EXPERIMENT 06:
SQL Queries using Conversion functions (to_char, to_number and to_date), string
functions (Concatenation, lpad, rpad, ltrim, rtrim, lower, upper, initcap, length, substr
and instr), date functions (Sysdate, next_day, add_months, last_day, months_between,
least, greatest, trunc, round, to_char, to_date)
1. Conversion Functions
a) TO_CHAR (Converts a date or number to a string)
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY-MM-DD') AS formatted_date FROM dual;
Result:
FORMATTED_DATE
-------------------
2025-01-21
b) TO_NUMBER (Converts a string to a number)
SELECT TO_NUMBER('1234.56') AS numeric_value FROM dual;
Result:
NUMERIC_VALUE
-----------------
1234.56
c) TO_DATE (Converts a string to a date)
SELECT TO_DATE('2025-01-21', 'YYYY-MM-DD') AS date_value FROM dual;
Result:
DATE_VALUE
---------------
2025-01-21
2. String Functions
a) Concatenation (||)
SELECT 'Hello' || ' ' || 'World' AS greeting FROM dual;
Result:
GREETING
--------------
Hello World
b) LPAD (Left Padding)
SELECT LPAD('123', 5, '0') AS padded_value FROM dual;
Result:
PADDED_VALUE
---------------
00123
c) RPAD (Right Padding)
SELECT RPAD('123', 5, '0') AS padded_value FROM dual;
Result:
PADDED_VALUE
---------------
12300
d) LTRIM (Trim Leading Spaces)
SELECT LTRIM(' Hello') AS trimmed_value FROM dual;
Result:
TRIMMED_VALUE
----------------
Hello
e) RTRIM (Trim Trailing Spaces)
SELECT RTRIM('Hello ') AS trimmed_value FROM dual;
Result:
TRIMMED_VALUE
----------------
Hello
f) LOWER (Convert to Lowercase)
SELECT LOWER('HELLO WORLD') AS lower_case FROM dual;
Result:
LOWER_CASE
--------------
hello world
g) UPPER (Convert to Uppercase)
SELECT UPPER('hello world') AS upper_case FROM dual;
Result:
UPPER_CASE
--------------
HELLO WORLD
h) INITCAP (Capitalize First Letter)
SELECT INITCAP('hello world') AS capitalized_string FROM dual;
Result:
CAPITALIZED_STRING
------------------------
Hello World
i) LENGTH (Length of String)
SELECT LENGTH('Hello World') AS string_length FROM dual;
Result:
STRING_LENGTH
-----------------
12
j) SUBSTR (Extract Substring)
SELECT SUBSTR('Hello World', 1, 5) AS substring FROM dual;
Result:
SUBSTRING
-----------
Hello
k) INSTR (Position of Substring)
SELECT INSTR('Hello World', 'World') AS position FROM dual;
Result:
POSITION
------------
3. Date Functions
a) SYSDATE (Current Date and Time)
SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual;
Result:
SYSDATE
---------------
2025-01-21 12:34:56
b) NEXT_DAY (Next specified day)
SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE, 'SUNDAY') AS next_sunday FROM dual;
Result:
NEXT_SUNDAY
--------------------
2025-01-25
c) ADD_MONTHS (Add months to a date)
SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE, 3) AS new_date FROM dual;
Result:
NEW_DATE
-------------------
2025-04-21
d) LAST_DAY (Last day of the month)
SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) AS last_day_of_month FROM dual;
Result:
LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH
-----------------------
2025-01-31
e) MONTHS_BETWEEN (Months between two dates)
SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, TO_DATE('2024-01-21', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) AS
months_diff FROM dual;
Result:
MONTHS_DIFF
---------------
12
f) LEAST (Least of two or more expressions)
SELECT LEAST(5, 10, 3, 7) AS least_value FROM dual;
Result:
LEAST_VALUE
--------------
g) GREATEST (Greatest of two or more expressions)
SELECT GREATEST(5, 10, 3, 7) AS greatest_value FROM dual;
Result:
GREATEST_VALUE
------------------
10
h) TRUNC (Truncate Date to specified unit)
SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'MONTH') AS start_of_month FROM dual;
Result:
START_OF_MONTH
-------------------
2025-01-01
i) ROUND (Round Date to specified unit)
SELECT ROUND(SYSDATE, 'MONTH') AS rounded_date FROM dual;
Result:
ROUNDED_DATE
-------------------
2025-01-01
