐻3
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦,  = × 100%
(𝑊𝐶𝐼 − 𝑊𝐶𝐹 )

Relationship between Pressure Drop and Inlet Velocity

1. Prepare the experiment for big cyclone, C2.

2. Clean the outlet dust filter.
3. Make sure all items and connection are assembled and tightened properly
before starting the experiment.
4. Turn on the air blower.
5. Adjust the air blower speed to achieve inlet air velocity of 10m/s. (Refer to
Table 1 in Appendix C).
6. Turn on the air compressor and open the valve, V6.
7. Collect readings for pressure drop across cyclone and air flowrate.
8. Repeat step 5, 6, and 7 with inlet air velocity 8, 6, 4, 2 m/s.

Result:

Air velocity, Vp (m/s) Pressure drop, DP2 (inch H2O)

10

13
 Experiment 2: Electrostatic Precipitator System

Introduction

This Electrostatic Precipitator System (Model: AP 05) has been especially designed
for student to give a basic understanding on the operation of an electrostatic
precipitator. The unit is constructed on a skid mounted steel structure and comes
complete with a laboratory scale ESP.To understand the Electrostatic Precipitator
(EP) System, we must first understand how electrostatic precipitator works. Operation
is by the two-stage electrostatic precipitation principle. All airborne contaminating
particles are lifted by the airflow stream to an ionizing section where the particles are
given a strong electrical charge. These charged particles are attracted to and captured
by a series of collector plates where they are contained until cleaned.

Common to all precipitator designs is the fact that, in any type of electrostatic air
cleaner, three basic functions must be accomplished:

Charging (or ionizing) the pollutants so they can be removed from the airstreams
by electrical or magnetic forces.

Collecting the resultant contaminant ions by subjecting them to a precipitating force

which diverts them from the normal airflow path and forces them to impact on
collecting surfaces.

Removal of precipitated contaminants from the air cleaner.

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Electrostatic Precipitator

14
Caution: The ionizing power supply cable (cable 1) and power cable of panel box must
be disconnected first before the panel is dissembled. When dissembling the panel box,
lift up the panel box, slowly take out the panel box a bit and disconnect the cable.

Figure 2: Top View of Collecting Plates (Top Door Open), Front Door-Collecting
Plate Connector

Theory

Electrostatic air cleaners have long been known for their unique ability to collect very
finely divided particulate contaminants without demanding heavy energy
consumption. But the fundamental differences between popular precipitator designs
gives rise to substantial variations in their capabilities and collecting performance.
Common to all precipitator designs is the fact that, in any type of electrostatic air
cleaner, three basic functions must be accomplished:

i) charging (or ionizing) the pollutants so they can be removed from the airstream by
electrical or magnetic forces;

ii) collecting the resultant contaminant ions by subjecting them to a precipitating force
which diverts them from the normal airflow path and forces them to impact on
collecting surfaces;

iii) removal of precipitated contaminants from the air cleaner.

In the years since electrostatic precipitation was first patented by F.G.Cottrel in 1908,
only two major types of precipitator construction have evolved. They differ primarily
in the manner in which the ionization and collection functions are accomplished. The
best known precipitators are still based on Dr.Cottrell’s original “wire in a pipe”
design; such units are often referred to as “Cottrell type” precipitators. At the present

15
time, most commercial Cottrell type precipitators utilize the plate type of construction
that is illustrated in Figure 2 and 3, although a few “tubular” or “pipe” type units are
still constructed for specialized applications.

Figure 2: The cross-sectional view of Cottrell type single-stage precipitators,

The overall view of Cottrell type single-stage precipitators.

*Referred to lecture note and instrument manual for detail description

Equipment Preparations

1. Make sure the base of the equipment is balance by using the spirit level at the
four corner of the base. Ensure that the bubble is located in middle position.
2. Make sure that the collecting plates and the prefilter (the honey combed like
filter) is cleaned as described in section 3.7 and make sure there are free of
dust that will block the surface of the plates.
3. Make sure all the plugs are disconnected from the power supply. Also make
sure that all the switches (the on off switch and the circuit breaker switch) on
the equipment are switched off and the range adjustment is set to zero.

CAUTION: The equipment is using high voltage electricity. Thus, precaution step is
needed to prevent accident.

1. Make sure that the insulator of Cable 1 (at the front door) and Cable 2 (at the
top door) is not damaged. If it is damaged, tape the damaged area with the
black tape to prevent from short circuit.

16
 2. Make sure that the bypass valve is always open throughout the whole
experiment. And make sure that the feeder valve is closed before starting the
experiment.

Sample Preparations

1. Dismantle the feeder from the equipment. Take off its cover and weigh the
empty cone shaped feeder on a balance. Reset the balance to zero.
2. Fill in the feeder with 50 grams of kaolin powder.
3. Take the filled cone shaped feeder and attach the cover on to it.
4. Reset the balance to zero.
5. Weight the covered filled feeder on the balance and record the reading.

Experimental Procedures

1. Weight the clean pre-filter on a balance. Take down the balance reading.
2. Put the pre-filter in the equipment and lock it to prevent from falling.
3. Attach the feeder to the inlet. Connect the feeder with the compressor tube.
4. Switch on main power supply of the equipment. Plug in and switch on the
equipment’s balance. Reset the balance to zero.
5. Put in the cleaned collecting plates into the chamber of equipment from the
top door. Make sure that the collecting plate and the supporting leg (bottom of
the chamber) are in totally suspended position without contact with any other
thing.
Note: If the reading of balance is fluctuating, this indicating that either the
position of the collecting plate or supporting legs aren’t correct. Reposition of
the collecting plate or supporting legs must be conducted. The 4 supporting
legs must be located within the hole area and does not have any contact with
the equipment body.
6. Reset the balance to zero again and close the front door.
7. Connect the ionizing power cable (Cable 1) to the front door and then mount
the panel on it. If the panel is difficult to mount on the front door, panel cover
should be loosening a bit for ease of mounting the panel.
8. Connect the panel power cable to the socket. Switch on the blower and high
voltage supply on the panel. Notice green light on the panel: solid green light
indicating good condition of running whereas flashing green light indicating
short circuit of collecting plates.
9. If flashing green is shown, switch off the blower and high voltage supply.
Wait for 3 minutes for the electrical charge on the equipment to disappear and

