LECTURE 3

Selected Topics in Computer Science CS409

By
Dr.Ashraf Hendam
 OUTLINE
• OTHER CATEGORY OF CLOUD SERVICES
• Cloud consumer
• Cloud pricing models
• Cloud Carrier
• Cloud Broker
• Cloud Auditor
• OPEN CLOUD SERVICES
• File System and Storage
• DATA-INTENSIVE COMPUTING
• Cloud file systems challenges
• Big-data
 OTHER CATEGORY OF CLOUD SERVICES
• As cloud computing matured, vendors started sub
categorizing services of (SaaS-PaaS-IaaS ) SPI model and
introduced new services.
• Some among those services dealt with specific computing
issues like storage, database, backup and other services
• All these Service’ fell into the category of XaaS
(pronounced ‘zass’), a generalization of all cloud-related
services.
• These new cloud services often provide great results
and facilities to consumers.
• However, the SPI service model encompasses all of these
services.
 OTHER CATEGORY OF CLOUD SERVICES
Security Management-as-a-Service
• To ensure security for the environment, tasks like
timely virus definition updates, maintaining logs and
regular security audits are important.
• Vendors having expertise on security management,
offer the service as separate cloud service.
• Cloud service consumers can opt for some Security
Management-as-a-Service offering to delegate the
responsibilities of all of the security related issues of
their computing environments.
• Eminent vendors providing this service include Cisco,
McAfee, Symantec and others.
 OTHER CATEGORY OF CLOUD SERVICES
Storage-as-a-Service
• Data can be stored in cloud where the storage works
like a disk drive and one can store files there like text,
audio, video etc.
• Many cloud vendors offer independent storage services
known as Storage-as-a-Service.
• Cloud storage services of Amazon and Rackspace have
gained significant popularity among others.
• Consumers can rent storage space on a cost-per-
gigabyte-stored or cost-per-data-transfer basis.
• Storage-as-a-Service is seen as a good option for
consumers as it is cost-effective and mitigates risks in
disaster recovery.
 OTHER CATEGORY OF CLOUD SERVICES
Database-as-a-Service
• Database management becomes difficult for organizations
to manage critical database issues where issues like
provisioning, configuration, performance tuning, privacy,
backup and recovery in database management call for a
dedicated team with significant expertise in the domain.
• In cloud computing model, the database offering comes
under the PaaS layer.
• Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) offers a unique platform
with on-demand and self-service capability where it
relieves consumers from all of the worries of critical
database management issues.
• Amazon RDS, Microsoft SQL Azure are example of DBaaS
offerings available in the market.
 OTHER CATEGORY OF CLOUD SERVICES
Backup-as-a-Service (BaaS)
• Data is core element of any business.
• Backing up and recovery of data is considered
extremely important in computing but at the
same time the system backup is also necessary
to overcome uncertain circumstances like
disaster and others.
• Backup is considered as a specialized service
that asks for expertise and many cloud
computing vendors offer backup-as-a-service
(BaaS).
NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud consumer
• A cloud consumer is a person or organization that use the
cloud services such as SaaS, PaaS and IaaS.
• A cloud consumer browses the service catalog provided by a
cloud provider, cloud consumer requests the appropriate
service.
• Cloud provider sets up cloud environment for the service and
make a contracts with the cloud consumer for the use of the
service.
• Cloud consumers need cloud Service Level Agreement(SLA).
• SLA act as an agreement for technical performance
requirements provided by a cloud provider where some terms
and conditions regarding the quality of service, security,
remedies for performance failures are mentioned in the SLA.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud consumer
• Cloud consumer is the end-user who browses or utilizes the
services provided by Cloud Service Providers (CSP):
- Sets up service contracts with the cloud provider.
- The cloud consumer pays peruse of the service
provisioned.
- Use Service-Level Agreement (SLAs) to specify the
technical performance requirements to be fulfilled by a
cloud provider.
SLAs can cover
terms concerning the quality of service, security, and remedies for
performance failures.
Cloud pricing models
● Market-driven: variety of pricing models for each of IaaS,
PaaS, SaaS service models
● Let’s ask some questions:
○ How much does an hour of computing on a commodity core cost
today?
○ How much does transferring 1GB of data over a wide-area network cost
today?
○ How much does 1GB of storage for a month cost today?

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EC2 compute pricing

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Google Cloud compute pricing

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Spot pricing: market inside a cloud

