tho;f tsKld;… tho;f eyKld;…

,ad;wij nra;Nthk;… ,ayhjtUf;Nf…

tho;tJ xUKiw… tho;j;jl;Lk; jiyKiw…

11Th BOTANY BOOK BACK ANSWERS

2024-2025
NAME:__________________
EXAM NO:_______________
CLASS:______SECTION____
SCHOOL:________________

“ek; tho;tpy; jpUk;g ngw Kbahjit”

cliy tpl;l capu;…
Ngrp tpl;l thu;j;ij…
fle;J tpl;l Neuk;…
,oe;J tpl;l ,sik…
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Prepared by

C.KISHORE KUMAR,
M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI).,
PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI,
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 1
 UNIT-I.Diversity of Living World
Chapter-1.Living World
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Which one of the following statement about virus is correct?
a. Possess their own metabolic system b. They are facultative parasites
c. They contain DNA or RNA d. Enzymes are present
2.Identify the incorrect statement about the Gram positive bacteria
a. Teichoic acid absent b. High percentage of peptidoglycan is found in cell wall
c. Cell wall is single layered d. Lipopolysaccharide is present in cell wall
3.Identify the Archaebacterium
a. Acetobacter b. Erwinia c. Treponema d. Methanobacterium
4.The correct statement regarding Blue green algae is ____________
a. lack of motile structures b. presence of cellulose in cell wall
c. absence of mucilage around the thallus d. presence of floridean starch
5.Identify the correctly matched pair
a. Actinomycete – a) Late blight b. Mycoplasma – b) lumpy jaw
c. Bacteria – c) Crown gall d. Fungi – d) sandal spike
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.Differentiate homoiomerous and heteromerous lichens.
Homoiomerous Lichen Heteromerous Lichen
Algal cells are evenly distributed in the thallus A distinct layer of algae and fungi is present
7.Write the distinguishing features of monera.
1.They are prokaryotic organisms.
2.They are autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.
3.Cell wall is made up of Peptidoglycan and Mucopeptides.
8.Why do farmers plant leguminous crops in crop rotations/mixed cropping?
Leguminous plants are fixing the atmospheric nitrogen into soil and increasing the plant growth.
Hence, farmers are cultivating the leguminous crops in crop rotations and mixed cropping.
9.Briefly discuss on five Kingdom classification. Add a note on merits and demerits.
Criteria Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Level of Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular Tissue/organ Tissue/organ
Organization
Cell wall Present Present Present Present Absent
Nutrition Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Motility Motile Motile Non- Motile Non- Motile Motile
Example Cyanobacteria Amoeba Yeast Algae Vertebrates
Merits of five kingdom classification:
1.It is based on the mode of nutrition.
2.Separation of fungi from plants.
3.It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
Demerits of five kingdom classification:
1.Viruses are not included in the system.
2.Cell wall lacking and cell wall bearing organisms are placed in the same kingdom.
10.Give a general account on lichens.
1.The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
2.The algal partner is called Phycobiont or Photobiont. The fungal partner is called Mycobiont.
3.Asexual reproduction takes place through fragmentation, Soredia and Isidia.
4.Phycobionts reproduce by akinetes, hormogonia, aplanospore etc.,
5.Mycobionts undergo sexual reproduction and produce ascocarps.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 2
11.Write the outline of the life cycle of Agaricus.

12.What is Sterigma or sterigmata?

The basidiospores are borne on stalk like structures called sterigma or sterigmata.
13.Name the types of mycelium found in Agaricus.
Three types of mycelia are seen in agaricus such as.. primary mycelium, secondary mycelium and tertiary
mycelium.
14.Differentiate oidia and chalamydospore.
Oidia Chalamydospore
1.The hypha divided and developed in Thick walled resting spores are
to spores called oidia. called chlamydospores.
2.Example: Erysiphe. Example: Fusarium.
15.Name the fungal group which possess dolipore septum.
Basidiomycetes group of fungus are possess dolipore septum.
16.Mention the disease caused by fungal in plants.
1.Red rot of sugarcane – Colletotrichum falcatum.
2.White rust of crucifers – Albugo candida.
3.Rust of wheat – Puccinia graminis tritici.
17.Give two examples for mycorrhizae froming fungi.
1.Ectomycorrhizae – Pisolithus tinctorius.
2.Endomycorrhizae – Gigaspora.
18.Differentiate gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Characteristics Gram positive Bacteria Gram negative Bacteria
1.Cell wall Thick layered Thin layered
2.Outer membrane Absent Present
3.Periplasmic space Absent Present
4.Lipid and lipoproteins Low High
5.Lipopolysaccharides Absent Present

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UNIT-I.Diversity of Living World
Chapter-2.Plant Kingdom
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Which of the plant group has gametophyte as a dominant phase?
a. Pteridophytes b. Bryophytes c. Gymnosperm d. Angiosperm
2.Which of following represents gametophytic generation in pteridophytes?
a. Prothallus b. Thallus c. Cone d. Rhizophore.
3.The haploid number of chromosome for an angiosperm is 14, the number of chromosome in its
Endosperm would be
a. 7 b. 14 c. 42 d. 28

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 3
4.In Gymnosperm endosperm is formed...?
a. At the time of fertilization. b. Before fertilization c. After fertilization
d. Along with the development of embryo.
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
5.Differentiate haplontic and diplontic life cycle.

Haplontic Diplontic
6.What is Plectostele? give example.
Xylem plates alternate with phloem plates is called Plectostele. Example: Lycopodium.
7.What do you infer from the term pycnoxylic?
During the secondary growth of pinus compact narrow medullary rays are formed. This wood is called as
pycnoxylic.
8.Mention two characters shared by Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
1.Both plants are produce seeds.
2.Presence of Eustele.
9.Do you think shape of chloroplast is unique for algae. Justify your answer?
Yes, I think the shape of chloroplast is unique for algae. Because of its different shape and size.
1.Cup shape – Chlamydomonas.
2.Discoid – Chara
3.Girdle shaped – Ulothrix.
4.Reticulate – Oedogonium
5.spiral – Spirogyra.
10.Do you agree with the statement „Bryophytes need water for fertilization‟? Justify your answer.
1.Yes, I agree with the statement ‘Bryophytes need water for fertilization’.
2.Biflagellated antherozoids are swims in water and reach to the archegonium and form diploid zygote.
3.Hence, water is essential for fertilization.
11.List out the classes of algae.
In 1935 F.E.Fritsch classified algae into 11 classes, such as…
1.Chlorophyceae 2.Xanthophyceae 3.Chrysophyceae 4.Bacillariophyceae 5.Cryptophyceae
6.Dinophyceae 7.Chloromonadineae 8.Euglenophyceae 9.Phaeophyceae 10.Rhodophyceae
11.Cyanophyceae
12.Mention the pigments and storage food of Rhodophyceae.
Class Pigments Flagella Reserve food
Rhodophyceae Chlorophyll – a and r – Phycoerthythrin Absent Floridean starch
13.What is Nucule or Oogonium?
The female sex organ of chara is called nucule or oogonium.
14.Differentiate nodal and internodal cells of Chara.
Nodal cells Internodal cells
1.They are uninucleate. They are multinucleate.
2.It contains few ellipsoidal chloroplasts. It contains numerous discoidal chloroplasts.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 4
15.Explain the internal structure of Cycas rachis.
1.The outermost layer is epidermis and is covered by thick cuticle.
2.The hypodermis is made up of two layers of sclerenchyma.
3.The ground tissue is parenchymatous.
4.The peculiar feature of the rachis is the arrangement of vascular bundle in an inverted Omega shape (Ω)
pattern.
5.Each vascular bundle is covered by a single layered sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
6.Vascular bundles are collateral, endarch and open.
7.A diploxylic condition is present in the vascular bundles.

