MarEnv
Protection of the marine environment
MARPOL ANNEX II
Module No.: 1
Topic: MARPOL Annex II
Instructor: 3/E Kendrick B. Espinoza
Semester: 2nd Semester/Year 2025
Introduction to MARPOL Annex II
MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) is a key international treaty
aimed at preventing marine pollution. Annex II specifically regulates the control of pollution by noxious liquid
substances carried in bulk. These substances, if not properly managed, can pose serious environmental and health
risks.
Objectives:
Understand the scope and significance of MARPOL Annex II.
Identify the categories of noxious liquid substances and their examples.
Explain the operational and discharge requirements for each category.
Recognize the role of shipboard procedures in compliance and environmental protection.
Analyze real-world incidents of MARPOL Annex II violations and their consequences.
1. Overview of MARPOL Annex II
MARPOL Annex II establishes strict guidelines for the transport and discharge of noxious liquid substances
(NLS). It classifies substances into four categories based on their potential impact on the marine environment and
human health.
1.1 Categories of Noxious Liquid Substances and Examples
Category X (Major Hazard): Substances that pose a serious threat to marine life and the environment.
Discharge into the sea is strictly prohibited.
Examples: Acrylonitrile (toxic and flammable), Benzene (carcinogenic), Carbon Tetrachloride (ozone-
depleting and toxic to marine life).
Category Y (Hazardous): Substances that have a significant hazard to marine ecosystems but may be
discharged under strict conditions. The discharge must be controlled and occur a certain distance from shore.
Examples: Ammonium Nitrate Solution (used in fertilizers, can cause eutrophication), Ethanol (flammable
but biodegradable), Methanol (toxic and corrosive).
Category Z (Minor Hazard): Substances that pose a relatively low hazard. Discharge is allowed but under
regulated conditions to minimize environmental impact.
Examples: Vegetable Oils (can create surface films that reduce oxygen levels), Acetic Acid (biodegradable
but can alter pH balance), Propylene Glycol (used in antifreeze, low toxicity).
Other Substances (OS): Substances that are deemed to have minimal environmental impact and are subject
to fewer restrictions.
2. Discharge and Operational Requirements
To prevent pollution, MARPOL Annex II imposes strict discharge regulations based on substance category:
Category X: No discharge allowed under any circumstances.
Category Y: Discharge is only permitted under specific conditions, including minimum distance from shore,
controlled flow rate, and ship speed.
Category Z: Discharge is allowed with fewer restrictions but must still comply with regulatory conditions.
Mandatory Prewash Procedure: After unloading Category X and some Category Y substances, a prewash
operation must be carried out to ensure no harmful residues remain in the tanks.
Port Reception Facilities: Ships must deliver tank washings and residues to port reception facilities where
safe disposal is ensured.
2.1 Example of Violations and Their Consequences
Incident: In 2015, a tanker discharged residue of a Category X chemical (Styrene Monomer) without
performing the mandatory prewash.
Effects: The chemical caused contamination of a coastal area, affecting marine species and fisheries.
Consequences: The vessel was fined $500,000, and its operators faced legal action for environmental
damage.
3. Shipboard Compliance and Procedures
3.1 Ship Equipment and Design
Chemical tankers must be equipped with efficient cargo tank cleaning systems to minimize pollution risks.
Ships must use designated port reception facilities for the disposal of residues.
3.2 Record-Keeping and Documentation
Cargo Record Book: Ships must maintain a log of all cargo operations, including loading, unloading,
cleaning, and disposal of residues.
International Pollution Prevention Certificate for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances (NLS
Certificate): Required for ships carrying noxious liquid substances in bulk.
3.3 Real-World Compliance Case
Case: A shipping company implemented a digital monitoring system to track chemical discharges.
Outcome: The company reduced incidents of non-compliance by 80%, ensuring strict adherence to
MARPOL Annex II.
4. Enforcement and Penalties
Port State Control Inspections: Authorities conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance.
Fines and Penalties: Violations may result in fines, detention of vessels, or banning from ports.
Legal Consequences: Repeated violations can lead to loss of certification and legal actions against the
shipowner and crew.
Group Activity: Protecting the Marine Environment Onboard Chemical Tankers
Objective:
Students will collaborate in groups to develop practical strategies for protecting the marine environment while
working on chemical tankers.
Instructions: Group yourselves into 10 and conduct the following items below.
1. Brainstorm & Discuss – As a group, discuss the various challenges related to marine pollution while
working on chemical tankers. Consider cargo handling, tank cleaning, discharge procedures, and emergency
responses.
2. Develop Strategies – Create a list of at least five practical actions that crew members can take to ensure
compliance with MARPOL Annex II and minimize environmental impact.
This is a group activity and shall be encoded on a long bond paper. The content should be unique and different
from other groups.
To be submitted by 20-March-2025 at the faculty office in my table. There will be NO extension!
For strict compliance,
3/E Kendrick B. Espinoza
Instructor