17
 reposition the collecting plates. The collecting plate should not be too close to
the equipment walls and the door to prevent from short circuit.
Note: Spark sound can be heard during short circuit.
Caution: Do not touch the equipment before the electrical charge disappear.
10. Repeat steps 5 to 9 until solid green light is shown by the panel.
11. Connect the grounding cable to the collecting plate and close the top door.
12. Open by pass valve of air compressor. Plug in and switch on the air
compressor.
13. Adjust the feeder valve so that the kaolin powder flows steadily in the inlet.
The kaolin powder is let to flow for 1 hour.
i. NOTE: Always check the inlet tube and knock a bit the feeder
container if the kaolin powder is stacked there.
14. After 1 hour, switch off the compressor, and turn off the blower. Wait for
about 5 minutes for the electric charge to disappear.
15. Un-mount the panel from the front door and disconnect the ionizing cable.
Open the top and front door. Disconnect the grounding cable from the
collecting plates.
16. Let the balance to be stabilized and then take the reading of the balance. The
reading taken is the mass of collected particles, m2.
NOTE: Do not take the balance reading while the collecting plate is connected
with the cables. The cables will affect the reading of the balance measured.
17. Take out the collecting plate and put it aside.
18. Take out the pre-filter carefully to minimize the drop of trapped particles.
Weigh the pre-filter on a balance and write down the reading.
19. Take out the feeder and weigh it on a balance.
20. Clean the collecting plate, pre-filter and the chamber from kaolin powder.
21. Repeat the experiment with corn flour.
22. Calculate the efficiency of the equipment by using the readings obtained.
Compare the efficiencies between kaolin powder and corn flour. The
efficiency of the machine can be calculated using the formula below:

Powder fed, ∆m = initial feeder mass – final feeder mass

Powder trapped, m3 = initial pre-filter mass – final pre-filter mass

Efficiency, % = Powder collected, m2 x 100%

Powder fed, ∆m – Powder trapped, m3

18
 Experiment 3: Venturi Scrubber System

Introduction
The SOLTEQ Venturi Scrubber System (Model: AP02) is designed and manufactured
to a standard with emphasis on ease of use and operational safety for introduction of
air pollution control by using venturi scrubber system to Chemical Engineering
students. It consists mainly of transparent cylindrical venturi scrubber, a separation
chamber, a water recirculation chamber, a powder-feeder system, an air blower, an
outlet dust filter, and air flow meter.
The venturi scrubber system is made of a durable clear PVC with throat diameter of
32 mm and both convergence and divergence diameter of 101.6 mm. The separation
chamber is also made of durable clear PVC with dimension of 0.6 m diameter and 2
m height. The chamber has a rectangular tangential inlet at the bottom of the venturi
chamber. A mist eliminator is located at the top section of the chamber to prevent any
water droplets from escaping. The water recirculation tank consists of a water tank,
water pump, digital flow meter, pressure transmitter and a needle valve.
An air blower installed at the outlet is capable of drawing 222 m3/hr of air through the
system. The air velocity is set by adjusting the speed of the blower which is controlled
by an inverter. With the aid of a pneumatic vibrator, a valve is installed below the
feed container to control the amount of dust particles sample introduced into the
system. A pressure regulator is used to regulate the pneumatic vibrator.
Three digital differential pressure transmitters have been installed for measuring
pressure drops across the bag house, venturi meter, and air flow rate.

Objectives
Demonstrate venturi scrubber operations by varying several parameters such as liquid
to gas (L/G) ratio to estimate its effect on separation efficiency and verify the
theoretical relationship between total pressure drop and air inlet velocity

Pressure
Regulator
Powder feeder

Pneumatic
Vibrator
COMPRESSOR

V6

SEPARATION
DPT CHAMBER
1
OUTLET DUST FILTER

DPT
2

VENTURI
SCRUBBER

Inlet
PT1

DPT
03 VENTURI METER
FT1
V7

OUTLET
V5

V4

V8 V9

LSL
BLOWER

V3 V2 V1
PUMP FILTER

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the Venturi Scrubber System (Model: AP 02).

19
Theory

Operating Principles

A venturi scrubber is designed to effectively use the energy from the inlet gas stream
to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream. The venturi scrubber is one
of air pollution control technology collectively referred to as wet scrubbers.

Figure 2: Section Description of Venturi Scrubber

Figure 3: Process Description of Venturi Scrubber System (Model: AP 02).

The incoming gas is accelerated to a high velocity at the scrubber’s throat where it
comes into contact with the scrubbing liquid. The liquid is atomize into droplets
which entrap the particulate with high collection efficiency.
Downstream from the gas throat, the cleaned gas decelerates and the particulate laden
droplets collide and agglomerate. The large, heavy, agglomerated droplets are driven
20
into the flooded elbow for easy disposal. Droplets too small for collection at the
flooded elbow are collected in the separator to complete the cleaning operation.
Pressure drop across the venturi throat is a measure of the energy needed to atomize
the scrubbing liquid and to perform the cleaning operation. The higher the pressure
drop, the higher the collection efficiency.

*Referred to lecture note and instrument manual for detail description

General Start-up Procedure

1. Make sure all valves are open except for valve V1 and V2 to be closed.
2. Connect pressure regulator to compressor.
3. Weigh powder sample as m1 and pour into feed container.
4. Connect a hose to inlet valve of water tank (partition with level switch) to fill
it with clean water.
5. Connect another hose to drain valve of water tank (partition without level
switch) for draining purpose.
6. Clean the powder collecting container attached below the venture chamber’s
valve.
7. Switch on main power supply and control panel.
8. Now the equipment is ready for experiment.