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UNIT-II.Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm
Chapter-3.Vegetative Morphology
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Which of the following is polycarpic plant?
a. Mangifera b. Bambusa c. Musa d. Agave
2.Roots are
a. Descending, negatively geotropic, positively phototropic
b. Descending, positively geotropic, negatively phototropic
c. Ascending, positively geotropic, negatively phototropic
d. Ascending, negatively geotropic, positively phototropic
3.Bryophyllum and Dioscorea are example for
a. Foliar bud, apical bud b. Foliar bud, cauline bud
c. Cauline bud, apical bud d. Cauline bud, foliar bud
4.Which of the following is the correct statement?
a. In Pisum sativum leaflets modified into tendrils
b. In Atalantia terminal bud is modified into thorns
c. In Nepenthes midrib is modified into lid
d. In Smilax inflorescence axis is modified into tendrils
5.Select the mismatch pair
a. Musa - Unicostate b. Lablab - Trifoliolate
c. Acalypha - Leaf mosaic d. Allamanda - Ternate phyllotaxy
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.Draw and label the parts of regions of root.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 5
7.Write the similarities and differences between 1.Radical buds and foliar buds 2.Phylloclade and
cladode.
1.Radical buds and foliar buds.
Radical buds Foliar buds
1.This buds are arises from lateral roots. This buds are arises from leaves.
2.Example: Millingstonia. Example: Begonia.

2.Phylloclade and cladode.

Phylloclade cladode
It is like a phylloclade but with one or two
1.It takes over all functions of leaves.
internodes.
2.Example: Opuntia. Example: Asparagus.

8.How root climbers differ from stem climbers?

Root climbers Stem climbers
1.Plants climbing with the help of adventitious Stem climbers may coil around the support
roots. either clockwise or anti-clockwise.
2.Example: Piper betel. Example: Dioscorea alata.
9.Compare sympodial branching with monopodial branching.
Sympodial branching Monopodial branching
Terminal buds stop to grow after a period of
1.Terminal buds produce several lateral branches.
growth.
2.Example: Polyalthia. Example: Cycas.
10.Differentiate pinnate unicostate venation with palmate multicostate venation.
Pinnate unicostate venation Palmate multicostate venation
Two or more principal veins arising from a
1.Only one midrib in the centre which forms many
single point and they proceed outwards or
lateral branches to form a network.
upwards.
2.Example: Mangifera indica. Example: Carica papaya.

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UNIT-II.Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm
Chapter-4.Reproductive Morphology
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family
a. Fabaceae b. Asteraceae c. Solanaceae d. Brassicaceae
2.Gynoecium with united carples is termed as
a. Apocarpous b. Multicarpellary c. Syncarpous d. None of the above
3.Aggregate fruit develops from
a. Multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary b. Multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary
c. Multicarpellary ovary d. Whole inflorescence
4.In an inflorescence where flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession the position of the youngest
floral bud shall be
a. Proximal b. Distal c. Intercalary d. Anywhere
5.A true fruit is the one where
a. Only ovary of the flower develops into fruit
b. Ovary and calyx of the flower develops into fruit
c. Ovary, calyx and thalamus of the flower develops into fruit
d. All floral whorls of the flower develops into fruit
C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 6
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.Find out the floral formula for a bisexual flower with bract, regular, pentamerous, distinct calyx and
corolla, superior ovary without bracteole.
Br., Ebrl., K5, C5, A5, G(2)
7.Give the technical terms for the following: -
a. A sterile stamen b. Stamens are united in one bunch c. Stamens are attached to the petals.
a. A sterile stamen – Staminode.
b. Stamens are united in one bunch – Monadelphous.
c. Stamens are attached to the petals – Epipetalous.
8.Explain the different types of placentation with example.
1.Axil placentation:
Placenta arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa. Example: Hisbiscus, Tomato.
2.Marginal placentation:
Placenta with the margin of a unicarpellate ovary. Example: Fabaceae.
3.Parietal placentation:
Placenta on the ovary wall. Example: Mustard, Cucumber.
4.Basal placentation:
Placenta at the base of the ovary. Example: Sunflower.
5.Superficial placentation:
Ovules arise from the surface of the septa. Example: Nymphaeaceae.
9.Differentiate between aggregate fruit with multiple fruit.
Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit
1.Aggregate fruits develop from a single flower Multiple fruits develop from the whole inflorescence
with apocarpous pistil. along with peduncle.
2.Each free carpels are develops into a simple Flowers fused together by succulent perianth.
fruitlets.
3.A collection of simple fruitlets makes an Whole inflorescence forms a compact structure is
Aggregate fruit. called Multiple fruit.
4.Example: Annona, Polyalthia. Example: Jack fruit, Pine apple.
10.Explain the different types of fleshy fruit with suitable example.
1.The fruits are derived from single pistil.
2.The pericarp is fleshy, succulent and differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
3.It is subdivided into the following types.
a) Berry:
1.Fruit develops from bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary.
2.Example: Tomato, Grapes, Brinjal.
b) Drupe:
1.Fruit develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary.
2.Example: Mango, Coconut.
c) Pepo:
1.Fruit develops from tricarpellary inferior ovary.
2.Example: Cucumber, Watermelon, Bottle gourd, Pumpkin.
d) Hesperidium:
1.Fruit develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary.
2.Example: Orange, Lemon.
e) Pome:
1.Fruit develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary.
2.Example: Apple, Pear.

