PHYSICS

LECTURE BY:
ENGR. JK C. GOBENCIONG
VECTORS AND SCALARS
DEFINITION AND DIFFERENCE
VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Quantities that are completely described by its magnitude.
SCALARS
EXAMPLE:
MASS, 2 x 106 lbs
SURFACE AREA, 12,700 square feet
VOLUME, 35,000 cubic feet

DISTANCE, 20000 miles

TEMPERATURE,
6300° RANKINE

SPEED, 4.9 miles per second

 VECTORS
Quantities that are described by its magnitude and direction.

EXAMPLE:
VELOCITY,
4.9 miles per second
approx. 45 deg SE

THRUSTING FORCE,
16 x 106 Lbf
 VECTORS AND SCALARS

VECTOR SCALAR
Quantity which has both A quantity with magnitude ONLY
magnitude and direction
Examples:
Examples:
Length
Displacement
Area
Velocity
Volume
Acceleration
Speed
Momentum
Mass
Force
Temperature
Lift, drag, thrust, weight
Energy
Entropy
Work
Power
 VECTORS AND SCALARS

DISTANCE
Distance is a length from one point to
another usually measured in a straight
line.

DISPLACEMENT
x distance
Displacement is the change in position,
specified by a length and a direction.

x distance to the left

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 VECTORS AND SCALARS

SPEED
Distance per unit time
Distance / Time
VELOCITY
Displacement per unit time.
Displacement / Time

Example:
Speed = x meters per second
Example:
Velocity = x meters per second to the left

Velocity = x meters per second to the right

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 VECTORS – GEOMETRIC VIEW
Vector - Magnitude and Direction

Can be represented by an arrow in the plane or space.

The length of the arrow is the vector’s magnitude and the direction of the
arrow is the vector’s direction

P is the initial point

Q is the terminal point

The magnitude of the vector A

will be denoted |A|.
VECTORS – GEOMETRIC VIEW
SCALING, ADDING, SUBTRACTING

SCALING ADDING
You add vectors by placing them head to tail. (head to tail method)
Scaling a vector means changing its length by a scale factor
A + B is the displacement A followed by the displacement B.

RESULTANT = A+B

SUBTRACTING
You subtract vectors by adding A + (−B). RESULTANT = A-B
A − B is the displacement from the end of B to the end of A.
 VECTOR ADDITION USING COMPONENT METHOD
Component method is the preferred method
• It uses projections of vectors along coordinate axes
 Sample problems
Find the resultant vector of the following:
2 2 𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹12 + 𝐹22
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
𝐹𝑅 = 502 + 1202
𝐹𝑅 = 302 + 502
𝐹𝑅 = 130 𝑁
𝐹𝑅 = 58.31 𝑁
𝐹2
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
𝐹1
120
𝐹2 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = tan−1
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 50
𝐹1 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 67.38°
−1
50
𝜃 = tan
30
𝜃 = 59.03° 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒
+ 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
The resultant vector, FR has a
𝜃 = 180 + 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓
magnitude of 58.31 N, and is 𝜃 = 180° + 67.38°
59.03° relative to the +x-axis 𝜃 = 247.38°
The resultant vector, FR has a
magnitude of 130 N, and is
247.38° relative to the +x-axis
 Sample problems
Find the resultant vector of the following:

𝐹1𝑥 = 100 𝑁 𝐹2𝑥 = 150 cos 30

𝐹1𝑦 = 0 𝐹2𝑦 = 150 𝑠𝑖𝑛30
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
෍ FX = F1x+F2x ෍ Fy = F1y+F2y 𝐹𝑥
𝐹𝑅 = 229.92 + 752 75 𝑁
𝐹𝑅 = 241.82 𝑁 𝜃 = tan−1
229.9 𝑁
෍ FX = 100 N + 150N(cos30°) ෍ Fy = 0 + 150N(sin30°) 𝜃 = 18.07°

