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Unit 1: Introduction to organic chemistry

Identify the functional groups of the following substances

When 0.29 g of a substance Y was burns in oxygen, 0.66g of CO2

and 0.27g of H2O were formed. (i) Calculate the masses of C, H
and O in Y (ii) Determine the empirical formula of Y N.E. 2000

An organic compound A contains the following substances of C, H

and O. Its percentage composition by mass is as follows: C =
66.7%; H =11.1%; O = 22.2% (atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1, O =
16)
a) Find the empirical formula of compound A.
b) Find the molecular formula of compound A if its molecular
mass is 72
Compound A contains the following substances by mass
22.24% carbon, 3.715% hydrogen and 74.05% bromine.
a) Calculate the empirical formula of compound A
b) If the relative molecular mass of A is 215.8, what is
the molecular formula of A?
c) Draw the structural formula for anyone of the branched
chain isomers of compound A and give its name.
a) Define the optical isomers.
b) Give two characteristics of homologous series N.E. 2000 M.P.
2-hydroxy propanoic acid (lactic acid) CH3CH(OH)COOH is found
in sour milk.
a) Why does the acid show optical isomerism?
b) Show the structural relationship between the two
optical isomers.
c) How can the two isomers be distinguished?
Unit 2: Alkanes

Write the systematic name (IUPAC) of the following

alkanes N.E. 2000 MP

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Show the mechanism of the reaction between methane and
chlorine in sunlight. N.E. 2001

N.E. 2016

Butane reacts with Cl2 in the presence of sunlight to form a mixture

of products including C4H9Cl which is formed as shown in the
equation below: C4H10 + Cl2 → C4H9Cl + HCl
Write equations for the following stages in the mechanism of
the reaction
(i) Equation for the initiation stage .
(ii) Equation for the propagation stage .
(iii) Equation for the termination stage.
N.E. 2004 BC
methane and water have relative molecular masses of 16 and
18 respectively
yet their boiling points are -161oC and 100oC respectively. Explain
this observation.

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With reference to photochlorination of CH4, describe the

principal reaction steps involved in the homolytic chain
reaction. N.E. 2001 M.P.

Complete combustion of 50cm3 of a saturated hydrocarbon vapour

gave 350cm3 CO2(g). Both gas volumes being measured at the
same temperature and pressure. Determine the molecular formula
of the hydrocarbon N.E. 2016

Write the structural formula of the following

molecules: (i) 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl butane.
(ii) 2,3-dibromo-5-methyl heptane N.E. 2000 M.P.
Unit 3: Alkenes and alkynes

Calculate the percentage of CaC2 when 1000kg of CaC2 react with

water to produce 300m3 of C2H2 (VM = 24.0dm3.mol-1) N.E. 2000
M.P.
The structural formula of a compound Q is shown below

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(CH3)2C=CHCH2COCH2CH2NH2
(i) Name the functional group(s) present in Q
(ii) State what would be observed and write an equation for the
reaction between Q and bromine water.
(iii) Suggest a mechanism for the above reaction. N.E. 2000
The compound C2H4Br2 can be made by reacting ethene
with bromine.
a) Show the mechanism for the above reaction.
b) What observations would you make at the end of the reaction ? c)
If C2H4Br2 is refluxed with aqueous NaOH, an organic product B is
formed. Write the structural formula of the organic product B and give
its systematic name? 2004
3-phenyl propenoic acid C6H5CH=CHCOOH has two
geometric isomers.
a) Write the structural formulae of the two isomers.
b) Write the structural formulae of two isomers obtained when
the acid is treated with HBr.
c) Label the asymmetric carbon in each isomer in (b) and
state which type of isomerism
3-phenyl propenoic acid C6H5CH=CHCOOH A, has two
geometric isomers.
a) Explain this giving the structural formulae of the two isomers
and explain why they can have different physical properties. b)
Write the structural formulae of two isomers obtained by treating
A with HBr. and label the asymmetric carbon grouping in each.
which type of isomerism do they show? M.P. 2001
(a) Write an equation for the conversion of chloroethene
to polychloroethene.
(b) (i) Name the type of this polymerization .
(ii) state one structural feacture that is essential for a molecule
to undergo the type of polymerisation you have named .
(c) State one use of polychloroethene.
a) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to
prepare and collect a sample of ethene (= ethylene) using
ethanol hence what is the role of Ca(OH)2 solution in this
preparation. b) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you
would use to

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prepare and collect a sample of ethyne (= acetylene) using
calcium carbide CaC2(l) and water .
(i) What is the role of CuSO4 solution in H2SO4 for this
preparation. (ii) Write equation for the reaction between water
and calcium carbide.
(iii) Give another method (equation) for preparing
ethyne. (iv) State one use of the gas ethane, ethyne
and ethene
With the aid of equations where possible, describe a chemical
test you would carry out to distinguish between the following
pairs of compounds.
In each case, state conditions of the reaction if any and
observations that would be made:
a) C2H4 and CH3CH2CH3 c) CH3C≡CH and CH3C≡CCH3 b) C2H4 and
C2H2 d) CH3CH2CH=CH2 and CH3CH2CH2OH e) CH3CH=CH2 and
CH3CHBrCH3 f)CH3CH=CH2 and CH3CH2CH3
Chloroethene is the monomer from which the important plastic
polychloroethene (PVC) is made. chloroethene can be made in
the laboratory using the route below :

(i) What reagent is used in step 1?

(ii) State the reagent and conditions used in step 2 and step 3
(iii) Give one use and properties of P.V.C. N.E. 2002

Write equations to show how each of the following conversions can

be carried out. In each step indicate the reagents and the
conditions of the reactions a) CH3-CH2- CH3 into CH3-CH=CH2
b) CH3-CHCl-CH3 into CH3-CH=O

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c)CH3CHClCH2Cl into CH3COOH
d) CH3CH2CH2OH into CH3CHOHCH2OH
e) CH≡CH into CH3C≡CCH2CH3
f)CH3-C≡CH into but-2-ene
g) CH2=CH-CH2Br into CH3CH2CH2OH
h) methanol into ethanol
i) CH3CH3 into CH3CH2CHO
Suggest the synthesis routes showing conditions and reagents for
the following conversion:
a) CH3-CHBr-CH2Br into CH3-CH2-CH3
b) CH3-CHBr-CH2Br into CH3-CHBr- CH3
c) CH3-CHBr-CH2Br into CH3-CH2- CH2Br
d) CH3-CHBr-CH2Br into CH3-CHCl-CH2Cl
e) CH3CH2OH into CH2Br – CH2Br
f) CH3COOH into CH3CH2Cl
g) Propan-1-ol into ethyl propanoate.
h) propene into propyne
i) ethane into ethanoic acid
j) Chloroethane into CH3CH2OCH2CH3

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N.E. 2003 BC

Unit 4: Halogenoalkanes (alkyl halides)

a) What do you understand by SN2 and SN1
b) 2 - bromo propane reacts with KOH to form two different
products: (i) State the conditions for each type of reaction.
(ii) Show the structural formula of each of the products
formed. c) Given that 2-bromo propane easily reacts with
KCN: (i) Write an equation for the reaction
(ii) Show the mechanism for the reaction.
d) Show the mechanism for the reaction of hydration of 1-
butene. e) Write the mechanism of propene with HBr

Write an equation for the reaction between 2-bromo-3-methyl

butane and dilute aqueous NaOH. Name the type of reaction taking
place and outline the mechanism of the reaction. 2003 M.P.
Chlorofluorocarbon's, CFCs, are widely used commercially. a)
Give one use of CFCs' I mark b) Explain one environmental
problem caused by CFCs. 2 marks c) One CFC has a molecular
formula C2H2F3Cl, Give the structural formulae of two isomers of
this CFC
a) Outline the mechanism of the reaction between CH3CH2Cl
and NaOH
b) What is the nature of this mechanism? N.E. 2001 M.P.