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C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 7
 UNIT-II.Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm
Chapter-5.Taxonomy and Systematic Botany
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Phylogenetic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects
a. Comparative Anatomy b. Number of flowers produced
c. Comparative cytology d. Evolutionary relationships
2.The taxonomy which involves the similarities and dissimilarities among the immune system of different taxa
is termed as
a. Chemotaxonomy b. Molecular systematic c. Serotaxonomy d. Numerical taxonomy
3.Perianth is present in
a. Clitoria ternatea b. Datura metal c. Allium cepa d. Pongamia pinnata
4.Flowers are zygomorphic in
a. Ceropegia b. Thevetia c. Datura d. Solanum
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
5.What is the role of national gardens in conserving biodiversity – discuss.
1.National gardens are supply the taxonomical material for botanical research.
2.National gardens is used for self-instruction or demonstration purposes.
3.Act as a conservation centre for diversity, rare and endangered species.
4.It offers annual list of available plant species.
5.Botanical garden gives information about method of propagation.
6.Where will you place the plants which contain two cotyledons with cup shaped thalamus? or Write the
Bentham and Hooker system of classification.
Seed Plants

Class-I Class-II Class-III

Dicotyledonae Gymnospermae Monocotyledonae
(3 Families) 7 Series 34 Families
1. Gnetaceae
2. Coniferaceae
3. Cycadaceae

Sub Class-I Sub Class-II Sub Class-III

Polypetalae Gamopetalae Monoclamydae
8 Series 36 Families
Series: 1 Thalamiflorae Series: 1 Inferae
6 order 34 families 3 order 9 families

Series: 2 Disciflorae Series: 2 Heteromerae

4 order 23 families 3 order 12 families

Series: 3 Calyciflorae Series: 3 Bicarpellatae

5 order 27 families 4 order 24 families
Characteristics of Series (iii) Calyciflorae:
1.Plants having flowers with cup shaped thalamus.
2.It has inferior or half inferior ovary.
3.Calyciflorae includes 5 orders and 27 families.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 8
7.Write any five economic importance of family Euphorbiaceae.
Sources Binomial Useful part Uses
1.Food plant Manihot esculenta (Tapioca) Tuberous root Used as a food.
2.Oil Plant Ricinus communis (Castor) Seeds Used as a biofuels.
3.Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Latex Used as a rubber.
4.Medicinal plant Phyllanthus amarus (keezhanelli) Whole plant Used to treat jaundice.
5.Dye Plant Jatropha curcas (Blue dye) Bark Used as a natural dye.
8. How will you distinguish Solanaceae members from Liliaceae members?
9. Write the Botanical description of Clitoria ternatea (Sangupoo) – Fabaceae.
Characters Clitoria ternatea Catharanthus roseus Datura metal
(Fabaceae) (Apocynaceae) (Solanaceae)

1.Habit Climber Herb Herb

2.Root Tap root system Tap root system Tap root system
3.Stem Weak stem Aerial, erect and green Green and herbaceous
4.Leaves Compound, Alternate, Simple, opposite, Simple, Alternate,
Reticulate venation Reticulate venation Reticulate venation
5.Inflorescence Solitary, Axillary Cymose, Axillary Solitary, Axillary
6.Flower Complete, Bisexual, Complete, Bisexual, Complete, Bisexual,
Pentamerous, Pentamerous, Pentamerous,
zygomorphic Actinomophic Actinomophic
7.Calyx Sepals 5, Green, Valvate Sepals 5, synsepalous, Sepals 5, Green,
aestivation valvate aestivation. Valvate aestivation
8.Corolla Petals 5, Papilionaceous Petals 5, synpetalous, Petals 5, Plicate,
corolla, imbricate twisted aestivation. twisted aestivation
aestivation
9.Androecium Stamens 10, (9)+1, Stamens 5, epipetalous, Stamens 5, Dithecous,
Diadelphous, Dithecous inserted at the mouth of the Epipetalous
corolla tube.

10.Gynoecium Superior ovary, Ovary Superior, Superior ovary,

unilocular, Marginal bicarpellary, marginal Bilocular,
Placentation placentation Axil Placentation

11.Fruit Legume Follicle Capsule

12.Seed Non-Endospermous Endospermous Endospermous
13.Floral
Formula
14.Floral
Diagram

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 9
10. Write the Botanical description of Musa paradisiaca (Banana) – Musaceae.
Characters Ricinus communis Musa paradisiacal Allium cepa
(Euphorbiaceae ) (Musaceae) (Liliaceae)

1.Habit Perennial shrub Monocarpic Perennial herb

perennial herb
2.Root Tap root system Fibrous root system Fibrous root system
3.Stem Aerial, erect and hollow Aerial, erect and Underground Bulb
unbranched
4.Leaves Simple, Alternate, palmately lobed, Simple, long and strong Parallal venation with
Reticulate venation petiole, Phyllotaxy is Sheathy leaf base
spiral
5.Inflorescence Terminal panicle Terminal and Scapigerous
branched spadix
6.Flower Male flower Female flower Complete, Bisexual, Complete, Bisexual,
Incomplete, Incomplete, Pentamerous, Trimerous,
bractate, bractate, Actinomophic Actinomophic
actinomorphic actinomorphic
7.Perianth Sepals 5, Green, Sepals 3, Green, Tepals 6, 3+3 Tepals 6, Two whorls,
Valvate Valvate arrangement, valvate Valvate aestivation
aestivation aestivation aestivation
8.Androecium Numerous Absent but Stamens 6, 3+3 Stamens 6, (3+3)
stamens, staminode is arrangement, 5 fertile, arranged in two whorls,
monodelphous, present 1 sterile Dithecous
dithecous
9.Gynoecium Absent but Tricarpellary, Tricarpellary, syncarpous, Tricarpellary,
pistillode is syncarpous, inferior ovary, axil syncarpous, superior
present superior ovary, placentation ovary,
axil placentation axil Placentation
10.Fruit ----- Schizocarpic Fleshy berry Loculicidal Capsule
11.Seed ----- Endospermous Seeds are not produced Endospermous
12.Floral
Formula
13.Floral
Diagram

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C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 10
 UNIT-III.Cell biology and Biomolecules
Chapter-6.The Unit of Life
1.The two subunits of ribosomes remain united at critical ion level of
a. Magnesium b. Calcium c. Sodium d. Ferrous
2.Sequences of which of the following is used to know the phylogeny.
a. mRNA b. rRNA c. tRNA d. Hn RNA
3.Many cells function properly and divide mitotically even though they do not have.
a. Plasma membrane b. cytoskeleton c. mitochondria d. Plastids
4.Keeping in view the fluid mosaic model for the structure of cell membrane, which one of the following
statements is correct with respect to the movement of lipids and proteins from one lipid monolayer to
the other.
a.Neither lipid nor proteins can flip-flop b.Both lipid and proteins can flip flop
c.While lipids can rarely flip-flop proteins cannot d.While proteins can flip-flop lipids cannot
5.Match the columns and identify the correct option:
Column-I Column-II (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) Thylakoids (i) Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus (1) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(b) Cristae (ii) Condensed structure of DNA (2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(c) Cisternae (iii) Flat membranous sacs in stroma (3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(d) Chromatin (iv) Infoldings in mitochondria (4) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.Bring out the significance of Transmission Electron Microscope.
1.This is the most commonly used electron microscope which provides two dimensional image.
2.The magnification is 1-3 lakhs times and resolving power is 2-10 A˚.
3.It is used for studying detailed structure of viruses, mycoplasma, cellular organelles, etc.
7.State the protoplasm theory.
1.Protoplasm is a complex colloidal system which was suggested by Fisher in 1894 and Hardy in 1899.
2.It is primarily made of water and various other solutes like glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones and
enzymes.
3.These solutes may be homogeneous or heterogeneous mass. Which forms the basis for its colloidal nature.
8.Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Characters Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1.Size ~1-5µm ~10-100µm
2.Ribosomes 50S + 30S 60S + 40S
3.Organelles Absent Present
4.Cell division Binary fission Mitosis, Meiosis
5.Example Bacteria Plants, Animals
9.Difference between plant and animal cell.
Plant Cell Animal Cell
1.Larger than animal cell. Smaller than plant cell.
2.Plasmodesmata present. Plasmodesmata absent.
3.Chloroplast present. Chloroplast absent.
4.Tonoplast present. Tonoplast absent.
5.Lysosomes absent. Lysosomes present.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 11
10.Draw the ultra structure of plant cell.