Experimental Procedures

Effect of liquid to gas ratio (L/G) separation efficiency

Objective: To study the effect liquid to gas ratio (L/G) separation efficiency

1. Follow the general start-up procedures as described in section 4.0.

2. Switch on the blower. Fully open blower by-pass valve and adjust blower
speed for air velocity, V1 is 10 m/s. (Refer Table 1 in Appendix B)
3. Switch on the water pump. Adjust needle valve and by-pass valve until water
flow meter FT1 shows 5 LPM.
4. Switch on the pneumatic vibrator and regulate the pressure regulator to 2 bar
then open the powder feeder valve, V6.
5. After the water level in flooded elbow overflow to the venturi chamber, adjust
V8 below the chamber to maintain the water level.
6. After all powder has been fed into the chamber, switch off the pump and wait
until all water in the chamber to drain off through the powder collecting
container attached below to the chamber.
7. The pneumatic regulator can be switch off by regulating the pressure regulator
to 0 bar.
8. Collect the sample from valve V7 and V8.
9. Dry the collected powder by oven.
10. Weight the dry collected powder and record the reading as m2.
11. Repeat steps 3 to 8 by increasing FT1 to 8LPM, 10LPM and 13LPM

21
 NOTE: Do not adjust the air pressure regulator more than 6 bar.

Water flow Weight

DPT3 Air Velocity, V1 Weight Efficiency
rate FT1 retained m2
(in H2O) (m3/s) loaded m1 (g) (%)
(LPM) (g)

10

13

Relationship between pressure drop across the throat (DPT2) and pressure drop
across the venturi chamber (DPT1) with air flowrate
Objective: To study the theoretical relationship between pressure drop across the
throat and pressure drop across the venturi chamber with air flow rate
1. Follow the general start-up procedures as described in section 4.0.
2. Switch on the blower. Adjust blower speed to desired air velocity and fully
open blower by-pass valve. (Refer to Table 1 in Appendix B)
3. Switch on the water pump. Adjust needle valve and by-pass valve until water
flow meter FT1 shows 7 LPM.
4. After the water level in flooded elbow overflow to the venturi chamber, adjust
the valve below the chamber to maintain the water level. Take the reading of
DPT1 and DPT2, blower speed and DPT3.
5. Steps 2 to 5 are repeated by increasing Air Flow rate to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11
m/s.
6. Shut down the equipment.
7. Plot the graphs of DPT1 and DPT 2 vs DPT3

Air Velocity, Blower Speed DPT3

V1 DPT1 (in DPT2 (in
(rpm) (in. H2O) H2O) H2O)
(m/s)

10

11

22
Air flow rate:

2  P1  P2 
V1 
 A1   1
2
 
  
 2 
A


Where:

A2 = 0.000452 m2

A1 = 0.001810m2

P1 – P2 = FT2 (Pa)

ρ = 1.2 kg/m3

23
 Experiment 4: Spray Chamber System

Introduction
The Spray Chamber consists of spray chamber, a water re-circulation system, a feed
container with a valve, an air blower, an outlet dust filter and an air flow meter with
control valve. It is made of durable clear water PVC measuring approximately 0.3 m
diameter and 2 m tall. Five different spray nozzles have been installed inside the
chamber. A mist eliminator of different sizes at the top section of the chamber
prevents any water droplets from escaping. The water re-circulation tank consists of a
water tank, water pump, digital flow meters and pressure transmitter.
An air blower installed at the outlet is capable of drawing 222 m3/hr of air through the
system. The air velocity is set by adjusting the speed of blower which is controlled by
an inverter. With the aid of a pneumatic vibrator, a valve is installed below the feed
container to control the amount of dust particles sample introduced into the system.
A pressure regulator is used to regulate the pneumatic vibrator. Two differential
pressure transmitter has been installed on the control panel for the purpose of pressure
drop (DP) readings across the separation chamber and venture meter.

Objectives
Demonstrate the spray chamber operations using five different spraying nozzles and
study the effect of droplet sizes upon separation efficiency. The effect of liquid-to-gas
(L/G) ratio to separation efficiency will also be demonstrated.
Pressure
Regulator

COMPRESSOR
SEPARATION CHAMBER

POWDER FEEDER

SPRAY NOZZLE

V10-V14 PT1
Pneumatic
Vibrator
DPT1

OUTLET DUST
V15 FILTER

V7
V9

FT2 FT1 VENTURI

METER
DPT
V6 V8 02

INLET

V5

V4
V16 OUTLET

LSL
V17

DRAIN DRAIN PUMP P1

V1 V2 V3 FILTER BLOWER

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the Spray Chamber System (Model: AP 03)

24
Theory
Particle Collection Efficiency of Spray Chamber System
The Spray Chamber System is equipped with five different diameters spray nozzles of
different diameter to demonstrate the effect of droplet sizes on particle collection
efficiency. Spray chamber scrubbers consist of empty cylindrical chambers in which
the gas stream is contacted with liquid droplets generated by spray nozzles. The
resulting spray droplets impact with the particles matters, which are larger than 10
µm. The bulk of the liquor is separated by gravity and collects in the base of the
tower. The gas flows upward through a bank or successive bank of spray nozzles.
Mist eliminator is required to prevent excessive carry over of droplets with the clean
gas.
Spray chambers are not intended for collection of small particulates. They are low
energy scrubbers and have low contacting power. Physical absorption depends on
properties of the gas stream and liquid solvent such as density and viscosity, as well
as specific characteristic of the pollutant(s) in the gas and liquid streams (e.g.,
diffusivity, equilibrium solubility). The droplets size can be controlled to optimize
particle contact. Increasing of spray pressure will decrease the droplet size in order to
provide more surface area. The spray chamber system collection efficiency, η can be
obtained experimentally from the following equation:
η = Weight of sample collected x 100%

Weight of sample loaded

Measurements have shown that in general larger spray scrubbers have higher particle
collection efficiencies for the same liquid/gas flow rate ratio, same droplet size
distribution, and same particle size distribution, and this is probably because the
droplets remain in the gas stream longer (before they hit the scrubber sides or are
removed by mist eliminator art the tower outlet), and hence the distance the droplet
travels with respect to the gas is larger, providing for a larger magnitude of the
fraction of gas swept, f.For the spray scrubber illustrated in Figure 2, with the gas
flowing vertically upward, large drops with sufficient gravity settling velocity will
travel downward; smaller drops with settling velocities less than upward gas velocity
will travel upward to the mist eliminator.

*Referred to lecture note and instrument manual for detail description

Figure 2: Illustration of Spray Scrubber System

25
 Experimental Procedures
Effect of Droplet Size to the Separation Efficiency
Objective: To determine the effect of droplet size upon separation efficiency of the
spray chamber unit, by different size of nozzles.
1. Follow the general start-up procedures.
2. Switch on the Centrifugal Water Pump, P1.
3. Record the nozzle water flow rate from either flow meter FM1 or FM2
depending on the nozzle to be tested (Table 1).
4. Closed valve V16. Let the water level inside the spray chamber increase until
it reached the desired level indicated by the line on the chamber. Once so,
adjust the valve V16 so as to maintain this water height.
5. Set the air blower speed controller at 1500 rpm and switch on the blower.
6. Switch on the pneumatic vibrator and regulate the pressure regulator to 2 bar.
Then, slightly open the control valve V15 to allow the sample to flow down
steadily.
7. After all the sample has been delivered into the air stream, wait two minutes to
ensure all powder has cleared from the pipeline then switch off the centrifugal
water pump, P1 and Centrifugal Air Blower. The pneumatic regulator can be
switch off by regulating the pressure regulator to 0 bar.
8. Slowly open valve V16 to let the dust-laden water in the spray chamber flow
down by gravity to powder collecting bucket.
9. Once all water has flowed down from the chamber, let the powder settle down
in the powder collecting container (Approximately 5 minutes).
10. Take out the container carefully so as to avoid dust sample from escaping.
Drain, the excess water, and then collect the powder on a suitable oven tray.
Then heat up the wet powder sample in an oven at 150°C for approximately
30 minutes until the sample becomes sufficiently dry.
11. Weigh the sample on a digital mass balance, and record the final weight.
12. Calculate the collection efficiency.
13. Repeat step 1 until step 12 using different size of nozzles.
NOTE: Do not adjust the air pressure regulator more than 6 bar.
Air Blower Speed : ______

Nozzle Set Pressure, Initial Weight Collection

PT1 (bar) Efficiency, η (%)
Weight (g) Retained (g)

N1 2

N2 2

N3 5

N4 2

N5 2

26
Effect of Liquid to Gas (L/G) Ratio On The Separation Efficiency.
Objective: To determine the effect of liquid to gas ratio (L/G) upon separation
efficiency of the spray chamber unit.
1. Follow the general start-up procedures.
2. Switch on the Centrifugal Water Pump, P1.
3. For the first test, use nozzle N4 (190 µm nozzle size). Open appropriate
isolation valve and adjust the control valve so that the nozzle pressure, PT5 is
set according to Table 1.
4. Record the nozzle water flow rate from flow meter, FM2.
5. Closed valve V9. Let the water level inside the spray chamber increase until it
reached the desired level indicated by the line on the chamber. Once so, adjust
the valve V16 so as to maintain this water height.
6. Set the air blower speed controller to its minimum (1500 rpm) and switch on
the blower.
7. Switch on the pneumatic vibrator and regulate the pressure regulator to 2 bar.
Then, slightly open control valve V15 so that the sample flow down steadily.
Make sure the vibrator running for 10 minutes and switch off for another 10
minutes to avoid overheating.
8. After all the sample has been delivered into the air stream, wait two minutes to
ensure all dust has cleared from the pipeline then switch off the centrifugal
water pump, P1 and Centrifugal Air Blower. The pneumatic regulator can be
switch off by regulating the pressure regulator to 0 bar.
9. Slowly open valve V16 to let the dust-laden water in the spray chamber flow
down by gravity to dust collecting container.
10. Once all water has flowed down from the chamber, let the powder settle down
in the container (Approximately 5 minutes).
11. Take out the container carefully so as to avoid powder sample from escaping.
Drain, the excess water, and then collect the powder on a suitable oven tray.
Then heat up the wet powder sample in an oven at 150°C for approximately
30 minutes until the sample becomes sufficiently dry.
Weigh the sample on a digital mass balance, and record the final weight.
weight • •
samplecollected
 100
weight •
of • •
sampleloaded •
Calculate the efficiency:
For the second test, repeat the procedure above by using nozzle N5 with step 6
modified to 2,000 rpm.
Note: Do not adjust the air pressure regulator more than 6 bar.

For Nozzle 4, N4 (Nozzle size- 190 µm)

Set Pressure : _______

27
Air Blower Initial Weight Collection
Speed Efficiency, η (%)
(rpm) Weight (g) Retained (g)

1500

2000

Relationship Between Pressure Drop Across the Spray Chamber and Air Inlet
Velocity
Objective: To obtain the relationship between pressure drop across the spray chamber
and air inlet velocity.
1. Ensure that all valves are closed except valve V16 to be opened.
2. Switch on the blower.
3. Gradually increased the air blower speed until DPT2 reading displays 10%.
4. Record the reading of DPT1 at each 5% increment of DPT2 by adjusting the
blower speed until reaches 100% of DPT2.
5. Plot a graph of pressure drop, DPT1 against air flowrate, Q (refer to
calibration curve for DPT2 vs. air flowrate).

DPT2 (%) DPT2 (in. Air Inlet Velocity, DPT1 (in.