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C4H8 forms four isomers, A, B, C and D, which are alkenes.
Isomer A will react with hydrogen bromide to form two products.
Isomer B will form only one. Isomer C will react with steam to
form a tertiary alcohol. Suggest possible identities for isomers A,
B, C and D, and explain your reasoning.
Ethene will undergo an electrophilic addition reaction with
bromine. Outline, by use of curly arrows, the reaction mechanism
for the reaction between ethene and bromine. Show any relevant
dipoles.

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The tertio-butyl bromine in solution with acetic acid undergoes the
following reaction: (CH3)3C-Br +CH3COO- → (CH3)3COCO-CH3
+Br- (i) Name the type of reaction.
(ii) If sodium acetate is added to the mixture reaction, practically
the rate of the reaction does not change, what does this mean?
State a mechanism according to this observation.
(iv) The addition of water to the mixture will accelerate the rate of
the reaction sensibly. Give explanation for this phenomenon.
N.E.1999 M.P.

N.E. 2003 BC

Unit 5: Alcohols and Ethers

2008

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From the oxidation reaction, distinguish the three classes of

alcohol? N.E.2000 M.P.

Two organic compounds X and Y both have the molecular

formula C4H8O. Both compounds give yellow precipitates when
added to Brady’s reagent
a) What can you deduce about X and Y ?
b) Compound X gives a brick-red precipitate when warmed with
Fehling’s solution but Y shows no reaction when treated this way. (i)
What further deductions can you make about the natures of X and
Y.
(ii) Give the name or formula of the brick-red precipitate. c) Draw
the structural formula of compound Y and give its systematic
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name.

Unit 6: Carbonyl compounds

a) Three isomers A, B, and C all have the molecular

formula C3H6O.
(i) Draw the structural formula of each isomer.
(ii) Describe tests (reagents, conditions and observations
with each compound) that would confirm the presence of
each isomer. N.E.2001 M.P.
b) One of the compounds responsible for the flavour of butter
is butane-2.3-dione
(i) Give the structural formulae of the organic products formed
when butane-2.3-dione reacts completely with (i) H2/Ni (ii)
What would you observe when the above compound reacts
with I2/OH-(aq)
a) A compound X contains C:66.7%, and H:11.1%, the rest being
oxygen. Determine
(i) the empirical formula of X.
(ii) the molecular formula of X, if the R. formula mass of X is
72 b) X reacts with 2,4-DNPH to form a yellow precipitate. Write
the structural formulae and the systematic names of all the
isomers of X.

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c) When X is reacted with iodine in the presence of NaOH a
yellow precipitate is observed.
(i) which one of the structures you gave in (b) is the structure
of X (ii) Name the yellow precipitate formed. (iii)
Write the equation for the reaction X and HCN and give
the mechanism of the reaction.
d) X was converted to an alcohol Z.
Name one reagent and write an equation that can be used
for the conversion.
e) Describe a chemical test in each case other than tests in (b)
and (c) that can distinguish.
(i) X and CH3CH2COOH
(ii) X and CH3COCH3 N.E. 2000
 a) An oxidation of ethanol by acidified K2Cr2O7 not in excess,
a mixture of products A and B is obtained, but if K2Cr2O7 is
in excess only product B is obtained N.E.2000 M.P.
(i) How would you test for the presence of substance A.
(ii) Give the chemical formulae and systematic names of
A and B.
b) Substance B is reacted with ethanol. Dilute H2SO4 is added
to the mixture which is then heated on a water-bath at
100oC. After some time, two substances C and D are
formed. Substance D has a molecular mass of 88 and has a
fruity smell.
(i) give the systematic names and molecular formulae of C
and D. (ii) Write a balanced equation showing the reaction
taking place between B and ethanol. Name the type of
reaction. Why is mixture acidified.
(iii) 2g of substance B were reacted with 9.2 g of ethanol.
Calculate the mass of substance D obtained at the end of
the reaction (C=12, H=1, O=16)
Two organic compounds X and Y both have the molecular formula
C4H8O. Both compounds give yellow precipitates when added to 2,4
– DNPH (Brady’s reagent)
a) What can you deduce about X and Y ?

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b) Compound X gives a brick-red precipitate when warmed
with Fehling’s
solution but Y shows no reaction when treated this way. (i) What
further deductions can you make about the natures of X and Y.
(ii) Give the name or formula of the brick-red precipitate.
c) Draw the structural formula of compound Y and give its
systematic name.
An organic compound has a molecular formula of C2H4O2 a) Give
the structural formulae of its possible isomers with different
functional groups. [3]
b) What chemical test would you use to distinguish between two
isomers? Describe the expected observations [2] c) Give the
structural formulae of two possible geometric isomers of
molecular formula C2H4O2
It is deduced from the mass spectrum that a pure white organic
liquid, X, has a relative, molecular mass of 58. From combustion
analysis, its empirical formula is C3H6O. (Relative atomic Mass: C:
12, H= 1, O:16)
a) What is the molecular formula of X ?

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b) Suggest two possible structures for X.
c) An orange precipitate was formed when X reacted with 2,4-
DNPH but there was no reaction with ammoniacal silver nitrate
solution . What is exact molecular structure of X? N.E. 2001
B.C.
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N.E. 2001 B.C.

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Unit 7: Carboxylic acids and acyl halide

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Explain why the boiling point of alkanes are less than those
of alkyl halides< Alcohols< Carboxylic acids N.E. 2000 BC and
L.S.
Write equations show how mandelic acid C6H5CH(OH)CO2H
reacts with the following reagents (i) HBr , (ii) PCl5 . (iii) CH3COCl
, (iv) C2H5OH/H+, (v) NaOH

An organic compound A which contains two carboxylic acid groups

and one other functional group, has the following composition: C =
35.8%, O = 59.7 %, H = 4.5 %, its relative molecular mass is 134.
When A is reacted with ethanol, in the presence of concentrated
H2SO4 under reflux conditions, a compound of molecular formula
B(C8H14O5) is formed. The compound B reacts with sodium metal
to produce hydrogen gas and may be oxidised to form a carbonyl
compound C. C doesn’t react with Fehling’s solution.
a) Determine the empirical formula and hence the molecular
formula of A
b) Suggest the structures of compounds A, B and C.
Explain fully how you arrive at the conclusions.

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c) State the observations that would be made when compound
A reacts with the following: (i) NaHCO3 (ii) PCl5 (iii) Br2 in CCl4
N.E. 2004 M.P.
An organic compound A which contains two carboxylic acid groups
and one other functional group, has the following composition : C =
41.38 % , O = 55.17 % , H = 3.45 %, its relative molecular mass is
116. When A is reacted with ethanol, in the presence of concentrated
H2SO4 under reflux conditions , a compound of molecular formula
B (C8H14O5 ) is formed . The compound B reacts with sodium
metal to produce hydrogen gas and may be oxidised to form a
carbonyl compound C. C doesn’t react with Fehling’s solution .
a) Determine the empirical formula and hence the molecular
formula of A
b) Suggest the structures of compounds A, B and C .
Explain fully how you arrive at the conclusions.
c) State the observations that would be made when compound
A reacts
with the following: (i) NaHCO3 (ii) PCl5 (iii) Br2 in CCl4
Compound A which is one of the isomers of C4H9Cl was reacted
in sequence as Shown below
2004 BC

(i) Write the structural formulae of A, B and C.

