Practical 1: Write a program for each if, if-else and else-if.

1. if statement

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int number;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> number;

if(number > 0)

cout << endl << "The number is positive.";

Output:

2. If – else statement

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int number;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> number;

if(number % 2 == 0)

cout << endl << "The number is even.";

else

cout << endl << "The number is odd.";

}
Output:

3. else- if statement

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int number;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> number;

if(number > 0)

cout << endl << "The number is positive.";

else if(number < 0)

cout << endl << "The number is negative.";

else

cout << endl << "The number is zero.";

Output:
Practical 2: Write a program using nested if statement.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int number;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> number;

if(number > 0)

cout << endl << "The number is positive.";

if(number % 2 == 0)

cout << endl << "The number is even.";

else

cout << endl << "The number is odd.";

else if(number < 0)

cout << endl << "The number is negative.";

else

cout << endl << "The number is zero.";

Output:
Practical 3: Write a program using switch statement.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

int day;

cout << "Enter a number (1 to 7) to represent the day of the week: ";

cin >> day;

switch (day){

case 1:

cout << endl << "Monday"; break;

case 2:

cout << endl << "Tuesday"; break;

case 3:

cout << endl << "Wednesday"; break;

case 4:

cout << endl <<"Thursday"; break;

case 5:

cout << endl <<"Friday"; break;

case 6:

cout << endl <<"Saturday"; break;

case 7:

cout << endl <<"Sunday"; break;

default:

cout << endl <<"Invalid input!"; break; } }

Output:
Practical 4: Write a C++ program that uses for loop.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

cout << i << " ";

Output:

Practical 5: Write a C++ program that uses while loop.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int i = 1;

while(i <= 10)

cout << i << " ";

i++;

Output:
Practical 6: Write a C++ program that uses do while loop.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int i = 1;

do

cout << i << " ";

i++;

}while (i <= 10);

Output:

Practical 7: Write a C++ program which stores numeric values in a one dimensional array using for
loop and finds the highest, lowest and average values.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int n;

cout << "Enter the number of elements: ";

cin >> n;

int arr[n];

cout << "Enter " << n << " numeric values:" << endl;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

cin >> arr[i];

int lowest = arr[0];

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

if (arr[i] > highest)

highest = arr[i];

if (arr[i] < lowest)

lowest = arr[i];

sum += arr[i];

float average = static_cast<float>(sum) / n;

cout << endl << "Highest value: " << highest << endl;

cout << "Lowest value: " << lowest << endl;

cout << "Average value: " << average;

Output:
Practical 8: Write a C++ program for adding/ subtracting/ multiplying two integer matrices of the
order up to 4x4.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

const int MAX_SIZE = 4;

void inputMatrix(int mat[MAX_SIZE][MAX_SIZE], int rows, int cols)

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++)

for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)

cin >> mat[i][j];

void displayMatrix(int mat[MAX_SIZE][MAX_SIZE], int rows, int cols){

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++){

for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)

cout << mat[i][j] << " ";

cout << endl;

int main(){

int mat1[MAX_SIZE][MAX_SIZE], mat2[MAX_SIZE][MAX_SIZE], result[MAX_SIZE]

int rows, cols;

char op;

cout << "Enter rows and columns (up to 4): ";

cin >> rows >> cols;

cout << "Enter matrix 1 (" << rows << "x" << cols << "):" << endl;

inputMatrix(mat1, rows, cols);

cout << "Enter matrix 2 (" << rows << "x" << cols << "):" << endl;

inputMatrix(mat2, rows, cols);

cin >> op;

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++){

for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++){

if (op == '+')

result[i][j] = mat1[i][j] + mat2[i][j];

else if (op == '-')

result[i][j] = mat1[i][j] - mat2[i][j];

else if (op == '*'){

result[i][j] = 0;

for (int k = 0; k < cols; k++)

result[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j];

cout << "Result:" << endl;

displayMatrix(result, rows, cols);

Output:
Practical 9: Write C++ program to perform various operations on string using string functions. strcpy,
strcat, strlen and strcmp.

#include<iostream>

#include<cstring>

using namespace std;

int main()

char str1[100], str2[100], result[200];

cout << "Enter first string: ";

cin.getline(str1, 100);

cout << "Enter second string: ";

cin.getline(str2, 100);

strcpy(result, str1);

cout << "After strcpy: " << result << endl;

strcat(result, str2);

cout << "After strcat: " << result << endl;

cout << "Length of result: " << strlen(result) << endl;

int cmp = strcmp(str1, str2);

cout << "Comparison: " << (cmp == 0 ? "Equal" : cmp < 0 ? "str1 < str2" : "str1 > str2");

Output:
Practical 10: Write a program involving user defined function to perform basic arithmetic operations,
i.e. add, subtract, multiply and divide.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

double add(double a, double b){

return a + b;

double subtract(double a, double b) {

return a - b;

double multiply(double a, double b) {

return a * b;

double divide(double a, double b) {

return b != 0 ? a / b : 0;

int main()

double num1, num2;

char op;

cout << "Enter two numbers and operation (+, -, *, /): ";

cin >> num1 >> num2 >> op;

switch(op){

case '+':

cout << "Result: " << add(num1, num2); break;

case '-':

cout << "Result: " << subtract(num1, num2); break;

case '*':

cout << "Result: " << multiply(num1, num2); break;

if (num2 == 0)

cout << "Error: Division by zero!";

else

cout << "Result: " << divide(num1, num2); break;

default:

cout << "Invalid operation!";

Output:

Practical 11: Write a program involving user defined function to calculate area of circle, triangle and
parallelogram.