෍ FX = 100 N+ 129.9 N ෍ Fy = 0 + 75 N The resultant vector, FR has a magnitude of

241.82 N, and is 18.07° relative to the +x-axis
෍ FX = 229.9 N ෍ Fy = 75 N
 Sample problems
What is the magnitude of the resultant
force of the two forces 200 N at 20° and
400 N at 144°?
𝐹1𝑥 = 200 cos(20) 𝐹2𝑥 = 400 cos(180 − 144)
𝐹1𝑦 = 200sin(20) 𝐹2𝑦 = 400 sin(180 − 144)

෍ FX = F1x+F2x ෍ Fy = F1y+F2y

෍ FX =200 cos 20 − 400 cos(36) ෍ Fy =200sin(20)+400 sin(36)

෍ FX = −135.67 𝑁 ෍ Fy = 303.52 N

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = The resultant vector, FR has a magnitude of
𝐹𝑥 332.46 N, and is 65.92° relative to the -x-axis
𝐹𝑅 = (−135.67)2 + (303.52)2 303.52 𝑁
𝜃 = tan−1
𝐹𝑅 = 332.46 𝑁 −135.67 𝑁
𝜃 = −65.92°
𝜃 = 65.92° relative to the –x axis
 Sample problems
What is the magnitude of the resultant
force of the two forces 200 N at 20° and
400 N at 144°?
𝐿𝑒𝑡:
𝑎 = 200 𝑁
𝑏 = 400 𝑁
𝑐 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹𝑅
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎
𝐵 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏
𝐶 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤:
𝐹𝑅2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2 a b cos(C)
𝐹𝑅 = 2002 + 4002 − [2 200 400 cos 56 ]
𝐹𝑅 = 332.46 𝑁

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤:

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 The resultant vector, FR has a magnitude of
= 𝜃 = 29.92° + 36°
𝑎 𝑐
𝜃 = 65.92°, relative to the –x axis 332.46 N, and is 65.92° relative to the -x-axis
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝐴 = sin−1 (𝑎 )
𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛56
𝐴 = sin−1 (200 )
332.46
𝐴 = 29.91°
 KINEMATICS
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS ON HORIZONTAL MOTION
FREELY FALLING BODIES / VERTICAL MOTION
PROJECTILE MOTION
 MECHANICS

DYNAMICS KINEMATICS
FORCES AND THEIR MOTION OF OBJECTS
INFLUENCE ON THE WITHOUT REFERENCE
MOTION OF OBJECTS TO FORCES
 KINEMATICS
Rectilinear kinematics refers to straight line motion without any reference to the cause of motion (such
as external forces, friction, air resistance)

Types of rectilinear kinematics/motion:

1. Horizontal motion - straight motion along a horizontal
plane

2. Vertical motion / Freely Falling Bodies - is a straight

motion along a vertical plane.