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NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Carrier
• Is the mediator who provides offers connectivity and
transport of cloud services within cloud service providers
and cloud consumers.
• It allows access to the services of the cloud through Internet
networks, telecommunication, and other access devices.
• A consistent level of services is provided when cloud providers
sets up Service Level Agreements (SLA) with a cloud carrier.
• In general, Carrier may be required to offer dedicated and
encrypted connections.
NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Broker
• An organization or a unit that manages the
performance, use, and delivery of cloud services
by enhancing specific capability and offers value-
added services to cloud consumers.
• It combines and integrates various services into one
or more new services.
There are major three services offered by a cloud
broker:
●Service Intermediation.
●Service Aggregation.
●Service Arbitrage.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Broker
Services of cloud broker
Service Intermediation:
A cloud broker enhances a given service by
improving some specific capability and
providing value-added services to cloud consumers.
Service Aggregation:
A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple
services into one or more new services.
The broker provides data integration and ensures the
secure data movement between the cloud consumer
and multiple cloud providers.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Broker
Services of cloud broker
Service Arbitrage:
• Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation
except that the services being aggregated are
not fixed.
• Service arbitrage means a broker has the flexibility
to choose services from multiple agencies.
NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Auditor
Auditing
is the process of systematically examining and
reviewing an entity’s accounts and records so as to
verify their accuracy, reliability, legitimacy, and
completeness.
• It has evolved over time into a procedure that
every company needs to do in order to maintain
compliance with regulations.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Auditor
An entity that can conduct independent assessment of
cloud services, security, performance, and information
system operations of the cloud implementations.
The services that are provided by Cloud Service Providers
(CSP) can be evaluated by service auditors in terms of
privacy impact, security control, and performance, etc.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Auditor
• The cloud services provided by cloud provider to the
cloud consumer must comply to some pre-agreed
policies and regulations in terms of performance,
security etc.
• The verification of these agreed conditions can be
performed by employing a third-party auditor.
• The cloud auditor is a party who can conduct
independent assessment of cloud services and
report it accordingly.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Auditor
Cloud Auditor can make an assessment of the security
controls in the information system to determine the
extent to which the controls are implemented
correctly, operating as planned and constructing the
desired outcome with respect to meeting the security
necessities for the system.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud Auditor
There are three major roles of Cloud Auditor which are:
● Security Audit
Is an inspection of the security controls placed by an
organization to protect its data and other assets in the
cloud.
● Privacy Impact Audit.
Systematic evaluation of a cloud system by measuring
how well it conforms to a set of established privacy-
impact criteria.
● Performance Audit.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Usage Scenario- Cloud Brokers
• The actual cloud providers are invisible to the cloud
consumer.
• The cloud consumer interacts directly with the cloud
broker.
• The cloud broker may create a new service by
combining multiple services or by enhancing an
existing service.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Usage Scenario- Cloud Carriers
• Cloud carriers provide the connectivity and
transport of cloud services from cloud providers to
cloud consumers.
• A cloud provider participates in and arranges for
two unique service level agreements (SLAs), one
with a cloud carrier (e.g. SLA2) and one with a cloud
consumer (e.g. SLA1).
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Usage Scenario- Cloud Auditor
• Cloud auditor conducts independent assessments of
the operation and security of the cloud service
implementation.
• The audit may involve interactions with both the Cloud
Consumer and the Cloud Provider.
Cloud computing platforms
 OPEN CLOUD SERVICES
• Open source software is a software with source
code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance.
• "Source code" is the part of software that most
computer users don't ever see.
• it's the code computer programmers can
manipulate to change how a piece of software—a
"program" or "application"—works.
• Different open-source technologies have powered many
cloud computing solutions.
• Eucalyptus, Nebula, Nimbus are some known examples
of open-source cloud solutions which can be used to
create the cloud computing environment.
 File System and Storage
• In traditional storages, users can store and access
multimedia files of various formats like text, image,
audio and video.
• Large data-sets are generated and produced
everyday are sent for processing in the high-
performance computing environments.
• The storage requirements have been altered for
efficient processing of the large data-sets which are
produced in cloud every hour.
• Traditional enterprise level files and data storage
systems were not sufficient to satisfy all of the data-
intensive and high-performance computing
requirements.
 DATA-INTENSIVE COMPUTING
• Large volume complex data-sets cannot be processed
centrally in a single node and require partitioning and
distribution over multiple processing nodes.
• Thus, data-intensive computing is I/O-bound and
requires rapid movements of data in large numbers.
• Data-intensive computing requires a new
approaches in Data modelling, partitioning, node
assignment and accumulation.
• Storage facility in high-performance computing
environment are different from the traditional
storage system
 Cloud file systems challenges
• Cloud file systems require to address the
challenges:
Multi-tenancy:
• Cloud system offers multi-tenancy and allows
sharing of its resources among multiple tenants.
• Consumer share resources with others who are
unknown to them.
• The file system in cloud must ensure that tenants
(tenants’ processes and data) remain isolated from
one another to provide higher degree of security.
 Cloud file systems challenges
Scalability
A cloud file system must scale well so that users
can rely upon the system with their growing
storage needs.
At the same time downward scaling is also
important to minimize the resource wastage.
Unlimited storage support
File system support for unlimited data storage of
cloud computing for its business success.
The file system has to be extremely fault tolerant.
 Cloud file systems challenges
Efficiency
While dealing with thousands of concurrent
operations issued by many clients, to achieve the
requisite performance like the local file-system is a
critical issue.
Compatibility
Compatibility is always an issue when new
technologies are introduced.
In the domain of computing file systems, backward
compatibility with existing file system interfaces
is important to facilitate the migration to the
cloud.
 Cloud file systems challenges
Metered Use(pay-per-use)
Metered billing is a pricing model where
customers are charged based on their consumption
of services they use or the resources they consume.
 Big-data
• Data mining huge amounts of data collected in a wide range
of domains from astronomy to healthcare has become
essential for planning and performance.
• We are in a knowledge economy.
• Data is an important asset to any organization
• Discovery of knowledge; Enabling discovery; annotation
of data
• Complex computational models
• No single environment is good enough: need elastic,
on-demand capacities
• We are looking at newer
Programming models, and
Supporting algorithms and data structures.