H2O) v (m/s) H2O)

10 1.6

15 2.4

20 3.2

25 4.0

30 4.8

35 5.6

40 6.4

45 7.2

50 8.0

55 8.8

60 9.6

65 10.4

28
70 11.2

75 12.0

80 12.8

85 13.6

90 14.4

95 15.2

100 16.0

29
 Experiment 5: SOLTEQ Pulsed-Jet Bag Filter System

Introduction
The SOLTEQ Pulsed-Jet Bag Filter System (model: AP04) has been locally
manufactured to a high standard with emphasis on ease of use and operational safety.
It consists of a baghouse, a pulsed-jet cleaning system, a feed container with a control
valve, an air blower, an outlet dust filter and an air flowmeter. The unit has been
custom designed to introduce students of Chemical Engineering to dust pollution
control using a fabric filter.
The bag house is divided into two sections: top and bottom sections. The top section
is made of stainless steel and connected to the compressed air tank that is part of the
pulsed-jet cleaning mechanism. The bottom section is made of durable clear PVC
with dust collector in the form of removable drawer. Student can view through the
bottom section about the filtering and cleaning activities of the bag filter system. The
cleaning mechanism consists of a compressed air tank, pressure regulator, a solenoid
valve with remote selectable timer and a portable air compressor. Four units of
polyester fabric filters are installed in a row inside the bottom section of the bag
house.
An air blower installed at the outlet is capable of drawing 222 m3/hr of air through the
system. The air velocity is set by adjusting the speed of the blower which is controlled
by an inverter. A valve is installed below the feed container to control the amount of
dust particles sample introduced into the air stream before being filtered inside the
bag house.Two digital differential pressure indicator has been installed for the
purpose of measuring pressure drops (DP) across the bag house and venturi.

Objective
Demonstrate the bag filter operations by varying parameters such as number of fabric
filter being used and gas-to-cloth (G/C) ratio.

OUTLET DUST
SOLENOID FILTER
BAG HOUSE
VALVE
S

DPT1
PRESSURE
RELIEF
PI VALVE
01

POWDER VENTURI
FEEDER METER
COMPRESSED DPT
AIR TANK 02

OUTLET
V2 DUST
COLLECTOR

V3
CLEAN AIR IN

COMPRESSOR
Pressure
V1
Regulator
BLOWER

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the pulse-Jet Bag Filter System (Model: AP 04)

30
Theory
Mechanism of Filtration Process
Theoretical equations exist for the mechanism of particle capture based on single
particles and approaching single fibers. For an operating fabric filter, however, the
fabric is covered with dust cake and the dust cake is continually varying in thickness.
As particles approach the porous mass of dust that constitutes the cake, they either
will strike one or more surface particles or enter a pore. If the particle is larger than
the pore it attempts to enter, it will continue travelling through the pore until it
touches the pore wall and adheres or until the pore narrows to dimensions smaller
than the particle to be sieved out or until the particles passes through the dust pore and
a fabric pore and exists on the clean-air side of the air filter. One might expect that
larger particles would be sieved out with greater efficiency than smaller particles.

Gas-to-Cloth Ratio
Gas-to-cloth ratio, G/C, is a measure of the amount of gas driven through each square
foot of fabric in the bag house, and is given in terms of the number of cubic feet of
gas per minute passing through ` square foot of cloth [(ft3/min)/ft2 or fpm]

ft 3
G/C  2 Eq. (1)
ft  min of gas

G/C can correctly be considered a superficial gas velocity. As the gas-to-cloth ratio
increases, pressure drop (∆P) also increases.

Pressure Drop

Face velocity:

Qg
vo 
A Eq. (2)
Where

Qg = Volumetric flowrate of inlet gas, m3/s

A = Total filtering surfaces of all bags, m2

vo = Face velocity, m/s

Darcy formulated for flow of fluid through a porous bed.

Lu f V
P  Eq. (3)
K
Where

31
 P = Pressure difference across the bed, in. H2O

L = Bed thickness, ft

uf = Fluid velocity, fpm

V = Superficial fluid velocity, fpm

K = Bed permeability, ft.(fpm)2/in.H2O

This equation assumes that the fluid is essentially incompressible and steady, the fluid
viscosity is Newtonian, and the velocity is low enough that only viscous effects occur.
The basic Darcy equation for the prediction of pressure drop for an operating fabric
filter with dust cake accumulating on the fabric. The pressure drop, ∆P is given as:

P  S EV  K 2CiV 2t Eq. (4)

Where

P = Pressure drop, in. H2O

SE = Effective residual drag, in. H2O/fpm

V = Velocity, fpm

K2 = Specific cake coefficient, (in. H2O/fpm)/(lb/ft2)

Ci = Inlet dust concentrations, lb/ft3

t = Filtration time, min

Energy loss through a fabric filter is composed of two parts:

Drag or energy expended in pumping system gas through

1) S EV =
the cleaned equilibrium fabric of the fabric filter
Energy required to pump gas through the filter cake that
2) K 2CiV 2t =
builds up on the surface of the fabric

Billings and Wilder reported an extensive field survey of K2 as a function of the air-
cloth ratio (filtration velocity) and particle size. K2 is determined from the reported
values of operating air-cloth ratio (V), dust loading (Ci), filtration time (t), and
residual and maximum pressure drops (∆PR, ∆PM). Data from Dennis et al. and
Davis and Kurzynske are shown in Figure 2 & 3, respectively. The solid lines
represent each researcher’s best fit to the data, where available. Both sets of data
clearly indicate a strong dependence of K2 on the particle size
32
 Figure 2: K2 versus MMD and Face Figure 3: K2 versus MMD for Talc at 4
velocity fpm

It is evident from these data that velocity also has an effect on K2. While this
observed effect may be partially attributed to the effect of velocity on dust cake
packing and/or Reynolds number, most researchers have reported that K2 is a
function of velocity such that:

K 2  kV x Eq. (5)

The data in Figure 2 and 2, data by Davis and Frazier were normalized to a velocity of
3 fpm and replotted in Figure 5 assuming an average value for x of 0.6. The
normalized data show that there is a well-defined relationship between K2 and the
particle size. A best-fit equation was determined for the data:

K 2  118.4MMD 1.10 Eq. (6)

The best-fit equation predicts the K2 value within a factor of 2

Figure 4: K2 Normalized to 3 fpm versus MMD

33
Efficiency
Efficiency is a measure of how well a filter separates dust from gas. For an operating
bag house, overall efficiency is calculated from:

Weight of calculated
Efficiency = x 100% Eq. (7)
weight of loaded

Penetration (1-efficiency) is also used as a measure of performance. Efficiency and

penetration may be measured or calculated for specific particle sizes or size ranges.
Inertial impactors are used to measure efficiency by measuring particle concentration
over several size ranges on the inlet and outlet streams of a bag house.

