Module 1

The Peopling of the Philippines

Learning Outcome
At the end of the module, the students should be able to familiarize themselves with the
different theories of the peopling of the Philippines.

Learning Content
Archaeological finds in Palawan (e.g., Tabon Skull fragments) suggest that there were
already prehistoric inhabitants in the Philippines as early as the Pleistocene period.
Through carbon dating, the fossil remains were believed to be about 22,000 years old. In
the Philippine cultural landscape, the new Stone Age was the impetus of the
development of Filipino modern societies. At this point, early Filipinos were starting to
domesticate plants and animals, and food production was no longer limited to family
consumption. At that time, people were dependent on agricultural as well as hunting
and gathering activities.

The work of Gaillard and Mallari (2004) summarized the different schools of thought to
explain the peopling of the Philippines. The first hypothesis argues that there is an
internal development happening within the so-called Austronesian region (citing the
work of William Meacham).This means that there was an internal human evolution that
transpired around that area. Another theory is the Multiple Homeland Hypothesis
proposed by Bayer, which argues that there are multiple origins of the peopling of the
Philippines. The first wave relates to the movement of people coming from Indonesia to
the Philippines. The second movement also originated from Indonesia—when the
people reached the country, they dispersed and proceeded to different islands. The
third wave came from Indochina, while the last wave came from Mainland China to the
Philippines.

The other theory is the Melanesian Homeland Hypothesis (cited in the work of Dren),
which argues that the movement of people originated from Melanesia around 3,500 BC.
The Unique South China Sea Homeland Hypothesis proposed by Solheim, meanwhile,
argues that the peopling of the Philippines was related to the thriving of trade relations
happening around Borneo and the Celebes Sea (Gaillard and Mallari, 2004). The trade
activities brought the Nusantao to the Philippines and even as far as Taiwan.

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The last theory, which is the Unique Mainland Southeastern China Hypothesis, made use
of linguistic evidence (lexicon and morphology) to demonstrate the origins of the
movements of people to the Philippines, but to this day the movement routes are still in
question (Gaillard and Mallari, 2004). Archaeologist Heine-Geldern believed that the
movement started in South China, then proceeded to the Malay Peninsula moving
toward Borneo and then finally through Palawan (Gaillard and Mallari, 2004). A slightly
different hypothesis was proposed by Thomas and Healey and Llamzon (in Gaillard and
Mallari, 2004). Their theory argues that the movement started from Southeastern
China, to Indochina, Malay Peninsula, then to Borneo, finally entering the Philippines
through different routes, one group going to Palawan and Mindoro and the other
through the island of Mindanao. Lastly, the theory proposed by Suggs and Shutler and
Marck maintains that the movement of people to the Philippines started in China,
proceeding to Formosa, then to the Batanes Islands until the group scattered around
the archipelago and reached as far as Borneo (Gaillard and Mallari, 2004).

Learning Resources/Reading Materials

Gaillard, J., and Mallari, J. (2004). The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic
synthesis. Hukay: Journal of the University of the Philippines Archaeological Studies
Program, 6, pp.1-27.

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Activity Sheets/Learning Activities
Based on our discussion, plot the movements of people to the Philippines on the
following map.

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 Module 2
Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines

Learning Outcome
To familiarize students with the different ethnic or indigenous groups in the Philippines.

Objective of the Module

Learning Content
Although not accurate, the population estimate of indigenous peoples in the Philippines
is 12 million. Many of them reside in the uplands, while some are in coastal villages (De
Vera, 2007). The indigenous population is about 14% of the country’s total population.
The report of De Vera (2007) notes that there are 110 indigenous groups in the
Philippines, many of which reside on the islands of Mindanao (e.g., Manobo) and
Northern (e.g., Ifugao) and Southern Luzon (e.g., Mangyan, Tagbanwa). The indigenous
peoples are generally dependent on agriculture, although some indigenous groups like
those in the island provinces are dependent on fishing.