(ii) What chemical test would you use to show that compound C
has formed ?
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Given the organic compound A

a) Name any two functional groups present A.

b) What would you observe when compound A was reacted
with (i) Na2CO3
(ii) Brady’s reagent
(iii) Fehling’s solution N.E. 2002 B.C.
An organic compound A, which contains two functional groups
has the following composition : C : 40% , H : 6,67% and the rest
being oxygen
a) Calculate the empirical formula of A and the molecular formula
if the molar mass is 60g/mol
b) Suggest the structures formulae of compounds A, B, C, E, F, H,
I and K
Distinguish between

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a) CH3COCH3 an
b) CH3COCH3 and CH3CHO
c) CH3CH2OH and CH3CH2CH2OH
d) CH3CH2COCH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
e) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH and CH3CH2CH2CHO
f) CH3CH2CH2COOH and CH3CH2CHOHCH3
g) CH3CHOHCH3 and (CH3)3COH
h) CH3CH2CH2Cl and CH3CH2COCl

Unit 8: Esters, acid anhydrides, amides and nitriles

Esters are widely used and some esters occur naturally. a) Draw
the structural formulae of any three different esters that have the
molecular formula C5H10O2
b) Write an equation for the hydrolysis of one of these esters with
hot, aqueous NaOH.
An alcohol A and a carboxylic monoacid B give an ester of formulae
C5H10O2. By an action of NH3 on the acid followed by dehydration
and

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heating, we obtain an ethanamide (acetamide). The oxidation of
the alcohol A gives a compound C
which reacts with Brady’s reagent and turns into rose purple the
colour of Schiff’s reagent .Give the structural formulae and names
for the compounds A, B and C?
Substance A is a liquid with molecular formula C4H10O. By oxidation
it gives a compound B which reduces the Tollen’s reagent and the
Fehling solution. By dehydration of A ( at a temperature greater than
400oC in presence of Al2O3) we obtain an alkene : butan-1-ene only.
(i) Deduce the structural formulae and the names of compounds
A and B.
(ii) The compound A reacts with an oxidant in excess to give a
compound C. Give the name and the semi –developed
formulae of C.
(iii) The compound C reacts with ammonia to give a substance
D. Write the structural formula of D.

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Propanoic acid is treated by a strongly concentrated solution of

NH3. The ionic compound A is obtained after a non hydrated
evaporation. By heating highly the substance A, another compound
B is obtained. B is very easy to react with ethanoyl chloride to give
the compound
C.
a) Write down all equations of the reaction.
b) Give the names for compounds A, B and C .
UNIT 9: AMINES AND AMINO ACIDS

The molecular formula of an amine is C4H11N

Write the possible isomers of that substance.
State their respective names and identify the class for each isomers.

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a) (i) Define the term “Lewis acid”

(ii) write the chemical formula of two Lewis acids. b) Explain the
reason why ethyl amine is a stronger base than NH3 2016
State a test (reagent) that can be used to differentiate
phenylamine and amino butane and describe the observation of
the reaction for each compound. 2016
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Two organic compounds X and Y both have the molecular
formula C3H6O. Both compounds give yellow

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precipitates when added to Brady’s reagent
a) What can you deduce about X and Y ? [½] b) Compound X
gives a brick red precipitate when warmed with Fehling’s solution
but Y shows no reaction when treated this way . (i) What further
deductions can you make about the natures of X
and Y. [1]
(ii) Give the name or formula of the brick red precipitate. [½] c) Draw
the structural formula of Y and give its systematic name. [1] d) The
compound B is a product of the reaction between Y and HCN (i)
Give the structural formula of the original organic compound B [1]
(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction between HCN and the
original organic compound Y .
e) Give the structural formula C of the compound formed when B
reacts with LiAlH4
f) Show the formula of the substance formed when C is reacted
with HNO2.
g) Convert X to Y [3]
 a) What class of polymers are made from monomers such
as glycine and alanine?
b) What is the name and the structure of the functional groups
in glycine and alanine?
C) How is a zwitterion formed?
The structure of the amino acid glycine is
NH2-CH2-COOH a) Write the zwitterion form of the
above amino acid .
b) Write the structure of the dipeptide formed when the above
amino acid combines with alanine : NH2-CH-COOH
│
CH3
c) Show the structure of the organic product formed
when glycine is reacted with nitrous acid (HNO2)
d) Justify the name amino acid given for alanine and glycine. e)
write the reaction between (i) glycine and NaOH (ii) alanine and
HCl 2001 M.P. and 2006 M.P.

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Distinguish
a) CH3CH2NH2 and CH3CONH2
b) CH3CH2NH2 and CH3NHCH3

Complete the following equations

a) Glycine + NaOH→?
b) Valine + HCl→?
c) Leucine + HNO2→?
d) Serine + CH3OH →?
e) Lysine + PCl5 →?
The structures of two amino acids are given below:

Alanine Serine
a) Write equations to show:
(i) the reaction between alanine and HCl(aq)
(ii) the reaction between serine and NaOH(aq)
b) What type of polymer is formed by amino acids? c) Draw the
structure of the linkage group found in the type polymer mentioned
en (b). 2007 M.P.

a) What class of polymers are made from monomers such

as glycine and alanine?
b) What is the name and the structure of the functional groups
in glycine and alanine?
c) How is a zwitterion formed?

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a) A part from the threonine, what is the other aminoacid

which presents more than two stereoisomers?
b) Using Fischer’s projection, draw all isomers of
threonine. c) State the number of stereoisomers present
in threonine?
Synthesise
a) serine from HOCH2 – CHOH - COOH
b) valine from 2 – methylpropan -1 – ol
Proteins are compound of different aminoacids
a) Why aminoacids are optically active?
b) In which form are they found in the nature?
Identify A, B, C and D

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Unit 10: Phase diagrams

Don
e
✔

Review the evidence for a delocalised model of benzene in

terms of bond lengths, enthalpy change of hydrogenation
and resistance to reaction.
Describe the electrophilic substitution of arenes with: (i)
concentrated nitric acid in the presence of concentrated
sulfuric acid
(ii) a halogen in the presence of a halogen carrier.
Outline the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in arenes,

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using the mononitration and monohalogenation of benzene
as examples.
Explain the relative resistance to bromination of benzene,
compared with alkenes, in terms of the delocalised electron
density of the π bonds in benzene compared with the
localised electron density of the C=C bond in alkenes.
 Describe the reactions of phenol:
(i) with aqueous alkalis and with sodium to form
salts (ii) with bromine to form 2,4,6-tribromophenol.

Explain the relative ease of bromination of phenol

compared with benzene, in terms of electron-pair donation
to the benzene ring from an oxygen p orbital in phenol.
State the uses of phenols in the production of
plastics, antiseptics, disinfectants and resins for
paints.
Unit11: Solutions and titration Don
e
✔

What volume (in cm3) of 0.25M NaOH solution is required

to neutralise completely 25.0cm3 of 0.15M H2SO4.
A. 15 cm3 B. 30 cm3 C. 25 cm3 D. 75 cm3
NaH reacts with water according to the following
equations NaH + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
1 g of a sample of NaH was added to water and the resulting
solution was diluted to a volume of 250cm3 . Calculate the
mass concentration in g/dm3 of NaOH formed
(Relative atomic masses: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)
A. 0.0416g/dm3 B. 0.1667 g/dm3 C. 0.0488 g/dm3 D. 6.66g/dm3
2.65 g of pure anhydrous Na2CO3 was dissolved to make 250
cm3 of solution. 25.0 cm3 of this solution needed 23.50 cm3 of
H2SO4 when titrated using methyl orange as an indicator.
Calculate the mass concentration of the acid.

