TOPICS:

1. INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

2. SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARY
3. PASCAL THEORY
4. PRESSURE
5. FLUID FLOW
6. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
7. SIMILARITIES AND SIMILITUDE

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid is anything liquid or gas

Fluid mechanics liquid or gas behave, become or are

made of

FLUID MECHANICS

Static. Kinematics. Dynamics

 Statics- it deals with the study of fluid at rest

 Dynamics : is an aspect that consider the fluid emotion
 Kinematics : is an aspect that consider the fluid emotion and the forces behind them

FLUID PROPERTIES

 Mass density:
Density: density is the ratio of the mass of the fluid over the mass of the fluid over
the mass it occupying
e= m/v
 Weight is the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity.

W= m*g. W = 9.81

 Weight density or specific weight: weight density is the ratio

of the weight of fluid of volume of fluid
 W=w/v or w=m*g/v
 Specific volume: is the ratio of the volume of a fluid over
mass of a fluid sv=v/m. e=v/m=1/e
 specific gravity X is the density of a fluid over density of
a standard fluid eg/ea
APPLICATION
1. Aerospace Engineering
1. *Airplane and spacecraft design*: Fluid mechanics is crucial for designing aerodynamic
shapes, predicting flight dynamics, and optimizing performance.
2. *Rocket propulsion*: Fluid mechanics plays a key role in designing rocket engines, fuel
systems, and propulsion systems.

2. Chemical Engineering
1. *Process design*: Fluid mechanics is essential for designing and optimizing chemical
processing equipment, such as pipes, pumps, and mixers.
2. *Fluidized bed reactors*: Fluid mechanics is used to design and operate fluidized
bed reactors, which are critical in many chemical processes.

3. Civil Engineering
1. *Water supply systems*: Fluid mechanics is used to design and optimize water supply
systems, including pipes, pumps, and valves

ASSIGNMENT

calculate the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of 2 litres of a liquid which
weight 7N.

Solution

Volume = 1 litres = 0.001cm^3

=2 litres =2*0.001=0.002

S. P weight = 7/0.002cm^2 = 3500

Density = 7/9.81 =0.713

Density = maas/volume= 0.713/0.001

=365.5

S.P gravity = 365.5/1000=0.3565

The final answer is specific weight = 3500N/m

Density = 365.5 kg/m^2

 VISCOSITY
Viscosity can be defined as the property of a fluid with determined the resistance of shear
stress. It is a measure of internal fluid friction which cause resistance to flow.
Types of viscosity
1. Dynamic viscosity
2. Kinematics viscosity
Dynamic viscosity:
Dynamic viscosity: (μ) is defined as the ratio of the shear stress (τ) to the shear rate (du/dy) of a
fluid:
μ = τ / (du/dy)
where:

- μ is the dynamic viscosity (Pa·s)

- τ is the shear stress (Pa)

- du/dy is the shear rate (s^(-1))
Kinematic viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow under the influence of gravity. It
is defined as the ratio of a fluid's dynamic viscosity to its density.

Formula

Kinematic viscosity (ν) is calculated using the following formula:

ν=μ/ρ

Where:

ν = kinematic viscosity (m²/s)

μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa·s)

ρ = fluid density (kg/m³)

APPLICATION
1. *Fluid Dynamics*: Viscosity plays a critical role in fluid dynamics, affecting flow rates, pressure drops,
and turbulence.

2. *Pipe Flow*: Viscosity influences the flow properties of fluids in pipes, including flow rates, pressure
drops, and energy losses.
3. *Aerodynamics*: Viscosity affects the drag and lift properties of objects moving through fluids, such
as air and water.

4. *Heat Transfer*: Viscosity influences the convective heat transfer properties of fluids

ASSIGNMENT

given that a plate of 0.0025mm away from another stationary plate moves at 80cm/s and requires a
force of 4N to continue at this speed. Determined the fluid viscosity between the plates.

Solution

Distance between plates = 0.025mm

dy= 0.025*70^-3

Velocity = 80 cm/s = 8./100=0.8

do = 0.8

Shear stress =4N

N =?

t= N du/dy =N= t/du/dy

=4/0.8/0.025^-3

=4/32*10^-3

=1.25*10^-4

SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARITIES

Surface tension is the force acting upon a body of
water/liquid or surface of a liquid that makes it behaves like an
elastic body.
Capillarity is the tendency for a liquid to rise and fall within a
tube or capillary tube.
( surface tension is the intermolecular force existing in a liquid)

Ós cosø 2ñr=eghr
h= 2ós cosø/egr
If ø= < than 90° wet
If ø= > than 90° does not wet
Applications of Surface Tension
1. *Soap and Detergents*: Surface tension is responsible for
the cleaning action of soap and detergents.
2. *Water Repellency*: Surface tension is used in water-
repellent coatings and fabrics.
3. *Ink and Paint*: Surface tension helps ink and paint spread
evenly on surfaces.
4. *Medical Applications*: Surface tension is used in medical
devices, such as syringes and catheters.
Applications of Capillary Action
1. *Water Purification*: Capillary action is used in water
purification systems to remove impurities.
2. *Soil and Plant Watering*: Capillary action helps plants
absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
3. *Paper and Textile Production*: Capillary action is used to
absorb and distribute liquids in paper and textile production.
EXERCISE

find the minimun size of glass tube that can be used to measure water level if the capillary rest in tube
resisted to 2mm. Consider surface tension of water in contact with air as 0.073575N/m

Solution

h=2mm =0.002

Ós = 0.07575 N/m

Density = 1000

Acceleration due to gravity= 9.81

Ø =0. r=?

r = 2ós cosø/e.g.h

r =2*0.073575*cosø/1000*9.81*0.002
=0.14715*1/19.62

=0.0075

PASCAL'S LAW
Pascal's law state that when a fluid is at rest or the intensity of the pressure (F/A) is the same or equal in
all direction.

Assignment
Applications of Pascal's Theory
1. *Hydraulic Systems*: Pascal's principle is used in
hydraulic systems, such as hydraulic presses, lifts, and
brakes, to amplify forces and transmit pressure.
2. *Pneumatic Systems*: Pascal's principle is used in
pneumatic systems, such as air compressors and
pneumatic tools, to transmit pressure and energy.
3. *Fluid Power Systems*: Pascal's principle is used in
fluid power systems, such as hydraulic and pneumatic
systems, to control and transmit power.
4. *Pressure Measurement*: Pascal's principle is used in
pressure measurement devices, such as pressure gauges
and transducers, to measure pressure.
FLUID FLOW
Fluid flow is the movement of fluid (liquid and gas)

There are six tpyes of flow

1. Steady & unsteady flow

2. Uniform & non uniform flow

3. Rotation & irrrotational flow

4. One, two, and three dimensional flow

5. Compresible and incompresible flow

6. Laminal & turbulent flow

LAMINAL AND TURBULENT FLOW

Laminar :is where the surface of the stream line is smooth

Turbulent: is a kind of flow where the surface of the steam line is rough

e. v. d

Re= ř

Where

Re= Reynolds number

e= density

V= velocity

D= diameter

ř= dynamic viscosity

APPLICATION
1. *Pipeline transportation*: Fluid flow is crucial for transporting oil, gas, and other fluids through
pipelines.

2. *Chemical processing*: Fluid flow is essential for mixing, reacting, and separating chemicals in various
industrial processes.

3. *Power generation*: Fluid flow plays a critical role in power plants, where water or steam is used to
drive turbines.

4. *HVAC systems*: Fluid flow is vital for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.

ASSIGNMENT

Given that a pipe of diameter 50mm with a fluid density 920kg/m^3 flow rate 0.15m^3/m viscosity
of 56m pad and a Reynolds is 2320. Determine weather the flow rate is laminar or turbulent

Solution

D=50mm=50/1000=0.05. r=0.05/2=0.025

Density=920kg/m^3

Flow rate= 0.15/60=0.0025

Viscosity =56*10^-3!0.056

Area=ñr^2.

=22/7*0.0025^2

=0.001964

Velocity =flowrate/Area= 0.0025/0.0019643

=1.27272
 e. v. d

Re= ř. =920*1.27272*0.5/0.056

=58.558/0.056 =1045.67

~1046

Since Reynolds critics is 2320 and our answer is 1046.

It is considered to be laminar not turbulent.

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

There are two types of dimensional analysis

1. Rayleigh method

2. Buckingham pi theory

The Rayleigh method is a numerical technique used to solve vibration and buckling
problems in structural mechanics. Here's a more detailed overview:

Key Steps in the Rayleigh Method

1. *Assume a deflection shape*: Assume a deflection shape for the structure, typically in the
form of a polynomial or a trigonometric function.

2. *Calculate the strain energy*: Calculate the strain energy of the structure using the
assumed deflection shape.

3. *Calculate the kinetic energy*: Calculate the kinetic energy of the structure using the
assumed deflection shape.

4. *Apply the Rayleigh quotient*: Apply the Rayleigh quotient, which states that the natural
frequency of the structure is equal to the square root of the ratio of the strain energy to the
kinetic energy.

5. *Solve for the natural frequency*: Solve for the natural frequency of the structure.

Applications of the Rayleigh Method

 1. *Vibration analysis*: The Rayleigh method is used for vibration analysis of structures,
such as beams, plates, and shells.

2. *Buckling analysis*: The method is used for buckling analysis of structures, such as
columns and plates.

3. *Preliminary design*: The Rayleigh method is used for preliminary design and analysis of
structures, such as bridges, buildings, and aircraft

The Buckingham Pi theorem, also known as the Pi theorem, is a fundamental concept in

dimensional analysis. It provides a mathematical framework for identifying the relationships
between physical quantities and for simplifying complex problems.

STEPS

1. Identifying all variables

2. List out all variables
3. Find the number of pi groups
4. Represent all the variables in dimm mlt
5. Select your repeating variables
6. Write out your pi groups
7. Find the dimension mlt for each pi group
8. Write out the relationship from each pi group

APPLICATION
1. *Fluid Dynamics*: The Buckingham Pi theorem is used to analyze fluid flow, pressure
drop, and heat transfer in pipes, channels, and around objects.
2. *Heat Transfer*: The theorem is used to study heat transfer mechanisms, such as
conduction, convection, and radiation.
3. *Mechanics*: The Buckingham Pi theorem is applied to problems involving motion,
forces, and energy, such as vibration, oscillation, and impact.

SIMILARITIES AND SIMILITUDE

Similitude is the study of similarity between different physical systems or models. It
involves identifying the scaling laws and dimensionless numbers that govern the behavior of
these systems.

Similarities refer to the qualities, characteristics, or attributes that are common to two or
more objects, systems, or processes

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMILARITIES AND SIMILITUDE

1. *Qualitative vs. quantitative*: Similarities are qualitative, while similitude is
quantitative.

2. *Resemblance vs. relationship*: Similarities refer to resemblance, while similitude

refers to a mathematical relationship.

3. *Scope*: Similarities have a broader scope, encompassing various aspects of

resemblance, while similitude is focused on establishing quantitative relationships.

APPLICATION
1. *Design optimization*: Similarities and similitude are used to optimize designs by
identifying key parameters and scaling relationships.

2. *Model testing*: Similarities and similitude are used to design and test models of
complex systems, such as bridges, buildings, and aircraft.

3. *Fluid dynamics*: Similarities and similitude are used to study fluid flow, heat
transfer, and mass transport in various engineering applications.