#include<iostream>

#include<cmath>

using namespace std;

double areaCircle(double r){

return M_PI * r * r;

double areaTriangle(double b, double h){

return 0.5 * b * h;

double areaParallelogram(double b, double h){

return b * h;

int main()

{
 int choice;

double b, h, r;

cout << "Choose shape:\n1. Circle\n2. Triangle\n3. Parallelogram\nEnter choice (1/2/3): ";

cin >> choice;

switch (choice)

case 1: cout << "Enter radius: "; cin >> r; cout << "Area: " << areaCircle(r); break;

case 2: cout << "Enter base & height: "; cin >> b >> h; cout << "Area: " << areaTriangle(b, h); break;

case 3: cout << "Enter base & height: "; cin >> b >> h; cout << "Area: " << areaParallelogram(b, h);

break;

default: cout << "Invalid choice!";

Output:

Practical 12: Write a program involving use of user defined function to calculate volume of cylinder,
sphere and cube.

#include<iostream>

#include<cmath>

using namespace std;

double volumeCylinder(double radius, double height);

double volumeSphere(double radius);

double volumeCube(double side);

int main() {
 int choice;

double radius, height, side;

cout << "Choose a shape to calculate volume:\n";

cout << "1. Cylinder\n2. Sphere\n3. Cube\n";

cout << "Enter your choice (1/2/3): ";

cin >> choice;

switch (choice){

case 1:

cout << "Enter radius and height of the cylinder: ";

cin >> radius >> height;

cout << "Volume of the cylinder: " << volumeCylinder(radius, height) << endl;

break;

case 2:

cout << "Enter radius of the sphere: ";

cin >> radius;

cout << "Volume of the sphere: " << volumeSphere(radius) << endl;

break;

case 3:

cout << "Enter side length of the cube: ";

cin >> side;

cout << "Volume of the cube: " << volumeCube(side) << endl;

break;

default:

cout << "Invalid choice!" << endl;

return 0;

double volumeCylinder(double radius, double height){

return M_PI * pow(radius, 2) * height;

double volumeSphere(double radius){

return (4.0 / 3.0) * M_PI * pow(radius, 3);

double volumeCube(double side){

return pow(side, 3);

Output:

Practical 13: Write a program involving user defined function to calculate factorial of a given number.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

unsigned long long factorial(int n){

if (n == 0 || n == 1) return 1;

return n * factorial(n - 1);

int main(){

int num;

cout << "Enter a number to calculate its factorial: ";

cin >> num;

if (num < 0)

cout << "Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.";

else
 cout << "Factorial of " << num << " is: " << factorial(num);

Output:

Practical 14: Write a program involving user defined function to calculate average of numbers.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

double calculateAverage(int numbers[], int size){

double sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

sum += numbers[i];

return sum / size;}

int main(){

int size;

cout << "Enter the number of elements: ";

cin >> size;

int numbers[size];

cout << "Enter " << size << " numbers: ";

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

cin >> numbers[i];

cout << "Average: " << calculateAverage(numbers, size);

Output:
Practical 15: Write a simple program using & to return memory address of a variable and storing it in a
pointer variable.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int num = 57;

int* ptr;

ptr = &num;

cout << "Value of num: " << num << endl;

cout << "Address of num: " << &num << endl;

cout << "Value stored in ptr: " << ptr << endl;

cout << "Value pointed to by ptr: " << *ptr;

Output:

Practical 16: : Write a C++ program that uses pointer variable.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

int number;

int* pointer;

cout << "Enter an integer: ";

cin >> number;

pointer = &number;

cout << "Original value: " << number << endl;

cout << "Pointer variable stores the address: " << pointer << endl;

*pointer += 10;

cout << "New value: " << number << endl;

Output:

Practical 17: Write a C++ program to declare a class along with data members and member functions
in its body and create the objects of class in the main( ) function and call member functions of class
with the help of objects.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Student

private:

string name;

int age;

public:

void setData(string n, int a)

name = n;

age = a;

void displayData()

{
 cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Age: " << age << endl;

};

int main()

Student student1, student2;

student1.setData("Ammar", 17);

student2.setData("Ahmer", 19);

cout << "Student 1 Details:" << endl;

student1.displayData();

cout << "\nStudent 2 Details:" << endl;

student2.displayData();

Output:

Practical 18: Write a C++ program in which a class uses both public and private access specifiers.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Employee

private:

int salary;
 public:

string name;

void setSalary(int s)

salary = s;

void displayDetails()

cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

cout << "Salary: " << salary << endl;

};

int main()

Employee emp;

emp.name = "Mushtak Abro";

emp.setSalary(100000);

cout << "Employee Details:" << endl;

emp.displayDetails();

Output: