1

Engineering Wallah Electrical Engineering

SHORT NOTES
Power System
CHAPTER
Power System
1

Inductance of transmission line

For Hollow conductor Lint = 0

1. Inductance of signle conductor

0 0  d 
L = Lint + Lext = + ln  
8 2    

0 d
L= ln
2 r 1

Solid/ACSR.

r1 = 0.7788r

2. Inductance of single phase two wire line

0 d
L= ln H/m
 r1
 2

3. Inductance of 3 phase transposed line

 1

0  ( D1D2 D3 ) 3 
L ph = ln
2  r1 

 

4. Bundled Conductor

0 DmAB
LA = ln
2 DsA

Inductance Comparision for triangular & horizontal Configuration

L  LH & C  CH

VS .VR
Maximum power transfer Pmax =
XL

Capacitance
1. Capacitance of single conductor

20
C= no Concept of GMR
d
ln
r

2. Capacitance of single phase two wire line

0
C=
d
ln
r
 3

3. Capacitance of 3 phase line

20
C ph =
ln
( D1D2 D3 )
1/3

r
4. Bundled Conductor.
20
C=
D
ln mAB
D sA

Advantage of Bundled conductor

(1) Corona Loss ↓
(2) GMR ↓ (effective radium)
(3) L ↓
(4) Pmax ↑

L
(5) Z s = 
C

VL2
(6)  S .I .L =
Zs 

(7) Height of tower ↓

(8) Radio interference minimize.

Skin effect
For A.C.

skin effect = f d 2

 4

Proximity Effect
Non uniform distribution of current in conductor due to adjacent conductor flux linkage is called proximity effect.

Transmission line
Short transmission line length less than 80km
ABCD Parameter

1 Z 
0 1 
 
A = D symmetrical
AD–BC = 1 receprocal
 5

Medium transmission line

80  l  200
4000  lf  10000

(Nominat-II or split condiser method.

  YZ  
 1 + 2  Z 
  
  YZ   YZ  
Y 1 +  1 + 
  4   2 

A =D
AD – BC =1
 6

Medium transmission line

(Nominal-T) → middle
ABCD parameter

 YZ   YZ  
 1 + Z  Z  1 + 4  
   
  YZ  
 Y 1 + 
  2  

A=D
AD – BC = 1

Medium transmission line ABCD Parameter

(End Condenser method) ABCD)

1 + YZ Z
 Y 1 

A≠D
AD – BC = 1
 7

Long transmission line ABCD Parameter

 cos hl Z c sin hl 

 sin hl 
 cos hl 
 Z C 
A=D
AD – BC = 1
Attenuation constant
γ= α + jβ
α =Propogation constant β=Phase shift constant

 = YZ = ( R + jL )( G + jC )
Zc = Char. Impedance

R + jL
ZC =
G + jC

Loss Less
R=G=0
α=0

 =  LC ,

L
ZS =
C
↑
Does not depends on layer

Distortion Less ckt

 L
R + jL R  1 + j R 
Zc = =  
G + jc G  1 + j C 
 G

L C R
= , ZD =
R G G

L
 + j = ( R + jc )( G + jc )   = RG ,  = RG
R
Nominal-II,
 8

l upto 250 km

Loss Less ckt

2
A = D = 1−
2

YZ
A = 1+
2

= 1+
( jc )( R + jL )
2

A = 1+
( jc )( jL )
2

2 LC
= 1−
2

2
A =1−
2

Ferranti Effect
• Medium & Long Tr. Line VR  V S
• Source operates at leading p.f.
• VR = 2 LCVS

Power System transient

V 11
▪ Transmission coefficient of voltage = TV =
V

I 11
▪ Transmission coefficient of current = TI =
I

V1
▪ Reflection coefficient of voltage = RV =
V

I1
▪ Reflection coefficient of current = RI =
I

TV = 1 + RV
RI = − RV
TI = 1 + RI

2 ZL
▪ Transmission coefficient of voltage = TV =
ZL + ZS
 9

▪ Transmission coefficient of current

▪ Reflection coefficient of voltage

RV = TV − 1
RI = − RV
TI = 1 + RI

▪ Reflection coefficient of current

Case-1 ZL = ZS

TV = 1 TI = 1
RV = 0 RI = 0

Casr 2 ZL = 0

TV = 0, RV = −1
RI = I , TI = 2

Case 3 ZL = ∞

TV = 2, RV = 1
RI = −1 TI = 0
 10

Critical Disruptive voltage

D
Vdc = gmr  ln  
r 

Vd0 ↑, PL ↓
Corona loss

Due to Corona

g = 21.1kv → R.M .S .
cm

= 30 kv → Peak
cm

b = Pressure

3.92 b
δ = Air density factor =
273 + T

Corona Loss

241  10−5
 f + 25 (Vph − Vd ) kw|km|phase
r 2
PL =
 d

PL  ( f + 25)