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UNIT-III.Cell biology and Biomolecules
Chapter-7.Cell Cycle
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.The correct sequence in cell cycle is
a. S-M-G1-G2 b. S-G1-G2-M c. G1-S-G2-M d. M-G-G2-S
2.If mitotic division is restricted in G1 phase of the cell cycle then the condition is known as
a. S Phase b. G2 Phase c. M Phase d. G0 Phase
3.Anaphase promoting complex APC is a protein degradation machinery necessary for proper mitosis
of animal cells. If APC is defective in human cell, which of the following is expected to occur?
a. Chromosomes will be fragmented b. Chromosomes will not condense
c. Chromosomes will not segregate d. Recombination of chromosomes will occur
4.In S phase of the cell cyclea.
a.Amount of DNA doubles in each cell b. Amount of DNA remains same in each cell
c. Chromosome number is increased d. Amount of DNA is reduced to half in each cell
5.Centromere is required for
a. transcription b. crossing over c. Cytoplasmic cleavage d.Movement of chromosome towards pole
6.Synapsis occur between
a. mRNA and ribosomes b. Spindle fibres and centromeres
c. Two homologous chromosomes d. A male and a female gamete
7.In meiosis crossing over is initiated at
a. Diplotene b. Pachytene c. Leptotene d. Zygotene
8.Colchicine prevents the mitosis of the cells at which of the following stage
a. Anaphase b. Metaphase c. Prophase d. interphase
9.The paring of homologous chromosomes on meiosis is known as
a. Bivalent b. Synapsis c. Disjunction d. Synergids
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
10.Write any three significance of mitosis.
1.Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells.
2.New cells are identical to the existing cell.
3.Damaged cells are replaced by new cells through mitosis.

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11.Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis Meiosis
1.It is takes place by one division. It is takes place by two division.
2.Chromosome number is same. Chromosome number is halved.
3.Crossing over never occurs. Crossing over occurs.
4.Daughter cells are genetically identical. Daughter cells are genetically different from parent cell.
5.Two daughter cells are formed. Four daughter cells are formed.
12.Given an account of G0 phase.
1.Some cells exit G1 and enters a quiescent stage called G0.
2.where the cell remains metabolically active without proliferation.
3.Cells can exist for long periods in G0 phase.
4.In G0, cells stop the growth with reduced rate of RNA and protein synthesis.
5.The G0 phase is not permanent.
13.Differentiate cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells.
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells:
1.Division of the cytoplasm often starts during telophase.
2.Cell plate grows from centre to lateral walls.
3.Phragmoplast contains microtubules, actin filaments and vesicles from golgi apparatus and ER.
4.Cell plate eventually stretches right across the cell forming the middle lamella.
5.Cytokinesis form the cell wall of two new plant cells.
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells:
1.It is a contractile process.
2.The ring consists of a bundle of microfilaments assembled from actin and myosin.
3.This fibril generates a contractile force.
4.Thus it divides the cell into two.
14.Write about Pachytene and Diplotene of Prophase I.
Pachytene:
1.At this stage bivalent chromosomes are clearly visible as tetrads.
2.Synapsis is completed and recombination nodules appear.
3.Crossing over takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome.
4.Recombination of homologous chromosomes is completed by the end of this stage.
5.This is mediated by the enzyme recombinase.
Diplotene:
1.Synaptonemal complex disassembled and dissolves.
2.The homologous chromosomes remain attached.
3.The sites of crossing over is called Chiasmata.
4.Chiasmata are chromatin structures at sites where recombination has been taken place.
5.They are specialised chromosomal structures that hold the homologous chromosomes together.
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 UNIT-III.Cell biology and Biomolecules
Chapter-8.Biomolecules
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Water is a polar molecule because…
a. They have uniform charge b. They have negative charge
c. The hydrogen have slight negative charge d. They have uneven distribution of electrical charge.
2.The β – D Glucose units in cellulose are linked together by
a. N – acetyl side chains b. N – acetyl D – Glucosamine
c. 1 → 3 Linkage d. β – 1, 4 Glycosidic linkage.
d. The inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate
3.Chitin is a linear polymer of _____ joined together by β –1,4 Glycosidic linkages.
a. β – D – Glucose units b. N – acetyl – D Glucosamine units
c. α – 1,4 – Glucanmaltohydrolase d. D – Glycuronic acid
4. The net charge of Zwitter ion is…
a. Zero b. Positive c. Negative d. 100
5. Watson and Crick model of DNA double helix is_______ form.
a. A b. C c. H d. B
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6. Define – Enzyme.
Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse the thousands of metabolic reactions takes place within the cell.
7. Differentiate: Nucleoside and Nucleotide.
Nucleoside Nucleotide
1. It is a combination of nitrogen base and It is a combination of nitrogen base, pentose sugar and
pentose sugar. phosphate.
2. Example: Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose Example: Adenylic acid = Adenosine + Phosphoric acid.
8. Write the properties of water.
1.Water is the universal solvent.
2.It has specific heat capacity.
3.It has high melting and boiling point.
9. Explain the structure of DNA.
1.Watson and Crick proposed the DNA double helical structure.
2.This is a B - form structure.
3.DNA double helical structure has a diameter of 20 A° and a pitch of about 34 A°.
4.Each base is 0.34 nm apart and a complete turn of the helix comprises 3.4 nm.
5.One strand runs in 5′-3′ direction,other strand runs in 3′-5′ direction.
6.Both strands are antiparallel.
7.The 5′ end has the phosphate group and 3’end has the OH group.
8.The narrow angle between the sugars generates a minor groove and the large angle on the other
9.edge generates major groove.
10.Based on the helix and the distance between each turns, the DNA is of three forms – A DNA,
B DNA and Z DNA.
10. Describe the types of RNA.
1.mRNA (messenger RNA):
1.It is single stranded.
2.It is unstable and comprises 5% of total RNA.
3.Prokaryotic mRNA (Polycistronic) carry coding sequences for many polypeptides.
4.Eukaryotic mRNA (Monocistronic) contains information for only one polypeptide.