Curvilinear motion / Projectile motion - motion along a curved

path either on the vertical plane or on horizontal plane.
This type of motion includes a trajectory or projectile, which is a
curve path on the vertical plane and rotation on horizontal
plane.
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS - derivation 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜
a = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑡=
=𝑣 = 𝑣 o + 𝑎𝑡 𝑎
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 2
a= ∆𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑡 න 𝑑𝑥 = න(𝑣 o + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 1 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 2
∆𝑥 = 𝑣o + 𝑎
𝑎 2 𝑎
න 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 න 𝑑𝑡 (𝑣o)𝑣 𝑣o2 1 𝑣2 − 2(𝑣𝑜)𝑣 + 𝑣𝑜2
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑣 o𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑥 = − + 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎2
𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑐
1 2 (𝑣o)𝑣 𝑣o2 𝑣2 𝑣 o 𝑣 𝑣 o2
vo = 𝑣 (𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0) 𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑐 ∆𝑥 = − + − +
2 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
𝑣o=𝑎 0 +𝑐
𝑥𝑜 = 𝑥 (𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0)
𝑣o=c 1 𝑣 o2 𝑣 2 𝑣 o2
𝑥 o = 𝑣o (0) + 𝑎(0)2 + 𝑐 ∆𝑥 = − + +
2 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
therefore, 𝑥o=c
𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑣 o 𝑣 2 𝑣 o2
therefore, ∆𝑥 = −
𝑣 = 𝑣 o + 𝑎𝑡 1 2 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥 o 1
2 ∆𝑥 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑜2)
1 2𝑎
𝑥 − 𝑥 o = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡2 2𝑎(∆𝑥) = 𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑜2
2
1 2
∆𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑎 ∆𝑥
2
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
HORIZONTAL MOTION
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS – HORIZONTAL MOTION
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣 o + 𝑎𝑡
These equations govern the straight motion of all
1 2 objects along a horizontal plane.
∆𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡
2 x = horizontal displacement
v = velocity
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑎 ∆𝑥 a = acceleration (assumed constant)
t = time

𝑣𝑓+𝑣𝑜
𝑥=( 2
) t vf = final velocity
vo = initial velocity

𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑜
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
HORIZONTAL MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
An automobile changes in velocity from 20 m/s to 40 m/s in 3 seconds. What is it’s acceleration?

Given: Solution:
𝑣 o = 20 m/s 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣 o + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣𝑓 = 40 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣 o
𝑎=
𝑡 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡
40 𝑚/𝑠 − 20 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎=
Required: 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
a=? 𝑎 = 6.67 𝑚/𝑠

A train starting at initial velocity of 30 kph travels a distance of 21 km in 18 minutes.

Determine the acceleration of the train at this instant.
Given: Solution:
𝑣 o = 30 kph = 8.33 m/s 1 2
𝑥 = 21 𝑘𝑚 = 21000 m ∆𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑡 = 18 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 1080 sec 1
21000 − 0 = (8.33 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐)(1080 𝑠𝑒𝑐) + 2
𝑎(1080 𝑠𝑒𝑐)2
a = 0.0206 m/s2
Required:
Acceleration (at t = 18 mins)
HORIZONTAL MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
An AOG event occurred in an outstation which requires a spare landing gear. A cargo truck was sent
to deliver the landing gear assembly. Along the way, at the speed of 75kph, the driver used the brakes
which caused the truck to decelerate at the rate of 500 m/min2 along a straight path.
How far in meters will it travel in 45 seconds?

Given: Solution:
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1 2
𝑣 o = 75 𝑥 𝑥 ∆𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑘𝑚 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2
𝑚 1
𝑣 o = 1250 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡2
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2
𝑎 = 500𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛2 1 2
𝑡 = 45 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑣o t + 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 −500𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2
𝑥 = (1250 )(45 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 )+ ( )(45 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 )
Required: 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

x (at t = 45 seconds) 𝑥 = 937.5 𝑚 – 140.625 m

𝑥 = 796.875 𝑚
HORIZONTAL MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Truck A moving at a constant velocity of a 15 m/sec passes a gasoline station.
2 seconds later, Truck B leaves the gasoline station and accelerates at a constant rate of 2 m/sec2.
How soon will Truck B overtake Truck A?

𝑥𝐴 = (𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒) tA
𝑥𝐴 = (15) (tB + 2) 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐵 2

𝑥𝐴 = 15tB + 30 Eq. 1 15tB + 30 = 𝑡𝐵2

𝑡𝐵2 −15tB − 30 = 0
1
𝑥𝐵 = 𝑣 o t B + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 𝐵 Solving for tB (using quadratic formula)
1
𝑥𝐵 = (0) tB + (2)𝑡𝐵2 15 ± 152 − 4(1)(−30)
2 𝑡𝑏 =
𝑥 𝐵 = 𝑡𝐵 2 2(1)
Eq. 2
15 ± 18.574
𝑡𝑏 =
2
𝑡𝑏 = 16.8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑏 = −1.787 seconds
HORIZONTAL MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A fighter jet took off from an aircraft carrier over a distance of 307 ft, at 173 miles per hour.
How long did it take to take off? What was the acceleration?