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A. 10.425g/dm3 B. 98 g/dm3 C. 0..0106 g/dm3 D . 106 g/dm3
3.4 g of MHSO4, was dissolved in water and the solution made
up to 250 cm3in volumetric flask. 20.0 cm3 of the solution
required 20.00 cm3 of 0.1 M NaOH solution for complete
neutralisation. Calculate the relative atomic mass of the metal,
M, in the MHSO4 N.E. 2016 A. 39 B. 40 C. 23 D. 3 E. 24
A solution of KMnO4 reacts with 10g of FeSO4 in the presence of
H2SO4. Calculate the mass of Fe2(SO4)3 formed N.E. 2000 B.C. A
0.0657g B. 40g C. 23g D 3.19 g E 13.158g

When 7.2 g of Na2CO3.xH2O was strongly heated, the mass of

the residue was 2.7 g. Calculate the percentage of water of
crystallisation.
A. 62.9% B . 6.29% C. 10% D. 14.5% E. 25.35%

2.950 g of FeSO4.xH2O was dissolved in water to obtain 250 cm3 of

aqueous solution in presence of acidified dilute H2SO4. 25.0 cm3 of
this solution was titrated with 0.01M KMnO4 and 21.20cm3 of the
MnO4- solution was used.
(i) Use the half-equations below to write the overall redox
equation for the reaction between Fe2+ and MnO4-in an acidic
medium: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+→ Fe3+ + e
(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of MnO4- used in the titration
in 21.20cm3.
(iii) deduce the amount, in moles of Fe2+ in 25.0cm3 solution used.
(iv)Calculate the molarity of Fe2+ in 25.0cm3 solution. (v) deduce
the amount, in moles, of Fe2+ in 250 cm3 of the solution. (vi)
Determine the molar mass of the iron (II) salt.
(vii) Determine the value of x and the formula of the hydrated
iron(II) salt. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 7
4.99g of CuSO4.xH2O was strongly heated until all the water
of crystallisation was eliminated. The mass of anhydrous
copper sulphate was found to be 3.19g.
a) Describe a simple experiment you would carry out to
determine the mass of water crystallisation contained in 4.99 g
of
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CuSO4.xH2O.
b) Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallisation
contained in one mole of CuSO4.xH2O. N.E. 2001 B.C. A. 1
B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 E. 7

A 25.0cm3 portion of H2O2 was poured into a 250 cm3 volumetric

flask and made up to mark with distilled water. A 25.0cm3 portion of
this solution was acidified and titrated against 0.02M KMnO4
solution. 38.00 cm3 of the MnO4-solution was required for complete
oxidation. Calculate the concentration of the original H2O2 solution,
in mol/dm3 H2O2(aq) → 2H+ + O2(g) + 2e- and
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
A 0.02M B.. 0.0982M D. 0.092M D. 0.760M E. 0.076 M

25.0cm3 of 0.5 M NaOH solution were titrated with 16.40 cm3 of

0.254 M HnX using phenolphthalein as indicator. Calculate the
value of n. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 7

26.5cm3 of 4 g.dm-3 HCl were neutralised by 25.0cm3 of 7 g.dm-3

Na2CO3 impure. Calculate the % of purity of Na2CO3 and the mass
concentration of NaCl produced.

Excess of KI solution was added to 25.0cm3 of 0.1M CuSO4

solution. The liberated iodine was titrated with Na2S203 solution .
The volume of Na2S2O3 solution required was 12.50cm3.
Calculate the mass of Na2S203 dissolved in 1000cm3 of solution.
The necessary equations of the reactions are:
2Cu2+ + 4 I-→ 2CuI + I2
I2 + 2S2O32-→ 2I- + S4O62- N.E. 2001 BC A . 31.6 g B. 63.2 g C.
15.8 g D . 0.2 g E. 0.4 g
 1.55 g of CnH2n(COOH)2, was dissolved in water and the solution
made up to 250 cm3in volumetric flask. 25.0 cm3 of the solution
required 23.50 cm3 of 0.1 M NaOH solution for complete
neutralisation. Determine the value of n in CnH2n(COOH)2 A 1 B.
2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 N.E 2015

4.10 g of MgSO4.xH2O crystals gave 2g of anhydrous salt on

carefull heating. Calculate the value of x in the hydrated salt. A 2
B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 7

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0.9875 g of an impure KMnO4 was dissolved in water to obtain 250
cm3 of aqueous solution. 20.0 cm3 of this solution was acidified
with dilute H2SO4 and titrated against Na2C2O4 solution and the
volume of Na2C2O4 required was 24.40cm3. Given that 1.675 g of
Na2C2O4 had been dissolved to obtain 250 cm3 of aqueous
solution. a) State the colour changes at the end of titration
b) Write a redox equation between acidified MnO4- and C2O42- Use
the following equations in your calculation. N.E. 2003 B.C.
C2O42-→ 2CO2 + 2 e- MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O c)
Calculate the percentage purity of KMnO4 in the sample. A.
90.3% B. 80.3% C. 19.4 % D. 20.4 % E. 97.6 %
 A 25.0 cm3 portion of solution containing Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions
was acidified and titrated against permanganate potassium
solution. 15.00 cm3 of 0.02 M KMnO4 solution were required.
In this titration only Fe2+ ions react with MnO4-ions in an acidic
solution.
A second 25.0 cm3 portion was reacted with zinc to reduce Fe3+
to Fe2+.
After the reduction, the sample of 25.0cm3 portion was titrated
against the same manganate (VII) solution. 19.00cm3 of the
MnO4- solution were required.
a) Explain why no indicator in this titration.
b) Use the half-equations below to write the overall redox
equation for the reaction between Fe2+ and MnO4-in an acidic
medium: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+→ Fe3+ + e
c) Calculate the number of moles of MnO4-in 15.00cm3 of 0.02M
KMnO4.
d) Calculate the concentration in mol.dm-3 of Fe2+ in original
sample of the solution.
e) Calculate the number of moles of MnO4-in 19.00cm3 of 0.02 M
KMnO4.
f) Calculate the total concentration of Fe2+ in mol.dm-3 after
the reduction of Fe3+ in the second portion of the solution. g)
Hence calculate the concentration of Fe3+ in mol/dm3in the

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original sample solution.
h) Calculate the ratio of concentrations Fe3+ : Fe2+ in
original sample.
i) The final ratio of concentrations of Fe3+: Fe2+ is higher
after several hours of exposure of the solution to the
atmosphere. Suggest an explanation for this.
A solution of potassium tetraethanediote has the following
formula: (K2C2O4)x (H2C2O4)y (H2O)z where x, y and z are whole
numbers 25.0cm3 of the salt solution potassium tetraethanediote
were titrated with 23.60 cm3 of 0.1M NaOH solution for complete
neutralisation.
25.0cm3 of the same solution of potassium tetraethanediote were
titrated with 30.00cm3 of 0.02mol.dm-3 KMnO4 solution in presence
of dilute H2SO4. Given that NaOH only reacts with H2C2O4in the
compound and MnO4-reacts with all C2O42- ions in the compound,
given further that the total mass concentration of the salt is 8g.dm-3

a) Calculate the number of moles of H2C2O4 reacted with NaOH

solution. Use can use the following equation:
H2C2O4 + 2NaOH → Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
b) Calculate the number of moles of C2O42- ions present in the salt
dissolved in 25.0cm3and deduce the number of moles for K2C2O4
You may use the following equations bellow:

C2O42-→ 2CO2 + 2 e-
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-→ Mn2+ + 4H2O
c) Calculate the mass of the salt dissolved into 25.0cm3 and
deduce the mass of water
d) Calculate the proportion: x : y : z
Nitric acid was added to a sample of impure copper metal. The
resulting copper (II) nitrate solution was reacted with an excess of
potassium iodide to produce iodine. The iodine liberated was
titrated with a solution of 0.480mol dm-3sodium thiosulphate. The

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volume of sodium thiosulphate required was
23.70cm3. Use the following equations in your
calculations.
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e-
2Cu2+ + 4 I-→ 2CuI(s) + I2
I2 + 2S2O32-→ 2I- + S4O62-
a) Calculate the number of moles of thiosulphate ions in 23.70
cm3 of the solution.
b) Deduce the number of moles of Cu2+ in the Cu(NO3)2 solution
c) Calculate the percentage of copper in the sample of impure
copper if the mass of the impure copper was 0.900 g . d) Give
the oxidation le number and the electronic configuration of
copper in CuI (atomic number of Cu Z=29)
e)(i) Write the name and formula of the ore copper.
(ii) Suggest one method by which the ore you have named may
be concentrated.
(iii) Outline, giving equations, the process by which impure copper
is obtained from the concentrated ore. Name the method by which
impure copper is purified in industry.
(iv) Using equations and a simplified labelled diagram, describe
how impure copper is purified by electrolysis.
f ) Copper is widely used in electrical gadgets and also in alloys
to make money coins. State two characteristics of copper which
are related to the above uses.
 When 25.0cm3 of the solution of 0.01667 mol.dm-3 KIO3 was
added to excess of acidified potassium iodide solution (KI) in
presence of sulphuric acid. The iodine produced reacted with
20.00cm3 of a solution of sodium thiosulphate. The following
equations are given : IO3- + 5 I-+ 6H+→3 I2 + 3 H2O
I2 + 2 S2O32-→2 I- + S4O62-
i) Calculate the number of moles of iodate IO3-ions in 25.0cm3 of
the solution.
ii) Deduce the number of moles S2O32-ions in 20.00cm3. iii)
Calculate the molar concentration of the thiosulphate solution
iv) State the name of a suitable indicator used in the titration of
iodine solution with the thiosulphate solution .

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Concentrations of chlorine in treated water for domestic use can

be monitored by testing water samples. In one such test, excess
KI was added to a 1000cm3sample of water. The liberated iodine
reacted with 14.00cm3 of 0.001 M Na2S2O3 solution.
i) Calculate the number of moles sodium thiosulphate,
Na2S2O3, used in the reaction and hence the number of moles
of iodine liberated.
ii) Write an equation for the reaction between Cl2(aq) and I ions
. Identify the reducing agent in this reaction.
iii) Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 and hence the mass
of chlorine molecules in the original sample of water (mass
concentration).
iv) Write an equation for the reaction between Cl2 and water
and show that this is a disproportionation reaction.
 1.5 g of an acid HX was dissolved in water and its solution made
up to 250cm3. If 30.20cm3 of this acid solution neutralised 25.0cm3
of 0.115M KOH solution, calculate the molecular mass of the acid.

20.0cm3 of 0.01M KMnO4 solution required 16.65 cm3 of a solution

containing 4.8 g.dm-3 of an oxalate (COO-X+)2.2H2O. Calculate the
atomic mass of X

(COO-)2(aq)→ 2CO2(g0 + 2 e-
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-→ Mn2+ + 4H2O
1 B. 2 C. 23 D. 39 E. 18

1.43 g of Na2CO3.xH2O was dissolved in 25.0cm3 of 1M HCl. The

excess of HCl required 15.00cm3 of 1M for complete
neutralisation. Find the the value of x. A. 10 B. 20 C. 2 D. 4 E. 7

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6.6 g of an impure sample of (NH4)2SO4 was boiled with of NaOH
solution. All the NH3 gas liberated was absorbed in 50cm3 of 1M
HCl. The resulting solution was diluted carefully to 250cm3.
25.0cm3 of this solution required 20.00cm3 of 0.1M NaOH for
complete neutralisation. Calculate the percentage of (NH4)2SO4 in
the sample. A. 30.0% B. 4.2% C. 19.8 % D. 20.0 % E. 97.6 %
 3.8 g of solder containing tin was dissolved in excess HCl. The
solution was made up to 250 cm3in volumetric flask. 25.0 cm3 of
this solution required 23.50 cm3 of 0.01M K2Cr2O7 solution for
complete neutralisation.
Sn2+ → Sn4+ + 2e and Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O a)
Write a balanced redox equation for the reaction between Sn2+
and acidified Cr2O72-
b) Calculate the number of moles of Cr2O72-in 23.50 cm3 of the
solution.
c) Calculate the molarity of Sn2+ in 25.0 cm3 of solution d)
Calculate the percentage by mass of tin in the solder [ Ar(Sn) =
119]
e) what indicator would be used in the titration reaction
between Cr2O72-and Sn2+
f) Give one reason why K2Cr2O7 is consireded as a
primary standard.
A 2.0g sample of iron was reacted with excess dilute acid. The
resulting solution containing Fe2+ ions was diluted to 250cm3 with
distilled water 25.0cm3 of the solution was titrated with acidified
manganate (VII) MnO4- solution. 26.50cm3 of 0.02mol.dm-3 MnO4-
solution was needed to react with25.0cm3 of the Fe2+solution.
The relevant half – equations for the titration are:
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+→ Fe3+ + e-
( i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between Fe2+
and acidified MnO4-
(ii) Calculate the amount in mol of Fe2+ in 250cm3 of the solution.
(iii) Calculate the percentage of iron in the original sample of iron
to 1decimal place

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A, 74.2% B. 80.3% C. 19.4 % D. 20.4 % E. 97.6 %

0.95 g of (COOH)2.xH2O was dissolved in water to produce

250cm3 of solution. 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of H2C2O4
reacted exactly with 15.00cm3 of 0.02M KMnO4.

(COOH)2(aq)→ 2CO2(g) +2H++ 2 e- MnO4- + 8H+ +

5e-→ Mn2+ + 4H2O
Calculate the value of x
A. 2 B 10 C 6 D. 5 E. 7
8.0 g of Morh’s salt R.nH2O was dissolved in H2SO4 and add
water to make the solution up to mark 250cm3. They pipette
25.0cm3 of R.nH2O into a conical flask add and titrate with
3.20 g. dm-3 KMnO4 . Assure the average volume of KMnO4 used
to be 20.00cm3. Determine the value of the number of molecules
of water of crystallisation. If 5moles of R.nH2O react completely
with 1 mole of KMnO4 in acid medium
A. 2 B 10 C 6 D. 5 E. 7
Steel is one of the alloys of iron. 1.40 g of a sample of steel was
dissolved in dilute nitric acid to convert all the iron into Fe2+ (aq).
The solution as made up to 100cm3 using distilled water. 10.0
cm3 of this solution were acidified and titrated with 0.0167 M
K2Cr2O7 using a suitable indicator. 24.20cm3 of K2Cr2O7 were
needed to reach the end point. The reduction of dichromate ions
is represented by the equation:Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ +
7H2O

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a) Write a balanced redox equation for the reaction between

Sn2+ and acidified MnO4-
b) Calculate the change in oxidation number of manganese in
the redox reaction.
c) Calculate the number of moles of MnO4-in 24.00 cm3 of
the solution.
d) Calculate the molar concentration of Sn2+.
e) Calculate the percentage of tin in the original sample of of tin [
Ar (Sn) = 119]
f) Using examples of CO2 and SnO2, briefly explain the trend in
the acid base character of oxides of group IV in oxidation state
+4.