*Referred to lecture note and instrument manual for detail description

Experimental Procedures
Effect of varying total filtering area separation efficiency
Objective: To study the effect of varying total filtering area the separation efficiency
1. Follow the general start-up procedures 4.0.
2. Pour the dust sample into the feed vessel (200 g of kaolin). Leave approximate
0.5–1.0 cm gap between feed container. Connect compressed air supply to the
feed vessel.
3. Switch on the main panel. Switch on the blower and set inlet velocity of the
bag filter to 2000 rpm by the air blower speed controller.
4. Open and adjust control valve, V1 slowly to allow compressed air goes into
the feed container until boiling effect is observed.
5. Once all sample are finished loaded, let the system run for another 5 minutes
to ensure all dust trapped in the piping are delivered into the separation
chamber.
6. Then shut off the blower, which will start to activate the pulsed-jet solenoid
valve. The pulsed-jet solenoid valve will automatic activated for 10 shots to
ensure the bags are cleaned properly.
7. Clean up the walls and bag(s) with a suitable brush or broom using the
cleaning windows located at both sides of the separation chamber. Ensure the
dusts are settled into the dust collector as much as possible.
8. Pull out the dust collector, taking care that the dust would not spill out. Collect
the leftover dusts on the floor of the separation chamber, and put the leftover
dust into the pulled out dust collector.
9. Carefully transfer the dusts into a pre-weighed container. Then measure the
weight of the dusts. Calculate the efficiency by using equation 7.
10. Repeat step 1 until step 10 with 1, 2, or 3 filter bags.
11. Repeat step 1 until step 11 with polyester material filter bags

34
Records the reading into the table below:

Air blower Number Weight Weight Experiment

speed,(rpm) of bags loaded (g) retained(g) efficiency (%)

2000

2000

Note: The blower needs to on at least 10 seconds before the solenoid valve can be
activated. Each pulse duration is approximate1 minute.

Effect of face velocity to separation efficiency

Objective: To study the effect of face velocity to the separation efficiency
1. Follow the general start-up procedures 4.0.
2. Pour the dust sample into the feed vessel (200g of kaolin). Leave approximate
0.5–1.0 cm gap between feed container. Connect compressed air supply to the
feed vessel.
3. Switch on the main panel. Switch on the blower and set inlet velocity of the
bag filter to 2000 rpm by the air blower speed controller.
4. Open and adjust control valve, V1 slowly to allow compressed air goes into
the feed container until boiling effect is observed.
5. Once all sample are finished loaded, let the system run for another 5 minutes
to ensure all dust trapped in the piping are delivered into the separation
chamber.
6. Then shut off the blower, which will start to activate the pulsed-jet solenoid
valve.
7. The pulsed-jet solenoid valve will automatic activated for 10 shots to ensure
the bags are cleaned properly.
8. Clean up the walls and bag(s) with a suitable brush or broom sing the cleaning
windows located at both sides of the separation chamber. Ensure the dusts are
settled into the dust collector as much as possible
9. Pull out the dust collector, taking care that the dust would not spill out. Collect
the leftover dusts on the floor of the separation chamber, and put the leftover
dust into the pulled out dust collector.
10. Carefully transfer the dusts into a pre-weighed container. Then measure the
weight of the dusts. Calculate the efficiency by using equation 7.
11. Repeat step 1 until step 10 with different velocity.
12. Repeat step 1 until step 11 with polyester material filter bags.
13. Records the reading into the table below.

35
 Experiment
Air blower Weight Weight
Efficiency
speed,(rpm) loaded (g) retained(g)
(%)

2000

1500

Note: The blower needs to on at least 10 seconds before the solenoid valve can be
activated. Each pulse duration is approximate 1 minute.

36
Relationship between pressure drop across the bag house and face velocity
Objective: To study the theoretical relationship between pressure drop across the bag
house and face velocity
1. Installed 2 bag filters in the bag house.
2. Switch on the blower.
3. Turn the selector switch to 2 for DPT2 reading (inches H2O).
4. Set the minimum reading for DPT 2 by adjusting the air blower speed
controller.
5. Take the DPT1 reading (% inches H2O by tuning the selector switch to 1).
6. Increase the reading of DPT 2 by increment of 5% until 100% of inches H2O
and take DPT 1 readings.
7. Switch off the blower.
8. Plot graph of pressure drop ∆P vs. vo.
9. Repeat step 1 until step 7 with 1, 3, or 4 filtering bag(s).
10. Repeat step 1 until step 9 with polyester material filter bags.
Number of filtering bag: _____

DPT2,% P2, P1, Q, vo

DPT1,%
(Venturi) (in H2O) (in H2O) (m3/s) (m/s)

50

55

60

95

100

Q
vo  ; At  total filtering area
At
# Area, A for 1 bag = 0.42 m2
Note: The blower needs to on at least 10 seconds before the solenoid valve can be
activated. Each pulse duration is approximate 1 minute.

37
 APPENDIX A

Calibration Data ΔP-Air Flow Rate

Venturi flowmeter

2  P1  P2 
V1 
 A1 2 
  A   1
 2  
Data:

A1 = 0.001810

A2 = 0.000452

ρ = 1.2

Where;

VC1 = Inlet velocity of C1

VC2 = Inlet velocity of C2

VC3 = Inlet velocity of C3

AC1= Area of C1, 0.00071m2

AC2=Area of C2, 0.0028m2

AC3=Area of C3, 0.0028m2

38
Table 1: Calibration data of ΔP - air flow rate
ΔP, Inch H2O VI(m/s)
ΔP (Pa) (Venturi) Q (m3/hr) VC3 (m/s) VC2 (m/s) VC1 (m/s)
(Venturi) (Venturi)