Given:
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 5280 𝑓𝑡 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑣𝑓 = 173 𝑥 𝑥
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑡
𝑣𝑓 = 253.733
𝑠𝑒𝑐
x = 307 ft

𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑎 ∆𝑥 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣 o + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑜2 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣 o
𝑎= 𝑡=
2(∆𝑥) 𝑎

(253.733)2 − 02 253.733 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 0

𝑎= 𝑡=
2(307 − 0) 104.85 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑎 =104.85 ft/sec2 𝑡 = 2.42 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
≈ 3.26g
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
VERTICAL MOTION
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS – VERTICAL MOTION
These equations govern the straight motion of all
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣 o + 𝑔𝑡 objects along a vertical plane.

In this type of motion, acceleration cannot be equal to

1 2 zero since the velocity of a body moving in vertical
motion, increases as it goes down and decreases as it
∆𝑦 = 𝑣o t + 𝑔𝑡
2 goes up.

FREE FALLING BODY

A body is said to be free falling if the initial vertical
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔 ∆𝑦 velocity is zero.

y = vertical displacement
𝑣 +𝑣𝑜
𝑦= ( 𝑓2 ) t v = velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8066m/s2 or 32.174 ft/s2
t = time

𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑜 vf = final velocity
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = vo = initial velocity
2
VERTICAL MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A ball is dropped from a building 200 m high. If the mass of the ball is 2 kg, what time will the
ball strike the earth? 1
Given: ∆𝑦 = 𝑣o t + 𝑔𝑡2
2
𝑦 = 200 𝑚 1
200 − 0 = (0)t + 9.8066 𝑡2
2
1
200 = 9.8066 𝑡2
2
𝑡 = 6.38 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

A bomb that is dropped from the roof of a building 40 meters tall will hit the-ground with a velocity of?

Given:
𝑦 = 40 𝑚 𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔 ∆𝑦
𝑣𝑓2 = 02 + 2(9.8066𝑚/𝑠2) 40𝑚 − 0
𝑣𝑓 = 28 m/s
VERTICAL MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Using a powerful air gun, a steel ball is shot vertically upward with a velocity of 80 meters per
second, followed by another shot after 5 seconds. Find the initial velocity of the second ball in
order to meet the first ball 150 meters from the ground.
Given: Req’d: 𝑡3 = (𝑡1 + 𝑡2) − 5
𝑣o1 = 80 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣o2 = ? 𝑡3 = 8.15 + 6 − 5
First steel ball: 𝑡3 = 9.15 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔 ℎ1
0 = (80)2 + 2(−9.8066) ℎ1 Second steel ball:
ℎ1 = 326.53 m 1
ℎ3 = 𝑣o t3 + 𝑔𝑡32
2
1 1
ℎ1 = 𝑣o t1 + 𝑔𝑡 2 150 = 𝑣o (9.15) + (−9.8066)(9.15)2
2 1 2
1 𝑣o2 = 61.25 m/s
326.53 = (80) t1 + (−9.8066)𝑡12
2
𝑡1 =8.15 seconds

1
ℎ2 = 𝑣o t2 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
1
326.53 − 150 = (0) t2 + (9.8066)𝑡22
2
𝑡2 =6 seconds
VERTICAL MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Mirana fires an arrow vertically upward from the ground and a Monkey King gazing from the
trees sees it moving upward past him at 5 m/sec. Monkey King is 10m above the ground.
How high does the arrow go above the ground?

𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑜2 + 2𝑔 ℎ
0 = 5 2 + 2(−9.8066) ℎ
ℎ = 1.27 𝑚

𝐻 = ℎ + 10
𝐻 = 1.27𝑚 + 10𝑚
𝐻 = 11.27 𝑚
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
PROJECTILE MOTION
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS – PROJECTILE MOTION
Motion of an object thrown or projected into the air,
with a parabolic trajectory due to the influence of
gravity.

The horizontal motion of a projectile is independent of

its vertical motion.

𝑣𝑜𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 cosθ
𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 sinθ
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS – PROJECTILE MOTION
𝑣𝑜𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 cosθ
𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 sinθ GENERAL EQUATION OF PROJECTILE
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑥 = (𝑣𝑜x)t ∆𝑦 = (𝑣o sinθ)( ) ± 𝑔( )2
𝑣o cosθ 2 𝑣o cosθ
𝑥 = (𝑣𝑜 cosθ)t
𝑥 𝑔𝑥2
𝑡= ∆𝑦 = (𝑥 tanθ) ±
𝑣𝑜 cosθ 2𝑣o2cos2θ
1 2
∆𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜y)t ± 𝑔𝑡
2
1 2
∆𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜 sinθ)t ± 𝑔𝑡
2
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS – PROJECTILE MOTION
MAX RANGE, DERIVATION
𝑣𝑜𝑥 = 𝑣o cosθ 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥(𝑇)
𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣o sinθ 𝑣 sinθ
𝑥 = 𝑣o cosθ (2( o 𝑔 ))
2𝑣o2 cosθsinθ
𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣oy + 𝑔𝑡 𝑥=
0 = 𝑣o sinθ + (−𝑔)𝑡 𝑔
𝑣o 2
𝑣o sinθ 𝑥= (2cosθsinθ)
𝑡= 𝑔
𝑔
Total time, T = 2(t)
𝑣o sinθ 𝑣o2 sin(2θ)
𝑇 = 2( ) 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑥 =
𝑔 𝑔
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS – PROJECTILE MOTION
MAX HEIGHT, DERIVATION
𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣o sinθ

𝑣𝑓𝑦2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦2 + 2𝑔 ∆𝑦

0 = 𝑣o sinθ 2 + 2(−𝑔) 𝑦 − 0

(𝑣o sinθ)2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑦 =
2𝑔
PROJECTILE MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A baseball is thrown from a horizontal plane following a parabolic path with an initial velocity of
100 m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. How far from the throwing point will the ball
attain its original level?

𝑣o2 sin(2θ)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑥 =
𝑔
(100m/s)2 sin(2 ∗ 30)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑥 =
9.8066 𝑚/𝑠2
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑥 = 883.10 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
PROJECTILE MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A US military plane dropped a bomb at an elevation of 1000 meters from the ground intended to hit the
target at an elevation of 200 meters from the ground. If the plane was flying at a velocity of 300 km/hr,
at what distance from the target must the bomb be dropped to hit the target.
Ignore wind velocity and atmospheric pressure.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝑜𝑥 = 300 𝑥 𝑥 = 83.33 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑘𝑚 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1
∆𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜y)t ± 𝑔𝑡2
2
1
1000 − 200 = 0 t + (9.8066)𝑡2
2
(800)(2)
𝑡2 =
9.8066
𝑡 = 12.77 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥(𝑡)
𝑚
𝑥 = 83.33 (12.77 𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑥 = 1064.39 meters
PROJECTILE MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Drow Ranger fired an arrow at an angle of 30° with the horizontal at an initial velocity of 300 ft/s.
Find the maximum height and range that the projectile can cover, respectively.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝜃 = 30°
𝑓𝑡 (𝑣o sinθ)2
𝑣𝑜 = 300 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑦 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑔
(300 sin30°)2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑦 =
2(32.174)

𝑀𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑦 = 349 𝑓𝑡

𝑣o2 sin(2θ)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑥 =
𝑔
(300)2 sin(60)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑥 =
32.174