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a) Calculate the number of moles of S2O32- present in 50 cm3
of 0.1M Na2S2O3.
b) Calculate the number of moles of iodine that reacted
with S2O32- ions.
c) Calculate the number of moles of Cu2+ in 40 cm3 of solution
of Cu2+.
d) Calculate the number of moles of Cu2+ in 400 cm3 of solution.
e) Calculate the mass of copper and hence the percentage of
Cu in alloy (Cu=63.5)
f) A sample of Cu2+ is reacted with aqueous NH3 until NH3 is in
excess. State what would be observed and give the formula
of the copper species present.
g) Calculate the oxidation number of Sn in S2O32-

5.72 g Na2CO3.nH2O were dissolved in water to make 1dm3 of the

solution.20.0 cm3 of this solution was titrated against HCl solution
and the volume of HCl required was 4.00cm3 using a suitable
indicator. Given that 7.30 g of HCl had been dissolved to obtain 1
dm3 of aqueous solution. Calculate
(i) the number of moles of HCl in prepared solution. and the
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molarity of HCl solution
(ii) The number of moles of HCl that reacted with Na2CO3
(i) The number of moles of Na2CO3 that reacted with HCl
(ii) The molarity of Na2CO3 solution.
(iii) The molar mass of Na2CO3 .nH2O
(iv) The value of n ( R.A.M. of Na=23, C=12, O=16, H =1)
N.E. 2012 where n is the number of moles of
molecules of water of crystallisation
A . 2 B 10 C 20 D. 5 E. 7

3.2 g sample of KIO3 is dissolved in water to make up to 1dm3. 25.0

cm3 of the above solution was reacted with KI in acidic solution.
The iodine was then titrated with 24.60 cm3 of Na2S2O3 solution
that was made by dissolving 5.65 g of Na2S2O3.xH2O in 250 cm3 of
solution
using starch as indicator. Calculate the value of n.
IO3- + 5 I- + 6H+ → 3 I2 + 3 H2O
I2 + 2 S2O32- → 2 I- + S4O62- ( Na= 23, S=32, O=16, H=1)

1 g of MCO3 was dissolved in 50cm3 of 1M HCl. The excess acid

required 30cm3 of 0.1M NaOH for complete
neutralisation.Determine the relative atomic mass of M. A. 40
B. 24 C. 137 D. 39 E. 23
0.5 g of a fertiliser contains (NH4)2SO4 was warmed with NaOH
solution, the NH3 evolved was absorbed in 100.0cm3 of 0.1M HCl.
The excess of the acid required 55.90 cm3 of 0.1 M NaOH for
neutralisation.Calculate the percentage of (NH4)2SO4 in the
sample A. 86.95% B. 58.2% C. 95% D. 97.35% E. 25.7%
 0.5 g sample of NH4Cl was warmed with NaOH solution, the NH3
evolved was absorbed in 50.0 cm3 of 0.1M H2SO4. The excess of
the acid required 11.20 cm3 of 0.1 M NaOH for
neutralisation.Calculate the percentage of NH4Cl in the sample.
A. 86.95% B. 58.2% C. 95% D. 97.35% E. 25.7%

3.0 g of the rock contains CaCO3 were mixed with 25.0cm3 of 2M

HCl. The acid was in excess to ensure that all the CaCO3 reacted.
The impurities did not react. The whole mixture containing excess
acid was titrated by adding 15.15cm3 of 2M NaOH. Calculate the
percentage of CaCO3 in the rock to one decimal place. N.E. 2O14
A. 32.8%. B. 58.2% C. 95.0% D. 97.3% E. 25.7%

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In certain MCO3 experiment, 25.0 cm3 of 0.08M HCl were added to
0.042 g sample of MCO3. The excess HCl required 10.00cm3 of
0.1M NaOH for neutralisation. Calculate the relative atomic mass
of M.
A. 40 B. 23 C. 63.5 D. 39 E. 24

4.0 g MCO3 was dissolved in 160cm3 of 1M HCl and then the

resultant solution diluted to 1dm3. 25.0cm3 of this solution
required 20.00cm3of 0.1M NaOH solution find the R.A.M of M A.
39 B. 63.5 C. 137 D. 40 E. 24

UNIT 12: CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS Don

e
✔
 An aqueous solution of 0.02M CH3NH2 is 22% ionised. i)
Calculate the values of [CH3NH2], [CH3NH3+] and [OH-]. ii)
Deduce the value of dissociation constant for the CH3NH2
Kb from (i) N.E. 2000 B.C.

An aqueous solution of 0.007M CH3NH2 is 22.2% ionised. a)

Calculate: the concentrations of all species presents in
solution.
b) Deduce the value of dissociation constant Kb for CH3NH2

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from (a) N.E.2000 M.P.

.
 UNIT 13 ELECTROLYSIS Don
e
✔
A current of 5.0A was passed through an aqueous solution
CuSO4 in 40minutes. Calculate the mass of copper deposited on
the cathode during electrolysis. (F= 96500C.mol-1 , Cu=63.5)
a) A current of 3.21A was passed through fused Al2O3 for 10
minutes under standards conditions. Vm=24dm3.mol-1 i)
Calculate the mass of aluminium obtained at the cathode and
the volume of oxygen liberated at anode ans./ 0.18gr. ; 0.12
dm3
b) The same quantity of electricity was passed through a
fused chloride of a divalent metal (relative atomic mass
=137.3). Calculate the mass of M obtained at the cathode.
c) State three applications of electrolysis. N.E. 2001 B.C.

An electric current was passed through two beakers containing

aqueous AgNO3 and aqueous solution of CuSO4 connected in
series. After 30minutes, 0.10g of silver was deposited in the
first beaker .
a) Write an equation for the deposit of silver
b) Calculate the current passed.

c) Calculate the mass of copper deposited in the

second electrolytic cell

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 Two electrolytic cells containing CuSO4 and AgNO3 solution
respectively are connected in parallels. The electrodes in
both cell are inert. In a half hour, 1g of copper and 2 g of
silver are deposited. Calculate the quantity of electricity and
deduce the current flow through the two electrolytic cells.
(Cu = 63.5 and Ag = 108)
. Three electrolytic cells containing molten AgCl, molten PbBr2 and

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molten Al2O3 solution respectively are connected in series and
electrolysed using inert electrodes in all cells. A current of 2 A was
passed for 1½ hour. Calculate the increase in mass of each
cathode and the volume of oxygen liberated. (Cu = 63.5, Ag = 108,
VM = 24 dm3.mol-1)

An acidified solution of CuSO4 was electrolysed using

platinum electrodes.
(i) Sketch and label an apparatus that can be used for such
 an experiment.