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 2.tRNA (transfer RNA):
1.Translates the code from mRNA and transfers amino acids to the ribosome to build proteins.
2.It is highly folded into an elaborate 3D structure.
3.It comprises about 15% of total RNA.
4.It is also called as soluble RNA.
3.rRNA (ribosomal RNA):
1.It is made up of two subunits of ribosomes.
2.It constitutes 80% of the total RNA.
3.It is a polymer with varied length from 120–3000 nucleotides.
4.Genes for rRNA are highly conserved and employed for phylogenetic studies.

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UNIT-IV.Plant Anatomy
Chapter-9.Tissue and Tissue System
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Refer to the given figure and select the correct statement.
i. A, B, and C are histogen of shoot apex ii. A Gives rise to medullary rays.
iii. B Gives rise to cortex iv. C Gives rise to epidermis
a. i and ii only b. ii and iii only c. i and iii only d. iii and iv only
2.Read the following sentences and identify the correctly matched sentences.
i. In exarch condition, the protoxylem lies outside of metaxylem.
ii. In endarch condition, the protoxylem lie towords the centre.
iii. In centarch condition, metaxylem lies in the middle of the protoxylem.
iv. In mesarch condition, protoxylem lies in the middle of the metaxylem.
a. i, ii and iii only b. ii, iii and iv only c. i, ii and iv only d. All of these
3.Bicollateral vascular bundles are present in…
a. Cucurbitaceae b. Lilliaceae c. Dracena d. Yucca
4.When a leaf trace extends from a vascular bundle in a dicot stem, what would be the arrangement of vascular
tissues in the veins of the leaf?
a. Xylem would be on top and the phloem on the bottom
b. Phloem would be on top and the xylem on the bottom
c. Xylem would encircle the phloem
d. Phloem would encircle the xylem
5.Grafting is successful in dicots but not in monocots because the dicots have
a. Vascular bundles arranged in a ring b. Cambium for secondary growth
c. Vessels with elements arranged end to end d. Cork cambium
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.Why the cells of sclerenchyma and tracheids become dead?
1.They are dead cell and lacks protoplasm.
2.These cells are long or short, narrow, thick walled and lignified secondary walls.
7.Explain sclereids with their types.
1.Brachysclereids or Stone cells:
1.They are Isodiametric, with hard cell wall.
2.Found in bark, pith, cortex and fleshy portion of some fruits.
3.Example: Pulp of Pyrus.
2.Macrosclereids:
1.They are elongated and rod shaped cells.
2.Found in the outer seed coat of leguminous plants.
3.Example: Crotalaria and Pisum sativum.

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 3.Osteosclereids (Bone cells):
1.They are rod shaped cells with dilated ends.
2.Found in leaves and seed coats.
3.Example: seed coat of Pisum and Hakea.
4.Astrosclereids:
1.They are star shaped cells.
2.Found in petioles and leaves.
3.Example: Tea, Nymphae and Trochodendron.
5.Trichosclereids:
1.They are hair like thin walled cells.
2.Found in stems and leaves of hydrophytes.
3.Example: Nymphaea leaf and Aerial roots of Monstera.
8.What are sieve tubes ? Explain.
1.Sieve tubes are long tube like conducting elements in the phloem.
2.These are formed by sieve tube elements.
3.The end wall of sieve tube contains a number of pores and it looks like a sieve. So it is called as sieve plate.
4.The sieve elements show nacreous thickenings on their lateral walls.
5.In mature sieve tube, nucleus is absent.
6.It contains a lining layer of cytoplasm.
7.A special protein (P. Protein = Phloem Protein) called slime body is seen in it.
8.In mature sieve tubes, the pores in the sieve plate are blocked by a substance called callose.
9.The conduction of food material takes place through cytoplasmic strands.
10.Sieve tubes occur only in Angiosperms.
9.Distinguish the anatomy of dicot root from monocot root.
Dicot Root Monocot Root
1. Pericycle gives rise to lateral roots, phellogen Pericycle gives rise to lateral
and vascular cambium. roots only.
2. Vascular tissue present in limited numbers. Present in more numbers.
3. Conjunctive tissue parenchymatous. Sclerenchymatous.
4. Cambium present. Absent.
5. Xylem tetrach. Polyarch.
10.Distinguish the anatomy of dicot stem from monocot stem.
Dicot Stem Monocot Stem
1. Hypodermis collenchymatous. sclerenchymatous.
2. Ground tissue differentiated into cortex, Not differentiated.
endodermis, pericycle and pith.
3. Starch sheath present. Absent.
4. Medullary rays present. Absent.
5. Vascular bundles collateral and open. Collateral and closed.

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 UNIT-IV.Plant Anatomy
Chapter-10.Secondary Growth
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Consider the following statements
In spring season vascular cambium.
i. is less active ii. produces a large number of xylary elements iii. forms vessels with wide cavities of these,
a. (i) is correct but (ii) and (iii) are not correct b. (i) is not correct but (ii) and (iii) are correct
c. (i) and (ii) are correct but (iii) is not correct d. (i) and (ii) are not correct but (iii) is correct.
2.Usually, the monocotyledons do not increase their girth, because
a. They possess actively dividing cambium b. They do not possess actively dividing cambium
c. Ceases activity of cambium d. All are correct
3.In the diagram of lenticel identify the parts marked as i, ii, iii, iv
a. i. Phellem, ii. Complementary tissue, iii. Phelloderm, iv. Phellogen.
b. i. Complementary tissue, ii. Phellem, iii. Phellogen, iv. Phelloderm.
c. i. Phellogen, ii. Phellem, iii. Phelloderm, iv. complementary tissue.
d. i. Phelloderm, ii. Phellem, iii. Complementary tissue, iv. Phellogen.
4.Inner darker and harder portion of secondary xylem that cannot conduct water in an older dicot stem is called
a. Alburnum b. Bast c. Wood d. Duramen
5.What is the fate of primary xylem in a dicot stem showing extensive secondary growth?
a. It is retained in the centre of the axis b. It gets crushed
c. May or may not get crushed d. It gets surrounded by primary phloem
Assertion and Reason
6.These questions consist of two statements each printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
A. If both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
B. If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion
C. If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
D. If both Assertion and Reason are false.
1.Assertion: In woody stems the amount of heart wood continue to increase year after year
Reason: The activity of cambial ring continues uninterrupted
a. A b. B c. C d. D
2.Assertion: Secondary growth in dicot roots occurs with the help of vascular cambium and phellogen.
Reason: Vascular cambium is completely primary in origin.
a. A b. B c. C d. D
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
7.Explain the activity of successive cambium with example.
1.In plants like Aviccenia, Cycas, Gnetum a number of cambial rings arise in succession and produce
concentric rings of secondary tissues.
2.Transverse section of Gnetum stem showing anomalous secondary growth.

8.What is wood botanically?

1.The secondary xylem is also called as wood.
2. It is formed by complex meristem.

