Dr.
Hina Dutt
[email protected]
Real Vector Spaces
Let V be an arbitrary non empty set of
objects or elements having operations
of addition and scalar multiplication
defined on it. If the given axioms are
satisfied by all objects u, v, w in V and
all scalars k and l, then we call V, a
vector space and we call the objects in
V, vectors.
Real Vector Spaces
Closure Axioms:
1. The sum u⊕v exists and is in V
2. k ʘ u is in V
Real Vector Spaces
Addition Axioms:
3. u ⊕ v = v ⊕ u
4. u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) = (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w
5. There is an object 0 in V, called a zero
vector for V, such that 0 ⊕ u = u ⊕ 0 = u for
all u in V
6. For each u in V, there is an object –u in V,
called a negative of u, such that
u ⊕ (-u) = (-u) ⊕ u = 0
Real Vector Spaces
Scalar Multiplication Axioms:
7. k ʘ(u ⊕ v) = k ʘ u ⊕ k ʘ v
8. (k+l) ʘ(u) = k ʘ u ⊕ l ʘ u
9. k ʘ(l ʘ u) = (kl) ʘ u
10. 1 ʘ u = u
Example: Rn is a vector space
Step :1- identify the set V of
objects that will become
vectors.
Let, V=Rn
u ⊕ v = (u1,u2,u3,. . . .un) ⊕
(v1,v2,v3,. . . . vn)
= (u1+v1,u2+v2,u3+v3, . . . un+vn )
Step :2- identify the addition
and scalar multiplication
kʘu =(ku1,ku2,ku3,. . . . . kun) operations on V.
Step :4- confirm that axioms
Step :3- verify axioms 1 & 2, adding two
3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 hold.
vectors in V produces a vector in V ,
and multiplying a vector in V by a
scalar produces a vector in V.
Examples of Vector Spaces
(1) n-tuple space: Rn
vector addition
(u1 , u2 , , un ) (v1 , v2 , , vn ) = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 , , un + vn )
scalar multiplication
k (u1 , u2 , , un ) = (ku1 , ku2 ,, kun )
Examples of Vector Spaces
(2) Matrix space: 𝑴𝒎×𝒏
(The set of all m×n matrices with real values)
V = M mn Ex: ：(m = n = 2)
vector addition
u11 u12 v11 v12 u11 + v11 u12 + v12
A B = =
v v u +
21 22 21 22 21 21 22 22
u u v u + v
scalar multiplication
u11 u12 ku11 ku12
k A= k =
21 22 21
u u ku ku 22
Examples of Vector Spaces
(3) nth degree polynomial space: 𝑷𝒏
(The set of all real polynomials of degree n or less)
vector addition
p( x) q( x) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 ) x + + (an + bn ) x n
scalar multiplication
k p ( x) = ka0 + ka1 x + + kan x n
Examples of Vector Spaces
(4) Function space: 𝑭(−∞, ∞)
(The set of all real-valued functions defined on the entire real line.)
V = F (−, )
vector addition
( f g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
scalar multiplication
(k f )( x) = kf ( x)
PROPERTIES OF VECTORS
Let v be any element of a vector space V, and let c be any
scalar. Then the following properties are true.
(1) 0 v = 0
(2) c 0 = 0
(3) If c v = 0, then c = 0 or v = 0
(4) (−1) v = − v
Question 1
Let 𝑉 be the set of all integers. Define ⊕ as
usual addition of vectors and ʘ as ordinary
multiplication. Is 𝑉 a vector space? If not, which
property fails to hold?
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Question 2
Let 𝑉 be the set of all real numbers with the
operations
𝒖⊕𝒗=𝑢−𝑣
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑘𝑢
Is 𝑉 a vector space? If not, which property fails
to hold?
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Question 3
Let 𝑉 be the set of all ordered triples of real
numbers with the operations
𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ⊕ 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 = (𝑣1 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 )
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑘𝑢1 , 𝑘𝑢2 , 𝑘𝑢3
Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space with respect
to the given operations.
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Question 4
Let 𝑉 be the set of all ordered triples of real
numbers with the operations
𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ⊕ 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 = (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 , 𝑢3 + 𝑣3 )
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑘𝑢1 , 1, 𝑘𝑢3
Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space with respect
to the given operations.
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Question 5
Let 𝑉 be the set of all positive real numbers with
the operations
𝒖 ⊕ 𝒗 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑘ʘ𝒖 = 𝑢𝑘
Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space with respect
to the given operations.
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Question 6
Let 𝑉 be the set of all 2 × 2 matrices with trace
equal to zero. Check whether 𝑉 is a vector space
with respect to the usual addition and scalar
multiplication of matrices .
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Question 7
Let 𝑉 be the set of all real multiples of
exponential functions of the form 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 . Define
vector addition ⊕ as
𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 ⊕ 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑟+𝑚 𝑥
And scalar multiplication as
𝑘ʘ𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 = 𝑘𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟𝑥
Is 𝑉 a vector space?
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Practice Questions
• Elementary Linear Algebra (9th Edition)
by B. Kolman
– Exercise 4.2
• Q.1--Q.25
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