COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
CHAPTER 19 IN THE LAB
PAGE 275
1
a.
no
b.
yes
c.
no
d.
yes
2
a variable that is under your control, which you can change when you do an
experiment
3
the amount of yeast added
4
a.
Yes, e.g. carrying out tests to confirm a diagnosis.
b.
Yes, e.g. collecting / checking DNA samples or fingerprints to confirm that
the suspect carried out the crime.
EDUCATALYST 1
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
PAGE 277
1
a.
Yes, the brand of kitchen cleaner.
b.
Yes, the amount of acid needed to neutralise the alkali.
2
a.
B, conical flask; D, burette; E, pipette
b.
It delivers the required volume more accurately.
c.
to allow the liquid to be swirled (to mix it) without spilling
d.
They allow you to deliver liquids drop by drop, and to measure the delivered
volume accurately
e.
a pipette; it is easy to fill it to the exact volume needed, because the mark is
on its very slim stem
3
to tell you when neutralisation is complete
4
a.
phenolphthalein
b.
pink to colourless
5
… X contains a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide than solution Y
does.
EDUCATALYST 2
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
6
… support my hypothesis that X is a better at removing grease than Y,
because it has a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide.
7
Make sure to shake the cleaners well. Repeat each titration to check the
results.
8
Titrate the scale remover with an alkaline solution (e.g. sodium hydroxide) of
known concentration, using a suitable indicator (e.g. methyl orange)
9
F, the thermometer
PAGE 279
1
a.
The apparatus for preparing the gas should be as on top left of page 278, and
it can be collected by upward displacement of air, or over water, as on the
bottom of page 278.
b.
It will turn limewater milky.
c.
CO2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
2
a.
it is lighter than air.
b.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
EDUCATALYST 3
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
3
a.
ammonium chloride or sulfate or nitrate, and calcium or sodium hydroxide
b.
It is very soluble in water.
c.
It turns damp red litmus turn blue.
4
may be too little present to detect; may be harmful
5
gas syringe: more accurate, less messy to use
EDUCATALYST 4
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
PAGE 281
1
cation
2
See the instructions on page 280.
3
a.
the potassium ion
b.
the copper(II) ion
b.
the lithium ion
4
hydroxides
5
a.
the zinc and aluminium cations; the precipitates that form both dissolve
again on adding excess sodium hydroxide
b.
Repeat the test, using aqueous ammonia. If the precipitate redissolves on
adding excess ammonia, the zinc cation is present.
6
because potassium hydroxide is soluble
EDUCATALYST 5
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
PAGE 283
1
2–
– – –
negative ions; for example Cl , Br , I , 𝐶𝑂 3 , NO3–
2
precipitate, insoluble
3
because silver halides are insoluble, with different colours for Cl–, Br– and I–
4
See the instructions on page 283.
5
All nitrates are soluble in water.
6
from the sodium hydroxide solution
7
a.
because a gas (carbon dioxide) is produced in the reaction
b.
i.
a solution of calcium hydroxide
ii.
A positive result is easy to see: the limewater turns milky.
EDUCATALYST 6
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
PAGE 284
1
a.
Place the filter funnel, with filter paper, in the conical flask. Pour the mixture
into the filter funnel. Add a few drops of universal indicator to the filtrate,
using the dropping pipette. The final colour of the indicator gives the pH of
the soil sample.
b.
by sampling other areas of the garden
2
a.
If you do not recognise these pieces of apparatus, look through the textbook
to find examples. For example, page 278.
b.
because sulfur dioxide is soluble in water
3
a.
a metal such as magnesium, zinc, or iron, or any carbonate
b.
a stopclock
c.
• Weigh out the required mass of solid Y.
• Using a measuring cylinder, place a known volume of acid in the flask.
• Add Y to the acid, and immediately stopper the flask and start the
stopclock.
• Record the volume of gas collected, at regular time intervals.
d.
More gas may be produced than the syringe can hold.
EDUCATALYST 7
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
PAGE 285
4
a.
i.
pH 1 – W, pH 5 – Y
ii.
It is a weak acid.
b.
i.
fizzing, and the metal disappears
ii.
a magnesium salt, and hydrogen
iii.
The rate of the reaction will be much slower.
c.
i.
white
ii.
carbon dioxide
iii.
sodium carbonate (or sodium hydrogen carbonate)
d.
i.
barium sulfate
ii.
sulfuric acid
EDUCATALYST 8
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
5
a.
i.
See instructions on page 280.
ii.
lilac
b.
i.
sulfur dioxide
ii.
SO2
iii.
See the test for sulfur dioxide on page 279.
6
a.
ammonium ion, NH41
b.
See the test for the ammonium ion on page 281.
c.
nitrate ion, NO3–
d.
See the test for the nitrate ion on page 283.
7
a.
i.
a positive ion
ii.
the zinc cation, Zn2+
iii.
EDUCATALYST 9
COMPLETE CHEMISTRY FOR CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: ANSWERS
the aluminium cation, Al3+
iv.
the calcium cation, Ca2+
b.
I.
the chloride ion, Cl–
ii.
See the test for the chloride ion on page 282.
8
a.
anions: chloride, hydrogen carbonate, nitrate, sulfate; cations: calcium,
magnesium, sodium potassium
b.
i.
calcium
ii.
2.75 milligrams
c.
sulfate
d.
All the compounds of the other metals are soluble.
e.
The nitrate concentration is probably too low to give a positive identification.
EDUCATALYST 10