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9.In a forest, if the bark of a tree is damaged by the horn of a deer, How will the plant overcome the
damage?
When the bark of a tree is damaged by the outer environment, it will be overcome by the activity of vascular
cambial tissues like periderm, cortex, primary phloem and secondary phloem.
10.Differentiate the wood formed in Pinus (Hard wood) from that of Morus (Soft wood).
Pinus (Hard wood) Morus (Soft wood)
1. Common in Angiosperms Common in Gymnosperms
2. Porous because it contains Non-porous because it does
vessels. not contain vessels.
11.In which season the vessels of angiosperms are larger in size, why?
In spring season the vessels of angiosperms are larger in size.
Reason:
1.In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements having
Vessels and tracheids with wide lumen.
2.The tracheary elements are thick walled.
3.The wood formed during this season is called spring wood or early wood.
12.Central part of the wood is always dark. Why?
Due to the presence of tyloses and their contents the heartwood becomes coloured, dead and the hardest
part of the wood.
13.Continuous state of dividing tissue is called meristem. In connection to this, what is the role of lateral
meristem?
1.Lateral meristem occurs in longitudinal axis of stem and root.
2.It is responsible for secondary tissues and thickening of stem and root.
3.Example: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
14.A timber merchant bought 2 logs of wood from a forest & named them A & B, The log A was 50 year
old & B was 20 years old. Which log of wood will last longer for the merchant? Why?
50 year old log of wood will last longer for the merchant.
Reason:
1.Annual rings or growth rings are formed by early or spring wood and late or autumn wood.
2.Each annual rings are denoted by one year growth.
3.Hence, the plant age is decided by a timber merchant as 20 and 50.
4.Sap wood and heart wood can be distinguished in the secondary xylem.
5.From the economic point of view, generally the heartwood is more useful than the sapwood.
6.The timber from the heartwood is more durable and more resistant than the timber from sapwood.
15.A cross section of tree trunk contains 60 lighter and 60 darker rings. Determine the age of the
tree and justify.
1.The tree age is determined as 60.
2.The spring wood (Early wood) is lighter in colour and has a lower density whereas the autumn wood
(Late wood) is darker and has a higher density.
3.The annual ring denotes the combination of early wood and late wood.
4.The ring becomes evident to our eye due to the density of this wood.
5.So, 60 lighter and 60 darker rings shows the tree age is 60.
16.A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows concentric rings which are known as growth rings.
How are these rings formed? What are the significance of these rings?
Growth rings or annual rings are formed by early wood (Spring wood) and late wood (Autumn wood).
Significance of growth rings or annual rings:
1.Age of wood can be calculated.
2.The quality of timber can be ascertained.
3.Radio-Carbon dating can be verified.
4.Past climate and archaeological dating can be made.
5.Provides evidence in forensic investigation.

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17.There are many tissues produced outside the vascular cambium in the stem. Explain them.
1.Periderm:
The periderm consists of phellem, phellogen and phelloderm.
2.Phellem (cork):
1.It is the protective tissue composed of non-living cells.
2.Phellem is formed by Phellogen (cork cambium).
3.It will broken by lenticels.
3.Phellogen (Cork cambium):
1.It is a secondary lateral meristem.
2.It arise from epidermis, cortex, phloem or pericycle.
3.It produce inside phelloderm (secondary cortex) and outside phellem (cork).
4.Phelloderm (secondary cortex):
1.It is produced by phellogen (cork cambium).
2.It is resemblance as a cortical living parenchymatus cells.
3.It is one of the part of peridem.
5.Bark:
The term bark is commonly applied to all the tissues outside the vascular cambium of the stem.

18.When you go to a timber mart to collect timber for your construction of a new house, how will you
select good timber?
I will select the tember based on the following nature of the wood.
1.Grain: It refers to the structural arrangement of wood.
2.Texture: It shows the relative size and quality of the wood.
3.Figure of wood: It refers to the pattern formed by grains in wood when the wood is cut in the
longitudinal direction.
19.Explain the seasoning methods of woods.
1.It is the process to remove moisture content from the wood.
2.There are two types of seasoning. 1.Air Seasoning 2.Kiln Seasoning.
1.Air Seasoning:
1.It is the natural method to remove moisture without any artificial heat.
2.In this method timbers are cut into many pieces and kept in a open air to remove moisture through
indirect sunlight.
3.It will increase the strength and quality of the wood.
2.Kiln Seasoning:
1.It is the process to remove moisture through artificial heat in an closed condition.
2.The timber pieces are kept in a steam-heater chamber and dried by circulating fans.
3.This method ensuring the removal of moisture uniformly and ensuring the quality of the wood.

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 UNIT-IV.Plant Physiology
Chapter-11.Transport in Plants
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.In a fully turgid cell
a. DPD = 10 atm; OP = 5 atm; TP = 10 atm b. DPD = 0 atm; OP = 10 atm; TP = 10 atm
c. DPD = 0 atm; OP = 5 atm; TP = 10 atm d. DPD = 20 atm; OP = 20 atm; TP = 10 atm
2.Which among the following is correct?
i. apoplast is fastest and operate in nonliving part
ii. Transmembrane route includes vacuole
iii. symplast interconnect the nearby cell through plasmadesmata
iv. symplast and transmembrane route are in living part of the cell
a. i and ii b. ii and iii c. iii and iv d. i, ii, iii, iv
3.What type of transpiration is possible in the xerophyte Opuntia?
a. Stomatal b. Lenticular c. Cuticular d. All the above
4.Stomata of a plant open due to
a. Influx of K+ b. Efflux of K+ c. Influx of Cl– d. Influx of OH–
5.Munch hypothesis is based on
a. Translocation of food due to TP gradient and imbibition force b. Translocation of food due to TP
c. Translocation of food due to imbibition force d. None of the above
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.If the concentration of salt in the soil is too high and the plants may wilt even if the field is thoroughly
irrigated. Explain.
i) Under extreme saline condition, plants are unable to absorb water form the soil.
ii) The osmotic pressure of pure water is always zero.
iii) It increases with the increases of solute concertration.
iv) Hence, if the concentration of salt in the soil is too high, the plants will wilt even if the field is
thoroughly irrigated.
7.How phosphorylase enzyme open the stomata in starch sugar interconversion theory?
i) In guard cells phosphorylase enzyme was discoverded by Hanes in 1940.
ii) During the day time phosphorylase enzyme hydrolyses starch into sugar.
iii) Hence, the high pH followed by endosmosis is opening the stomata during day time.
iii) The vice versa takes place during the night time.
8.List out the non-photosynthetic parts of a plant that need a supply of sucrose?
1.Root 2.Stem 3.Flower 4.Fruit.
9.What are the parameters which control water potential?
Water potential (Ψ) is controlled by the following parameters.
1. Solute concentration or Solute potential (ΨS)
2. Pressure potential (ΨP)
Water Potential = Solute potential + Pressure potential
ΨW = ΨS + ΨP
10.An artificial cell made of selectively permeable membrane immersed in a beaker (in the figure). Read
The values and answer the following questions?
a. Draw an arrow to indicate the direction of water movement

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 b. Is the solution outside the cell isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic?
Ans: Hypotonic.
c. Is the cell isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic?
Ans: Hypertonic.
d. Will the cell become more flaccid, more turgid or stay in original size?
Ans: More turgid.
e. With reference to artificial cell state, is the process endosmosis or exosmosis? Give reasons.
Ans: Endosmosis.
Reason: Endosmosis is defined as the osmotic entry of solvent into a cell or a system when it is placed in
a pure water or hypotonic solution.