0.1 24.909 1.66 10.84 1.06 1.06 4.24

0.2 49.818 2.35 15.33 1.50 1.50 6.00

0.3 74.727 2.88 18.77 1.83 1.83 7.34

0.4 99.636 3.33 21.68 2.12 2.12 8.48

0.5 124.545 3.72 24.24 2.37 2.37 9.48

0.6 149.454 4.08 26.55 2.59 2.59 10.39

0.7 174.363 4.40 28.68 2.80 2.80 11.22

0.8 199.272 4.71 30.66 2.99 2.99 11.99

0.9 224.181 4.99 32.52 3.17 3.17 12.72

1 249.09 5.26 34.28 3.34 3.34 13.41

1.1 273.999 5.52 35.95 3.51 3.51 14.06

1.2 298.908 5.76 37.55 3.66 3.66 14.69

1.3 323.817 6.00 39.08 3.81 3.81 15.29

1.4 348.726 6.22 40.56 3.96 3.96 15.87

1.5 373.635 6.44 41.98 4.10 4.10 16.42

1.6 398.544 6.65 43.36 4.23 4.23 16.96

1.7 423.453 6.86 44.69 4.36 4.36 17.48

1.8 448.362 7.06 45.99 4.49 4.49 17.99

1.9 473.271 7.25 47.25 4.61 4.61 18.48

2 498.18 7.44 48.47 4.73 4.73 18.96

2.1 523.089 7.62 49.67 4.85 4.85 19.43

2.2 547.998 7.80 50.84 4.96 4.96 19.89

2.3 572.907 7.98 51.98 5.07 5.07 20.34

2.4 597.816 8.15 53.10 5.18 5.18 20.77

2.5 622.725 8.32 54.19 5.29 5.29 21.20

2.6 647.634 8.48 55.27 5.39 5.39 21.62

2.7 672.543 8.64 56.32 5.50 5.50 22.03

2.8 697.452 8.80 57.35 5.60 5.60 22.44

2.9 722.361 8.96 58.37 5.70 5.70 22.84

39
3 747.27 9.11 59.37 5.79 5.79 23.23

3.1 772.179 9.26 60.35 5.89 5.89 23.61

3.2 797.088 9.41 61.31 5.98 5.98 23.99

3.3 821.997 9.56 62.27 6.08 6.08 24.36

3.4 846.906 9.70 63.20 6.17 6.17 24.73

3.5 871.815 9.84 64.12 6.26 6.26 25.09

3.6 896.724 9.98 65.03 6.35 6.35 25.44

3.7 921.633 10.12 65.93 6.43 6.43 25.79

3.8 946.542 10.26 66.82 6.52 6.52 26.14

3.9 971.451 10.39 67.69 6.61 6.61 26.48

4 996.36 10.52 68.55 6.69 6.69 26.82

4.1 1021.269 10.65 69.40 6.77 6.77 27.15

4.2 1046.178 10.78 70.24 6.85 6.85 27.48

4.3 1071.087 10.91 71.08 6.94 6.94 27.81

4.4 1095.996 11.04 71.90 7.02 7.02 28.13

4.5 1120.905 11.16 72.71 7.10 7.10 28.45

4.6 1145.814 11.28 73.51 7.17 7.17 28.76

4.7 1170.723 11.41 74.31 7.25 7.25 29.07

4.8 1195.632 11.53 75.09 7.33 7.33 29.38

4.9 1220.541 11.65 75.87 7.40 7.40 29.68

5 1245.45 11.76 76.64 7.48 7.48 29.99

5.1 1270.359 11.88 77.41 7.55 7.55 30.28

5.2 1295.268 12.00 78.16 7.63 7.63 30.58

5.3 1320.177 12.11 78.91 7.70 7.70 30.87

5.4 1345.086 12.23 79.65 7.77 7.77 31.16

5.5 1369.995 12.34 80.38 7.84 7.84 31.45

5.6 1394.904 12.45 81.11 7.91 7.91 31.73

5.7 1419.813 12.56 81.83 7.99 7.99 32.02

5.8 1444.722 12.67 82.55 8.05 8.05 32.30

5.9 1469.631 12.78 83.26 8.12 8.12 32.57

6 1494.54 12.89 83.96 8.19 8.19 32.85

6.1 1519.449 12.99 84.66 8.26 8.26 33.12

40
6.2 1544.358 13.10 85.35 8.33 8.33 33.39

6.3 1569.267 13.20 86.03 8.39 8.39 33.66

6.4 1594.176 13.31 86.71 8.46 8.46 33.92

6.5 1619.085 13.41 87.39 8.53 8.53 34.19

6.6 1643.994 13.52 88.06 8.59 8.59 34.45

6.7 1668.903 13.62 88.72 8.66 8.66 34.71

6.8 1693.812 13.72 89.38 8.72 8.72 34.97

6.9 1718.721 13.82 90.04 8.79 8.79 35.23

7 1743.63 13.92 90.69 8.85 8.85 35.48

7.1 1768.539 14.02 91.33 8.91 8.91 35.73

7.2 1793.448 14.12 91.97 8.97 8.97 35.98

7.3 1818.357 14.21 92.61 9.04 9.04 36.23

7.4 1843.266 14.31 93.24 9.10 9.10 36.48

7.5 1868.175 14.41 93.87 9.16 9.16 36.72

7.6 1893.084 14.50 94.49 9.22 9.22 36.97

7.7 1917.993 14.60 95.11 9.28 9.28 37.21

7.8 1942.902 14.69 95.73 9.34 9.34 37.45

7.9 1967.811 14.79 96.34 9.40 9.40 37.69

8 1992.72 14.88 96.95 9.46 9.46 37.93

8.1 2017.629 14.97 97.55 9.52 9.52 38.17

8.2 2042.538 15.06 98.15 9.58 9.58 38.40

8.3 2067.447 15.16 98.75 9.64 9.64 38.63

8.4 2092.356 15.25 99.34 9.69 9.69 38.87

8.5 2117.265 15.34 99.93 9.75 9.75 39.10

8.6 2142.174 15.43 100.52 9.81 9.81 39.33

8.7 2167.083 15.52 101.10 9.87 9.87 39.55

8.8 2191.992 15.61 101.68 9.92 9.92 39.78

8.9 2216.901 15.69 102.25 9.98 9.98 40.01

9 2241.81 15.78 102.83 10.03 10.03 40.23

9.1 2266.719 15.87 103.40 10.09 10.09 40.45

9.2 2291.628 15.96 103.96 10.14 10.14 40.67

9.3 2316.537 16.04 104.53 10.20 10.20 40.89

41
9.4 2341.446 16.13 105.09 10.25 10.25 41.11

