Unit-1: Linear Differential Equations with constant coefficients

General Solution=C.F+P.I

Complementary Function
Roots are real & different 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
Roots are real & repeated twice (𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 )𝑒 𝑚1𝑥
Roots are complex conjugate & different 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥
Roots are complex conjugate 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + (𝐶3 𝑥 + 𝐶4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥
& repeated twice

Particular Integral
General method
𝟏
P. I= 𝑸(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒎𝒙 ∫ 𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝑸(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝑫+𝒎

Short cut Method

Case:1 Q(x)= 𝒆𝒂𝒙 form Replace D=a
Q(x)= 𝑲, 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒔𝒏𝒕 Replace D=0
Q(x)= 𝒂𝒙 Replace D=loga
Q(x)= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒙/𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒙 Replace𝑒𝐷2 = −(𝑎2 )
D=No substitution
1
= 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐷
1
= 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐷+𝑎
Case of failure: After substitution if denominator is zero then,
𝟏
𝑷. 𝑰 = 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝑬
Continue the same till the denominator will be a constant term
 Unit-1: Linear Differential Equations with constant coefficients
General Solution=C.F+P.I

Short cut Method

1
Case:3 Q(x)= 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 P.I= Polynomial
f(D)
P.I=[f(D)]−1 olynomial
Use binomial expansion
[1 − t]−1 = 1 + t + t 2 + t 3 + t 4 + ⋯.
[1 + t]−1 = 1 − t + t 2 − t 3 + t 4 − +.
Case:4 Q(x)= 𝐞𝐚𝐱 . 𝐕 P. I=
1
eax V
f(D)
Where V=sin𝐚𝐱/𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐱/𝐱 𝐧 1
ax
P. I=e V
f(D+a)
According to the V function use
substitution
Case:5 Q(x)=x.𝐕 f1 (D) 1
P. I=[x − ] V
Where V=sin𝐚𝐱/𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐱/𝐞𝐚𝐱 f(D) f(D)

Method of variation of Parameters

Step 1: Find Complimentary function of the given LDE form
C.F = c1 y1 + c2 y2
y1 y2
Step 2: Find Wronkian,W= 0
y1 y 2
−𝑦2 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑄(𝑥)
Step 3: Find u&v, 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 𝑤
Step 4: Find P.I = uy1 + vy2
Step 5: Write complete solution y=C.F+P.I
Cauchy’s linear differential equation
Step 1: Convert Cauchy’s LDE into LDE with constant coefficients by
x = ez
d2y
= D(D − 1) y, D =
d
substituting x2 2
dx dz
dy d
x = Dy, D =
dx dz
Step 2: Find C.F & P.I in terms of ‘z’
Step 3: Find C.F &P. I in terms of ‘x’ by resubstituting z=logx
 Unit-1: Linear Differential Equations with constant coefficients
General Solution=C.F+P.I

Legendre’s linear differential equation

Step: I Reduce the given differential equation into linear differential equation by
2
, (ax + b )
d 2 d y dy
substituting (ax+b) = e , D ≡
z
2
= a 2 D( D − 1) y , (ax + b) = aDy .
dz dx dx
Step II: Find C.F and P.I in terms of z.
Step III: Find C.F and P.I in terms of x and y by substituting back z = log (ax+b).

Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations

d 𝑑
➢ Step I: Write the differential equation in operator form i.e D ≡ or
dt 𝑑𝑥
➢ Step II: Rearrange the equation to apply Cramer’s rule to obtain the linear differential equation
either for first or second variable.
➢ Step III: Solve the obtained linear differential equation.

Symmetrical Simultaneous differential equations

A) Combination or Grouping:

➢ Step I: Take first two ratios and solve them. It gives one relation in the solution of simultaneous
equations.
➢ Step II: Take last two ratios and solve them. It yields the second relation in the solution of the
sytem of simultaneous equations.

B) Method of Multipliers:

➢ Step I: Choose multipliers l, m, n such that lP + mQ + nR = 0

➢ Step II: Then ldx + mdy + ndz = 0 . If it is exact find its integral as F1 ( x, y, z) = c1 .
➢ Step III: Find the other set of multipliers say l ' , m' , n' such that l ' dx + m' dy + n' dz = 0.
➢ Step IV: If it is exact find its integral as F2 ( x, y, z) = c2 .
➢ Step V: Thus F1 ( x, y, z) = c1 and F2 ( x, y, z) = c2 constitute the solution of given set of
symmetric equations.