In Region I and CAR, the northern mountain ranges of the Cordillera are home to the
Tingguian, Isneg, northern Kalinga, Bontoc, Sagada, Ifugao, Southern Kalinga, Ibaloi and
Kankanaey. These groups occupy the watershed areas near the Abulag, Tineg and Chico
rivers, or interior of the hills, narrow strips of flat land along deep valleys, and plateaus.

In Region II, the Cagayan Valley and Carabbalo range are home to the Ibanag, Itawes,
Yogad, Gaddang, Ilongot, Ikalahan, Isinai, and some Aeta groups.

In Region III, the Sierra Madre range of eastern Luzon is the home of the Dumagat,
Pugot, and other Aeta groups. The Zambales range and the mountains of Pampanga and
Tarlac are the home of the Aeta and the Sambal.

In Region IV, the Pacific coast of Quezon province, and the islands of Polillo and Alabat
are the home of different Agta groups. The island of Mindoro is the home of seven
Mangyan groups: Iraya, Alangan, Tadyawan, Tao-Buid, Buhid, Hanunoo, and Gubatnon.
The island of Palawan is the home of the Tagbanua, Batak, Palawanon and Cuyunon.

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In Region V, the mountains of Bicol Peninsula are the home of different Agta groups:
Kabihug of Camarines Norte, Agta Tabangnon, Agta Cimarron, and Itom (Camarines Sur,
Albay, and Sorsogon).

In Region VI, the interior foothills and remote coastal areas of Panay and Negros Islands
are the home of the Sulod and the Ati.

In Mindanao, the hinterlands and coastal lowlands of the Zamboanga peninsula, the
plateaus of Bukidnon, the upper headwaters of the Davao, Tinanan, and Kulaman rivers,
the coastal areas along the Davao Gulf and the interior hinterlands of southeastern
Mindanao are the home of the Lumads. “Lumad” is the generic term used to refer to the
indigenous peoples of Mindanao. They are considered to comprise the largest number
of indigenous peoples in the country. The 18 groups that compose the Lumad include
the following: Subanen, B’laan, T’boli, Mandaya, Mansaka, Tiruray, Higaonon, Manobo,
Bagobo, Bukidnon, Tagakaolo, Ubo, Banwaon, Kalagan, Dibabawon, Talaandig,
Mamanwa and Manguangan.

Source:
De Vera, D. (2007). Indigenous peoples in the Philippines: A Case Study. Retrieved from
http://www.iapad.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/devera_ip_phl.pdf.

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Map of Philippine Indigenous Population

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 Activity 1

Philippine Indigenous Peoples Crossword Puzzle

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ACROSS
5. This group inhabits the province of Zambales.
7. They are the Suluk people.
8. One of the indigenous peoples groups of Bukidnon.
12. They inhabit the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya.
13. They occupy the mountainous regions of Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon plateau, and
the mountain borders of the provinces of Agusan and Lanao in the east and west.
14. They can be found in Central and Northern Palawan.
18. An indigenous group that can be found in Tigwa-Salug Valley in Bukidnon.
19. They are referred to as the "sea gypsies of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi."
22. They can be found in Mountain Province.
25. They inhabit the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur.
26. An indigenous group that can also be found in Bulacan.

DOWN
1. They are natives of the Zamboanga Peninsula.
2. They can be found in the Southern part of the Philippines.
3. They are the "first forest dwellers."
4. A generic name referring to the different indigenous groups of the island of Mindoro.
6. They are natives of Batanes.
9. This is a South-Central Cordillera indigenous peoples group.
10. They can be found in the Sulu Archipelago.
11. A traditional hill people of Southwestern Mindanao.
15. An indigenous group related to the Aetas.
16. This is a generic term that refers to people who are still in a subsistence level
economy and are generally in the mountains of Bukidnon.
17. They can be found in Cuyo Islands in Palawan.
19. One of the largest indigenous groups in Southern Mindanao.
20. An indigenous group in Central Cordillera.
21. They are also known as the Ilongot.
23. One of the indigenous peoples groups in SOCCSKSARGEN.
24. They can be found in Davao Oriental and Davao del Norte.