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UNIT-V.Plant Physiology
Chapter-12.Mineral Nutrition
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Identify correct match. a. 1 (iii) 2 (ii) 3 (iv) 4 (i)
1. Die back disease of citrus - (i) Mo b. 1 (iii) 2 (i) 3 (iv) 4 (ii)
2. Whip tail disease - (ii) Zn
c. 1 (i) 2 (iii) 3 (ii) 4 (iv)
3. Brown heart of turnip - (iii) Cu
4. Little leaf - (iv) B d. 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (ii) 4 (i)
2.If a plant is provided with all mineral nutrients but, Mn concentration is increased, what will be the
deficiency?
a. Mn prevent the uptake of Fe, Mg but not Ca b. Mn increase the uptake of Fe, Mg and Ca
c. Only increase the uptake of Ca d. Prevent the uptake Fe, Mg, and Ca
3.The element which is not remobilized?
a. Phosphorous b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Nitrogen
4.Match the correct combination.
Minerals Role a. A-1 B-3 C-4 D-2
A Molybdenum 1. Chlorophyll b. A-2 B-1 C-3 D-4
B Zinc 2. Methionine c. A-4 B-3 C-1 D-2
C Magnesium 3. Auxin
d. A-4 B-2 C-1 D-3
D Sulphur 4. Nitrogenase

5.Identify the correct statement

i. Sulphur is essential for amino acids Cystine and Methionine.
ii. Low level of N, K, S and Mo affect the cell division.
iii. Non-leguminous plant Alnus which contain bacterium Frankia.
iv. Denitrification carried out by nitrosomonas and nitrobacter.
a. I, II are correct b. I, II, III are correct c. I only correct d. all are correct.
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.The nitrogen is present in the atmosphere in huge amount but higher plants fail to utilize it. Why?
i) The atmospheric nitrogen in gaseous state.
ii) The gaseous nitrogen must be fixed in the form of nitrate salts in the soil to facilitate absorption by plants.
iii) Hence, The higher plants cannot utilize the atmospheric nitrogen.
7.Why is that in certain plants deficiency symptoms appear first in younger parts of the plants while in
others, they do so in mature organs?
i) Calcium, Sulphur, Iron, Boron and Copper shows deficiency symptoms first that appear
on young leaves due to the immobile nature of minerals.
ii) Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium deficiency symptoms first appear on old and
senescent leaves due to active movement of minerals to younger leaves.

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8.Plant A in a nutrient medium shows whiptail disease plant B in a nutrient medium shows a little leaf
disease. Identify mineral deficiency of plant A and B?
i) Plant A is caused by whiptail disease due to the deficiency of Molybdenum.
ii) Plant B is caused by little leaf disease due to the deficiency of Zinc.
9.Write the role of nitrogenase enzyme in nitrogen fixation?
i) Nitrogen fixation process requires Nitrogenase enzyme complex.
ii) Nitrogenase enzyme is active only in anaerobic condition.
iii) Leghaemoglobin pigment creates this anaerobic condition.
iv) Which acts as oxygen scavenger and removes the oxygen.
v) Nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules appears pinkish colour due to the presence of this leghaemoglobin
pigment.
10.Explain the insectivorous mode of nutrition in angiosperms?
a. Nepenthes (Pitcher plant):
i) Pitcher is a modified leaf and contains digestive enzymes.
ii) When insect is trapped, proteolytic enzymes will digest the insect.
b. Drosera (Sundew):
i) It consists of long club shaped leaves with tentacles.
ii) That secrete sticky digestive fluid which looks like a sundew and attracts insects.
c. Utricularia (Bladder wort):
i) Submerged plant in which leaf is modified into a bladder to collect insect in water.
d. Dionaea (Venus fly trap):
i) Leaf of this plant modified into a colourful trap.
ii) Two folds of lamina consist of sensitive trigger hairs and when insects touch the hairs it will close and
traps the insects.

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UNIT-V.Plant Physiology
Chapter-13.Photosynthesis
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Assertion (A): Increase in Proton gradient inside lumen responsible for ATP synthesis.
Reason (R): Oxygen evolving complex of PS I located on thylakoid membrane facing Stroma, releases
H+ ions.
a. Both Assertion and Reason are True. b. Assertion is True and Reason is False.
c. Reason is True and Assertion is False. d. Both Assertion and Reason are False.
2.Which chlorophyll molecule does not have a phytol tail?
a. Chl- a b. Chl-b c. Chl- c d. Chl -d
3.The correct sequence of flow of electrons in the light reaction is
a. PS II, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS I, ferredoxin. b. PS I, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS II ferredoxin.
c. PS II, ferredoxin, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS I. d. PS II, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS II, ferredoxin.
4.For every CO2 molecule entering the C3 cycle, the number of ATP & NADPH required
a. 2ATP + 2NADPH b. 2ATP + 3NADPH c. 3ATP + 2NADPH d. 3ATP + 3NADPH
5.Identify true statement regarding light reaction of photosynthesis.
a. Splitting of water molecule is associate with PS I
b. PS I and PS II involved in the formation of NDPH+H+
c. The reaction center of PS I is Chlorophyll a with absorption peak at 680 nm
d. The reaction center of PS II is Chlorophyll a with absorption peak at 700 nm
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.Two groups (A & B) of bean plants of similar size and same leaf area were placed in identical
conditions. Group A was exposed to light of wavelength 400-450nm & Group B to light of wavelength of
500-550nm. Compare the photosynthetic rate of the 2 groups giving reasons.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
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 i) A group plants are having high photosynthetic rate.
ii) Because, chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ are more efficiently absorbing blue spectrum in the wavelength of
400-450nm.
iii) B group plants are having low photosynthetic rate.
iv) Because, chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ does not absorb green spectrum in the wavelength of 500-550nm.
7.A tree is believed to be releasing oxygen during night time. Do you believe the truthfulness of this
statement? Justify your answer by giving reasons.
i) No, it is not true. Because, during daytime oxygen is evolved through photosynthesis.
ii) During night time Co2 is evolved through respiration.
iii) Overall reaction of Photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
iv) Overall reaction of Respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2868 KJ energy.
8.Grasses have an adaptive mechanism to compensate photorespiratory losses- Name and describe the
mechanism.
Grasses compensate photorespiratory losses through C4 cycle or Hatch & Slack Pathway.