9.5 2366.355 16.22 105.65 10.31 10.31 41.33

9.6 2391.264 16.30 106.20 10.36 10.36 41.55

9.7 2416.173 16.38 106.75 10.42 10.42 41.77

9.8 2441.082 16.47 107.30 10.47 10.47 41.98

9.9 2465.991 16.55 107.85 10.52 10.52 42.19

10 2490.9 16.64 108.39 10.58 10.58 42.41

10.1 2515.809 16.72 108.93 10.63 10.63 42.62

10.2 2540.718 16.80 109.47 10.68 10.68 42.83

10.3 2565.627 16.88 110.00 10.73 10.73 43.04

10.4 2590.536 16.97 110.54 10.79 10.79 43.25

10.5 2615.445 17.05 111.07 10.84 10.84 43.45

10.6 2640.354 17.13 111.59 10.89 10.89 43.66

10.7 2665.263 17.21 112.12 10.94 10.94 43.87

10.8 2690.172 17.29 112.64 10.99 10.99 44.07

10.9 2715.081 17.37 113.16 11.04 11.04 44.27

11 2739.99 17.45 113.68 11.09 11.09 44.48

11.1 2764.899 17.53 114.20 11.14 11.14 44.68

11.2 2789.808 17.61 114.71 11.19 11.19 44.88

11.3 2814.717 17.68 115.22 11.24 11.24 45.08

11.4 2839.626 17.76 115.73 11.29 11.29 45.28

11.5 2864.535 17.84 116.24 11.34 11.34 45.48

11.6 2889.444 17.92 116.74 11.39 11.39 45.67

11.7 2914.353 17.99 117.24 11.44 11.44 45.87

11.8 2939.262 18.07 117.74 11.49 11.49 46.06

11.9 2964.171 18.15 118.24 11.54 11.54 46.26

12 2989.08 18.22 118.73 11.59 11.59 46.45

12.1 3013.989 18.30 119.23 11.63 11.63 46.65

12.2 3038.898 18.38 119.72 11.68 11.68 46.84

12.3 3063.807 18.45 120.21 11.73 11.73 47.03

12.4 3088.716 18.53 120.70 11.78 11.78 47.22

12.5 3113.625 18.60 121.18 11.83 11.83 47.41

42
12.6 3138.534 18.67 121.67 11.87 11.87 47.60

12.7 3163.443 18.75 122.15 11.92 11.92 47.79

12.8 3188.352 18.82 122.63 11.97 11.97 47.98

12.9 3213.261 18.90 123.11 12.01 12.01 48.16

13 3238.17 18.97 123.58 12.06 12.06 48.35

13.1 3263.079 19.04 124.06 12.11 12.11 48.54

13.2 3287.988 19.11 124.53 12.15 12.15 48.72

13.3 3312.897 19.19 125.00 12.20 12.20 48.90

13.4 3337.806 19.26 125.47 12.24 12.24 49.09

13.5 3362.715 19.33 125.94 12.29 12.29 49.27

13.6 3387.624 19.40 126.40 12.33 12.33 49.45

13.7 3412.533 19.47 126.87 12.38 12.38 49.63

13.8 3437.442 19.54 127.33 12.42 12.42 49.82

13.9 3462.351 19.61 127.79 12.47 12.47 50.00

14 3487.26 19.68 128.25 12.51 12.51 50.18

14.1 3512.169 19.75 128.71 12.56 12.56 50.35

14.2 3537.078 19.82 129.16 12.60 12.60 50.53

14.3 3561.987 19.89 129.62 12.65 12.65 50.71

14.4 3586.896 19.96 130.07 12.69 12.69 50.89

14.5 3611.805 20.03 130.52 12.74 12.74 51.06

14.6 3636.714 20.10 130.97 12.78 12.78 51.24

14.7 3661.623 20.17 131.42 12.82 12.82 51.41

14.8 3686.532 20.24 131.86 12.87 12.87 51.59

14.9 3711.441 20.31 132.31 12.91 12.91 51.76

15 3736.35 20.38 132.75 12.95 12.95 51.94

15.1 3761.259 20.44 133.19 13.00 13.00 52.11

15.2 3786.168 20.51 133.63 13.04 13.04 52.28

15.3 3811.077 20.58 134.07 13.08 13.08 52.45

15.4 3835.986 20.65 134.51 13.13 13.13 52.62

15.5 3860.895 20.71 134.94 13.17 13.17 52.80

15.6 3885.804 20.78 135.38 13.21 13.21 52.97

15.7 3910.713 20.85 135.81 13.25 13.25 53.13

43
 15.8 3935.622 20.91 136.24 13.29 13.29 53.30

15.9 3960.531 20.98 136.67 13.34 13.34 53.47

16 3985.44 21.04 137.10 13.38 13.38 53.64

Inlet velocity VC1 & VC2 vs Pressure Drop Across

Venturimeter (ΔP)
VC1&2 (ms-1)

y = -3E-20x6 + 4E-16x5 - 2E-12x4 + 6E-09x3 - 9E-06x2 + 0.0107x + 1.1111

R² = 0.9999

ΔP (Pa)

Inlet velocity VC3 vs Pressure Drop Across Venturimeter

(ΔP)
VC3 (ms-1)

y = -1E-19x6 + 2E-15x5 - 9E-12x4 + 2E-08x3 - 4E-05x2 + 0.0428x +

4.4549
R² = 0.9999

ΔP (Pa)

44
 References

Warren L.M, C. S. Julian & H. Peter, 1993 Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering,
5th Edition, McGraw Hill.

Perry, R.H & D.W. Green. 1984. Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s handbook, McGraw
Hill.

Thiel “Universal” Industrial Precipitator Installation, Operating, & Maintenance

Instructions. Thiel Air Technologies Corp.

SOLTEQ,VENTURI SCRUBBER SYSTEM (Model: AP 02), instrument manual

SOLTEQ® SPRAY CHAMBER SYSTEM (Model: AP 03)

SOLTEQ® PULSED-JET BAG FILTER SYSTEM (Model: AP 04)

45