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑥 = 2422.52 𝑓𝑡
PROJECTILE MOTION – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A cargo loader from JxT express was extremely bored. So while working, he pretended to play basketball,
got up to a platform and shot a box (containing an RTX2080 TI graphics card) at a height of 20 m from the
ground, at a velocity of 10 m/sec directed 60° towards an open-top container.
How long will it take the object to hit the container. Ignore wind resistance.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣oy + 𝑔𝑡 1
𝜃 = 60° 0 = 8.66 + (−9.8066)𝑡1
𝑚
𝑣𝑜 = 10 𝑡1 = 0.88 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣oy = 10 sin60 𝑣𝑓𝑦2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦2 + 2𝑔 𝐻
= 8.66 m/sec 0 = 8.66 2 + 2(−9.8066) 𝐻
𝐻 = 3.82 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
1
∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜y t2 ± 𝑔𝑡22 θ = 60°
2
1
3.82 + 20 = 0 t2 + (9.8066)(𝑡2)2
2
𝑡2 = 2.20 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.88 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 + 2.20 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 3.08 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
LAW OF INERTIA
LAW OF FORCE AND ACCELERATION
LAW OF ACTION-REACTION
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
LAW OF INERTIA
FIRST LAW OF MOTION - THE LAW OF INERTIA
An object at rest will remain at rest
and an object in motion will remain in motion
unless acted upon by some external net force

Assuming there are no external forces

that act upon it, the object will remain
in motion at a constant velocity.

The ice has very little friction. Friction is largely absent in space
FIRST LAW OF MOTION - THE LAW OF INERTIA
Inertia
The capacity of an object to resist changes in
motion

Force is required to initiate or terminate motion.

Only an object with constant velocity, including

zero velocity, requires no application of force.

Inertia is proportional to the

mass of an object

more mass = more inertia

FIRST LAW OF MOTION - THE LAW OF INERTIA

Mass is a measurement of an object’s inertia.

This applies to both objects at rest and in motion.

Inertia is proportional to the

mass of an object

more mass = more inertia

FIRST LAW OF MOTION – THE LAW OF INERTIA

An object at rest will remain at rest

and an object in motion will remain in motion
unless acted upon by some external net force

An object will preserve its state of motion

unless acted upon by some external net force.

net force – the sum of the vectors

representing the forces acting on a
body/object

If the net force is not zero, then there

will be motion.
FIRST LAW OF MOTION – THE LAW OF INERTIA
An object at rest will remain at rest
and an object in motion will remain in motion
unless acted upon by some external net force

A cruising aircraft flies at a constant airspeed

and the thrust exactly balances the drag of the
aircraft.

This is the first part sited in Newton's first law,

there is no net force on the airplane and it
travels at a constant velocity in a straight line.

If the thrust is increased, the aircraft accelerates

Remember, in this simple example, that we are
and the velocity increases.
only considering the motion of the aircraft in a
horizontal direction; we are neglecting any
This is the second part sited in Newton's first law; a
effects of the thrust on weight or on lift.
net external force changes the velocity of the object
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
LAW OF FORCE AND ACCELERATION
SECOND LAW OF MOTION – THE LAW OF FORCE AND ACCELERATION
Force = mass x acceleration
F = ma

1 N = (1kg)(m/s2)

The acceleration an object experiences is directly

Heavier objects require Lighter objects require less proportional to the applied force and inversely
more force to accelerate force to accelerate proportional to its mass
1
𝛼∝
𝑚
SECOND LAW OF MOTION – THE LAW OF FORCE AND ACCELERATION

Force is a vector, thus it can

be split into it’s horizontal and
vertical components.

net force – the sum of the vectors

representing the forces acting on a
body/object
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
LAW OF ACTION-REACTION
THIRD LAW OF MOTION – THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts
an equal and opposite force on object A

This means that there can never be a single isolated force.

Forces always come in pairs.

THIRD LAW OF MOTION – ACTION AND REACTION
CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM
CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM

Equilibrium means "no acceleration".