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(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs at the
cathode. (iii) write an equation for reaction at the anode.
(iv) What happens to the pH of the solution as
electrolysis proceeds? Explain why.
(v) 0.2 A of current was passed through a solution of CuSO4
during 10 hours.
(1) Calculate the mass copper collected at cathode
(2) Calculate the volume oxygen liberated at anode, in
the standards conditions.
3) The platinum electrodes are replaced by copper
electrodes. a) Sketch and label an apparatus that can be
used for such an experiment.
b) State and explain two differences in the observations that
would be made.
c) Write the equations of reactions happening to electrodes
(anode and cathode)
d) Give the impurities of copper extraction.
When a constant current was passed through an aqueous
solution of copper (II) nitrate for one hour the mass of the copper
cathode increased by 15.24g. Calculate the current in amperes
which was used.
 Electrolysis is used in a variety of industrial processes. (a)
Describe in detail how impure copper is purified by electrolysis
explaining what happens at each of the electrodes.
(b) In an experiment to electroplate a metal with copper, a current
of 0.5A was passed through copper sulphate solution for 30
minutes. i) Calculate the quantity of electricity passed.
ii) Calculate the mass of copper deposited on the metal
(Cu=63.5, F=96500C.mol-1)
A current of 3.21g was through the fused chloride for 10 minutes
of a metal M ( R.A.M= 137.3), the mass of M obtained was
1.373g. Calculate the charge on the cation Mx+

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Sodium is extracted from molten sodium chloride by electrolysis. (i)

Why does the sodium chloride have to be in molten state? (ii) Why
would an aqueous solution of sodium chloride be unsuitable for
this process.

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 (ii) What is the role of a catalyst i

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Unit 14: Enthalpy change of reactio

a) Equilibrium is established in the

the equilibrium concentrations ar
[C] =0.50M. what is the value of
b) Hydrogen is used in large quant
nitrogen into ammonia for ose in
manufacturing hydrogen is to paDone ✔
a heated nickel catalyst.

(i) Calculate the total bond energ

energy values: (C-H=410, O-H =
Predict and explain the effect of
pressure and increasing tempera
equilibrium. The carbon monoxid
steam over a copper/zinc cataly
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆H =
(i) suggest and explain a metho
dioxide could be removed from
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Content checklist
. a) What do you understand by the standard enthalpy of
formation? b) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the
table below to calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of
ethane (C2H6) Standard enthalpy of formation in kJmol-1 at 298oK
of Compound C2H6(g), CO2(g) and H2O(l) are -85, -394 and -286
respectively N.E. 2002 M.P.
a) Describe a simple experiment that can be used to determine the
enthalpy of combustion of ethanol. N.E. 2002 M.P. b) State any
three sources of errors of experiment you have designed. c) Given
that the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1368 kJmol-1, enthalpy
of formation of CO2 = - 394 kj/mol
enthalpy of formation of H2O (l) = -286 kj/mol ;
Calculate the enthalpy of formation of ethanol
With the help of a labelled diagram, describe an experiment to
determine the enthalpy of displacement between zinc powder
and copper sulphate solution. N.E. 2003 M.P.

When excess zinc was added to 100cm3 of solution 0.25M CuSO4

solution, the temperature of the solution rose by 12.9oC. Given
that the specific heat capacity and density of the solution are 4.2
J.g-1.K-1 and 1.0 g.cm-3 respectively).
1. Write an equation for the reaction.
2. Describe how this experiment was came out using beaker
and thermometer only.
3. (i) Calculate the heat produced by the reaction in Kj. (ii)
Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4 used in the reaction.
(iii)Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the reaction in Kjmol-1
(iv) The theoretical molar enthalpy change is higher than one you

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Content checklist
have calculated above.
Suggest the source of error in the experiment above. 4. Explain
why silver cannot be used in place of in the experiment above
N.E. 2003 M.P.

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Content checklist

The Born HABER’s cycle below represents the formation of

NaBr(s) from its
elements in their natural state

a) Name the enthalpy changes ΔH1 to ΔH7, and state the correct
the Born Haber’s cycle
b) Given that ΔH1 = - 361 Kj.mol-1; ΔH2 = +107 Kj.mol-1; ΔH3 =
? ; ΔH4 = +97 Kj.mol-1; ΔH5 = +498 Kj.mol-1; ΔH6 = -375 Kj.mol-1
and ΔH7 = -753 Kj.mol-1.
Calculate the values of ΔH3
c) Explain why enthalpy change ΔH7 for NaBr is greater than of KBr.

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Study the table below and answer the equations that follow :

Enthalpy of atomisation of carbon (C) is + 721 kj/mol

a) Why is the bond dissociation energy for C-H bond greater than
that of C-C ?
b) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of cyclohexane
 Use the bond enthalpies / bond energies in the table below to
answer the questions that follow:
bond Average bond enthalpy / kj.mol-1
F-F 158
C-H 412
Cl-Cl 242
H-Cl 432
C-Cl 338
a) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction:
C3H8+ Cl2 → C3H7Cl + HCl
b) By considering the bonds broken and the bonds formed,
calculate the average
value for S-F bond energy in the reaction :
SF4 (g) + F2 (g) → SF6 (g) ΔH = - 438kj/mol ans /-116 kj.mol-1, +298
kj.mol-1
State any assumption you have made

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a) i) Explain what is meant by the standard enthalpy change
of formation of a compound.
ii) Write a balanced equation which represents the standard
enthalpy change of formation of propane.

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b) Calculate the standard enthalpy changes of formation of
propane from standard enthalpy changes of combustion given
below: substances ΔHoc/ kJ.mol-1
Carbon -393
Hydrogen -286
Propane -2220

_______________________________________ans/ - 103 kj.mol-1

The reversible reaction : 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) is used in the
contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid , using
V2O5 catalyst .
a ) (i) Calculate the enthalpy of reaction, ΔH, of the forward reaction
, assuming it goes to completion. You are given the enthalpies of
formation SO2(g) and SO3(g) which are -297 and -395 kj/mol
respectively
(ii) State and explain the effect of raising the temperature on
the position of equilibrium of this reaction .
(iii) The optimum temperature used in this industrial process is 450oC
. Basing your answers on economics and chemical principles,
Suggest two reasons which determine the choice of this operating
temperature.
b) What is the effect of the catalyst on the position of equilibrium
in this reaction.
Calculate the enthalpy of formation of NH3 in the HABER
process bond average bond energy in Kj.mol-1
N-H +389
H-H +435
N≡N + 945
ans/-42kj.mol-1
 a) Given that :
- Lattice energy rubidium chloride ( RbCl) = - 665 kjmol-1 -
Dissociation energy of chlorine gas molecules = +226 Kjmol-1
- Enthalpy of atomisation of rubidium metal = +84 Kjmol-1 -
Ionisation energy of rubidium = +397 Kjmol-1 - Enthalpy of
formation of RbCl = - 439 Kjmol-1 Draw a Born Haber cycle
for the formation of RbCl and hence calculate the electron
affinity of chlorine atom.

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Content checklist
b) State two factors on which the value of lattice energy depends
and explain how the stated factors affect the value of lattice energy.