( PL ) A.C. = 3( PL )D.C.
Factor Affecting Corona
Critical visual voltage

 0.3   d 
Vu = gmr 1 +  ln  
 r   r 
 11

Fault Analysis
P.U. System

V2
S=
Z

( MVA )  ( kv ) 
2

( Z p.u )new = ( Z p.u )old ( MVAb )new   ( kv b ) old 

b old  b new 

( kvb )
2
Zactual
Z pu = Z Base =
Z Base ( MVAb )

S-L-G Fault
(i)
 12

# I R1 = I R2 = I R0

# All the 3 seq. N/w are connected in series

3E
# I f = 3I R1 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0 + 3Z f

L–L–fault

I R0 = 0

I R1 = − I R2

I f = 3I R1

E
I R1 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f

L–L–G fault
 13

I R1 + I R2 + I R0 = 0

⇒ Parallel

# I f = 3I R0

 I R0  1 1 1  IR 
  1
 I R1  = 1 a a 2   IY 
 
 I  3 1 a 2 a   I B 
 R2  

1 3
a = 1120 = − + j
2 2

1 3
a 2 = 1120 = − − j
2 2
a3 = 1
1 + a + a2 = 0
T/F zero seq. N/w representation
#

(a)

(b)

(c)
 14

(d)

Insulator

String Efficiency
 15

Under Ground Cable

Capacitant of single core cable

20  r
C=
D
ln
d

Insulation Resistance

 D  1
RINS = ln ,  RINS  
2 l d  l

Maximum Dielectric Stress

2V
g max =
D
d ln
d
 16

Minimum Dielectric Stress

2V g max D
g min = =
D g min d
D ln
d

# Condn for most economical diameter

D
=e
d

# 3-phase belled type cable

Capacitance from one conductor to neutral CN = CS + 3CC

Load Factor

A.L Avg. Load

=
M.D Maximum demand
L.F < 1,

Demand Factor

Maximum demand
D.F =
Connected Load
D.F < 1

Sum of all individual M.D.

Diversity Factor =
Maximum demand
↓
Greater than “1”

1
Coincidence Factor =
Divercity Factor

↓
Less than “1”
 17

A.L
Plant Capacity Factor =
( P.C.F) rated plant capacity

M.D
Utilisation Factor =
( U.F ) rated plant capacity

P.C.F
= L.F
U .F

Reserve Capacity
= Plant Capacity – M.D

# Types of cost = fixed + semifixed + renning cost

  
cost Depend on Depend on
M.D. Unit generated

Two part tariff

(Hopkinson demand rate)
= semi fixed + running cost

Three part tariff or Doherty rate

Bill = a + b (kw) + C × (kwh)

R.S R.S
b= , C=
kw kwH
 18

L2
# Sag =
8T

# String chart → sag, temp of tension

Temp↑, sag↑, tension↓

Circuit Breaker

Recovery Voltage

V 
→ R.M.S  m 
 2

Restriking Voltage
→ Peak Voltage
1
VR = Vm 1 − cos 0t  , 0 =
LC

(VR )max = 2Vm

t =  LC

Vm
R.R.R.V = sin 0t
LC

Vm
( R.R.R.V )max =
LC


t= LC
2
 19

2Vm
( R.R.R.V )avg =
 LC

Total current = x + y sin ωt

y
Symm. Breaking current =
2

y2
⇒ Asymm. Breaking current = x2 +
2

⇒ Making current = 2.55 × symm Breaking current

Making capacity = 2.55 × symm. Breaking capacity

Relay
(1) Pick-up current (Ipk) = % setting of P.S.B. × CT sec current
fault current
If
(2) P.S .M =
I pk  C.T . ration

(3) time of operation of relay Tp = T.M.S × (time calculated from I.D.M.T graph.)

Sensitive earth fault Relay

I 0 Rn
% winding unprotected (% ωup) =
V ph

VL
V ph =
3

I 0 = I pk  C.T . ratio

% winding protected = 100 – (% ωup)