C4 cycle or Hatch & Slack Pathway

9.In Botany class, teacher explains, Synthesis of one glucose requires 30 ATPs in C4 plants and only 18
ATPs in C3 plants. The same teacher explains C4 plants are more advantageous than C3 plants. Can
you identify the reason for this contradiction?
C4 plants are more advantageous than C3 plants because most of the energy lost during photo respiration in
C3 plants.
10.When there is plenty of light and higher concentration of O2, what kind of pathway does the plant
undergo? Analyse the reasons.
Plants undergo C2 cycle or Photorespiration.

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C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 23
 UNIT-V.Plant Physiology
Chapter-14.Respiration
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.The number of ATP molecules formed by complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is
a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 15
2.During oxidation of two molecules of cytosolic NADH+H+, number of ATP molecules produced in plants are
a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
3.The compound which links glycolysis and Krebs cycle is
a. succinic acid b. pyruvic acid c. acetyl CoA d. citric acid
4.Assertion (A): Oxidative phosphorylation takes place during the electron transport chain in mitochondria.
Reason (R): Succinyl CoA is phosphorylated into succinic acid by substrate phosphorylation.
a. A and R is correct. R is correct explanation of A
b. A and R is correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
c. A is correct but R is wrong
d. A and R is wrong.
5.Which of the following reaction is not involved in Krebs cycle.
a. Shifting of phosphate from 3C to 2C
b. Splitting of Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate of into two molecules 3C compounds.
c. Dephosphorylation from the substrates
d. All of these.
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
6.What are enzymes involved in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions in EMP pathway?
i) Phosphorylation enzymes – 1.Hexokinase 2.Phosphofructo kinase.
ii) Dephosphorylation enzymes – 1.Phosphoglycerate kinase 2.Pyryvate kinase.
7.Respiratory quotient is zero in succulent plants. Why?
i) In some succulent plants like Opuntia, Bryophyllum carbohydrates are partially oxidised to organic acid,
particularly malic acid without corresponding release of CO2 but O2 is consumed hence the RQ value will
be zero.
0CO2
ii) RQ of glucose in succulent plants = =0
3O2
8.Explain the reactions taking place in mitochondrial inner membrane.
Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative phosphorylation is takes place in mitochondrial inner membrane.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 24
9.What is the name of alternate way of glucose breakdown? Explain the process involved in it?
Pentose phosphate pathway or HMP shunt is the alternate way of glucose breakdown.

10.How will you calculate net products of one sucrose molecule upon complete oxidation during aerobic
respiration as per recent view?
As per recent view the cost of transport of ATPs from matrix into the cytosol is considered, the number will
be 2.5 ATPs for each NADH+H+ and 1.5 ATPs for each FADH2 oxidised during electron transport system.

Reduced Reduced FAD Total ATP

Stages CO2 ATP
NAD+ Production
Glycolysis 0 2 2(2X2=4) 0 6
Link reaction 2 0 2(2X3=6) 0 6
Krebs cycle 4 2 6(6X3=18) 2(2X2=4) 24
Total 6 CO2 4 ATP 28 ATP 4 ATP 36 ATP
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UNIT-V.Plant Physiology
Chapter-15.Plant Growth and Development
I.Choose the correct answer:-
1.Select the wrong statement from the following:
a. Formative phase of the cells retain the capability of cell division.
b. In elongation phase development of central vacuole takes place.
c. In maturation phase thickening and differentiation takes place.
d. In maturation phase, the cells grow further.
2.If the diameter of the pulley is 12 inches, length of pointer is 10 inches and distance travelled by pointer is
5 inches. Calculate the actual growth in length of plant.
a. 3 inches b. 6 inches c. 12 inches d. 30 inches
3.________ is the powerful growth inhibitor
a. Ethanol b. Cytokinins c. ABA d. Auxin
4.Select the correctly matched one
A) Human urine i) Auxin – B a) A-iii, B-iv, C-v, D-vi, E-i, F-ii,
B) Corn gram oil ii) GA3 b) A-v, B-i, C-ii, D-iv, E-vi, F-iii,
C) Fungus iii) Abscisic acid II c) A-iii, B-v, C-vi, D-i, E-ii, F-iv,
D) Herring fish iv) Kinitin sperm d) A-ii, B-iii, C-v, D-vi, E-iv, F-i
E) Unripe maize v) Auxin A grains
F) Young cotton vi) Zeatin bolls

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
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5.Seed dormancy allows the plants to
a. overcome unfavourable climatic conditions b. develop healthy seeds
c. reduce viability d. prevent deterioration of seeds.
6.Which one of the following method are used to break the seed dormancy?
a) Scarification b) Impaction c) Stratification d) All the above.
II.Two, Three, Five mark questions:-
7.Write the physiological effects of Cytokinins.
i) Cytokinin promotes the cell division.
ii) Cytokinin induces cell enlargement.
iii) Cytokinin can break the seed dormancy.
iv) Cytokinin promotes the growth of lateral buds.
v) Cytokinin delays the process of aging in plants. It is known as Richmond Lang effect.
8.Describe the mechanism of photoperiodic induction of flowering.
i) An appropriate photoperiod in 24 hours’ cycle constitutes one inductive cycle.
ii) Plants may require one or more inductive cycles for flowering.
iii) The phenomenon of conversion of leaf primordia into flower primordia under the influence of suitable
inductive cycles is called photoperiodic induction.
iv) Example: Xanthium (SDP) – 1 inductive cycle and Plantago (LDP) – 25 inductive cycles.
9.Give a brief account on Programmed Cell Death (PCD).
i) Senescence of an individual cell is called Programmed Cell Death (PCD).
ii) The proteolytic enzymes involving PCD in plants are phytaspases and in animals are caspases.
iii) Senescence in plants are controlled by their own genetic programme.
10.What are the physiological effects of plants facing drought condition?
1.Increasing and enlarging the conductive tissues.
2.Rolling of leaves and water storage in succulent tissue.
3.Plants are developed structural and physiology adaptations.
4.Improved water uptake by roots which penetrate deep water source.
5.Stomata present only on the lower epidermis with by dense trichomes.
11.Explain the mechanism of biotic stress.
The adverse effects on plants caused by other living organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites,
insects, weeds and competing plants are called as biotic stress.
These are divided into two types. They are…
i) Allelopathy ii) Pathogenecity
i) Allelopathy:
1.An organism producing one or more biochemical substances that greatly influence the germination,
growth and reproduction of other organisms is called Allelopathy.
2.They are two types, one is positive allelopathic and another one is negative allelopathic.
3.The term allelopathy is from Greek words allelon-each other and pathos-to suffer and first used in 1937
by Hans Molisch.
4.One of the most famous allelopathic plants is Black walnut (Juglans nigrum).
5.The chemical which is present in Black walnut is Juglone and it is a respiratory inhibitor.
6.Solanaceous plants such as tomato, capsicum and eggplant are susceptible to juglone.
7.These plants when exposed to these allelochemicals exhibit symptoms such as wilting, chlorosis and
death.
ii) Pathogenecity :
The effect of microbes that cause diseases in plants. Example: Xanthomonas citri.

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C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 26