Study the table below and answer the questions that

follow : Enthalpy change Kj.mol-1
Atomisation of potassium + 90
Atomisation of iodine + 107
1st ionisation energy of potassium + 420
1st Electron affinity of iodine -314
Formation of potassium iodide -328
a) Construct a Born-HABER’s cycle and calculate the lattice energy
of KI.
b) Given that : K+(g ) ⎯H⎯2O→K+(aq) ΔH = - 304 Kj /mol I-( g )
- + -
⎯H⎯2O→I (aq) ΔH = - 306 Kj /mol K (g ) + I (g ) →KI(s) ΔH = - 631
Kj /mol (i) Calculate the enthalpy of solution potassium iodide
(ii) How would you confirm presence of iodide ions in aqueous
solution ?
 The table below shows some bond enthalpies.
Study the table below and answer the questions that
follow bond average bond energy in Kj.mol-1
F-F + 158
Cl-Cl + 244
H-F + 568
H-Cl + 432
Given that the enthalpy change for reaction
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g) is -184Kj
a) Calculate the bond enthalpy of the H-H bond.
b) Calculate the enthalpy change for formation of HF from
its elements: H2 (g) + F2 (g) → 2HF (g)

The standard enthalpy of combustion of methanol is -238.9 kj.mol-1

and the standard enthalpies of formation of carbon dioxide (CO2 )
and water ( H2O) are -393.7 and - 285.9 kj.mol-1.
a) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of methanol.

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b) Explain why the calculated value may not be the same
as experimentally determined value.

Given that CO2 (g) ΔHof = - 394 kj.mol-1

C2H5OH (l) ΔHoc = - 1368 kj.mol-1
H2O (l) ΔHof = - 286 kj.mol-1
a) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of ethanol.
b) Describe a simple experiment that can be used to determine
the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol
The enthalpy change of combustion butane gas is -3000 Kj.mol-1. If
80% of the heat produced by burning 1.2 dm3 of butane ( measured
at room temperature and pressure) was used to heat water from
20oC to the boiling (100oC).
(i) Calculate the number of moles of butane, measured at room
temperature and pressure if 1mole of gas has a volume of
24dm3 at room temperature and pressure.
(ii) Deduce the heat of butane was absorbed by water . (iii)
Calculate the mass of water that was heated up to the boiling
point knowing that specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J.g-1 .K-1
(iv) Given that the enthalpies of combustions of hydrogen and
carbon are –286kJmol-1 and -394kJmol-1 respectively.
Calculate the enthalpy change of formation of butane
The standard enthalpy change of the reaction :
C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) →C2H5OH (l)
can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes of
combustion given below:
C2H4 (g) ΔHoc = -1411 kj.mol-1
C2H5OH (l ) ΔHoc = -1367 kj.mol-1
a) What is meant by standard enthalpy change of combustion
? b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the above
reaction C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H5OH (l)
ans/ - 44 kj.mol-1

The enthalpy change of hydration of anhydrous copper (II)

sulphate corresponds to the enthalpy change of the reaction:

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CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4. 5H2O(S)
It is indirectly determined as follows:
- 4.0g of anhydrous solid to 50 g of water and the temperature rise is
8oC
- 4.0g of the hydrated solid is added to 50g of water and the
 temperature falls by 1.3oC
- In each case the solid is added to water in a plastic cup and the
mixture is stirred until a steady temperature is reached. In all the
calculations, assume the total mass of each solution is 50.0g and the
specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J.g-1.°C-1. Cu = 63.5; S =
32, O = 16 ; H = 1
(a) Calculate the heat evolved when 4g of anhydrous CuSO4(S) is
dissolved in 50g of water.
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change of solution per mol of CuSO4(S).
Remember to show the sign of ΔH sol
(c) Calculate the heat absorbed when 4g of CuSO4. 5H2O is
dissolved in 50.0g of water
(d) Calculate the enthalpy change of solution per mol of CuSO4.
5H2O(S).
(e) Using the energy cycle shown below, calculate ΔH1, the enthalpy
of hydration CuSO4(S).

f) In this experiment, why is it better to use a plastic cup than a metal

calorimeter
g) Suggest two possible sources of error in this experiment. h) If the
enthalpy change for a reaction is negative then that reaction will
take place very quickly. Is this statement true or false. Give a reason
for your N.E. 2005 M.P. answer.
1680J; - 66.99Kj.mol-1; 273J; +17.03 Kj.mol-1; -84.03Kj.mol-1

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Content checklist
a) State Hess’s Law.
b) The standard enthalpy change for the combustion of carbon is
-394 kJ.mol-1, and of carbon monoxide is -111 kJmol-1. Calculate the
standard enthalpy change for the reaction
2C(s) + O2 → 2CO(g)
Which of the two reactions below is more likely to take place
? Give a reason for your answer.
2C(s) + O2 → 2CO(g) and C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
The standard enthalpy change of formation of phenol can be
determined indirectly from enthalpies of combustion using Hess’s
law. (i) State Hess’s Law of constant heat summation
(ii) Write a balanced equation to show the formation of phenol from
its elements.
(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of
phenol from the data below: ΔHof (CO2) = -394Kj.mol-1;
ΔHof (H2O) = - 286Kj.mol-1 and
ΔHoC (C6H5OH) = - 3050 Kj.mol-1

Some bond energies are given below in the table. Use them to
answer the following questions:
bond Energy /kJ.mol-1
C - C 337
C - H 414
C – O 360
O - H 123
(i) What is the standard enthalpy of formation?
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of gaseous ethanol.
Suggest reasons why C – H bond has the highest bond
energy.

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 The combustion of ethanol is represe
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g)+3H2O(l) Δ
ΔH0=-786 kJ.mol-1 Calculate ΔGofor th
806 kJ.mol-1
Content checklist
a. The equation for the therma
N.E. 2000 M.P.
is NH4Cl(s) → NH3(g) + HCl(g
Unit15: Entropy and free energy Calculate the minimum temp
decomposition to take place

a. The equation shows the for N

and H2(g) S /JKo

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

Use the data in the tab 1
mol-1
reaction: N
So/ J K Ans : 347 oC

1
mol-1
Ans : ΔS0 = - 199 J K-1mol-1Done ✔

7)
Describe condensation polymer
(i) polyesters, e.g. Terylene from
acid and ethane-1,2-diol, poly(l
2-hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic
(ii) polyamides, e.g. nylon-6,6 fr
hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid, Ke
benzene-1,4-diamine and benz
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a. You are provided with some standard entropies in the
table below.

substances N2(g) H2(

NH3
C2H5O
C2H4(g) H2O(g)
H(g)
g)
(g)
o
S /JK
+4
+19
+161 +220 +189
1
mol-1 +19
4
2
2
For each of the two reactions in (i) and (ii) below,
- calculate ΔSo and ΔGo at 25oC
- Find the temperature in oC at which ΔGo = 0 and
comment on the significance of the value for the each
reaction.
(i) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔHo = - 92 kJmol-1
(ii) C2H5OH(g) →C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ΔHo = + 87 kJmol-1
ans: (i) ΔSo = -198 J K-1mol-1, ΔGo = -33kJmol-1;
192oC - above this temperature, the reaction does not
take place spontaneously.
(ii) ΔSo = +248 J K-1mol-1, ΔGo = +13 kJmol-1;
78oC - above this temperature, the reaction does take
place spontaneously.
 b. The thermal decomposition of ZnCO3 is represented by

ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH0 = +71kJ.mol-1

Use the data in the table to calculate the minimum temperature in

o
C, for thermal decomposition to take place

ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) CO2(g)

o
S /JK
+82 +44 +214
1
mol-1

Ans :step1 ΔS = ∑ So(products) - ∑So(reactants). so, ΔSo= +0.176 J K-

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