The net force acting on a body must be zero.

If a = 0 then F must be zero.

CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM
A body is in equilibrium if it satisfies the following conditions:

Graphical condition:
Under this condition, the forces or vectors
are transformed into a force polygon.
For equilibrium, the force polygon must close.

Directional condition:
If three or more non-parallel forces or vectors
are in equilibrium, then they must be
concurrent

Analytical condition:
If forces or vectors are in equilibrium, then it
must satisfy the three static equations;
 MECHANICS

DYNAMICS KINEMATICS
FORCES AND THEIR MOTION OF OBJECTS
INFLUENCE ON THE WITHOUT REFERENCE
MOTION OF OBJECTS TO FORCES
FORCES
Units, Common Types
Mass and Weight
Normal Force
Frictional Forces
FORCES – DEFINITION AND MAJOR TYPES
Force is a push or a pull that one body exerts on another.
Force must have magnitude and direction.
Major types:
strong and weak nuclear forces, electrostatic/magnetic, gravitational

Contact forces arise when objects touch

or collide.
It is a manifestation of field forces at a
microscopic level.

Non-contact forces are motion induced

by action at a distance.
Also called field forces
(gravitational field, electromagnetic field.
FORCES – OTHER TYPES
External Forces
are those actions of other bodies on a rigid body

Internal Forces
forces that hold together parts of a rigid body

Weight (of a body)

The resultant gravitational force acting on
the body due to all other bodies in space.
It is always a vertical force acting
downward. W = mg
FORCES – COMMONLY USED UNITS
Newton (N) is the force that will give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration
of one meter per second per second.

Dyne (dyn) is the force that will give a mass of one gram an acceleration of
one centimeter per second per second.

Poundal is the force that will give a mass of one pound an acceleration of one
foot per second per second.

Kilogram force is a gravitational Metric unit of force

Pound force is a gravitational English unit of force

Slug is the mass to which a force of one pound

will give an acceleration of one foot per
second per second.
MASS VS WEIGHT
Mass is scalar. It is a measure of an object’s inertia. It is the amount of matter an object contains.

Weight is a vector. It is the force exerted on an object by virtue of its position in a gravitational field.

Mass ∝ Weight
Objects with more mass will weigh more than objects with less mass

Using Newton’s 2nd Law of motion:

Where:
F = ma g = the acceleration due to gravity
W = mg m = mass of the object

Example:
What is the weight of an object in Earth with a 100 kg mass?

W = mg
W = (100kg)(9.81 m/s2)
W = 981 N
MASS VS WEIGHT – SAMPLE PROBLEM
What is the weight of a mass of 10 kg at a location where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.77
m/s2?
Solution:
W = mg
W = (10kg)(9.77m/s2)
W = 977 N

How much does a 30 lbf object weigh on the moon?

g on the moon is 5.47 ft/s2 and g on earth is 32.2 ft/s2.

Solution:
mass on earth = mass on moon
𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛
=
𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛

30𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑊𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛
=
32.2𝑓𝑡/𝑠2 5.47𝑓𝑡/𝑠2
𝑊𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 5.096 lbf
NORMAL FORCE

Normal force is a force that is directed perpendicular to the surface in contact with an object.
NORMAL FORCE – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Find the Normal force of an object in Earth that has a mass of 100 kg and is
lying still on a flat, frictionless surface.

∑+↑Fy = 0
∑+↑Fy = FN – W

0 = FN - W
FN = (mg)
FN = (100kg)(9.81 m/s2)
FN = 981 Newtons

A block weighing 500 kN rests on a ramp inclined at 25° with the horizontal
Find the force tending to move the block down the ramp and the normal force.
∑+↑Fy.inclined = 0
P = Wsinθ
∑+↑Fy.inclined = FN – Wcosθ
P = (500 kN)sin25°
P = 211 kN
0 = FN – Wcosθ
FN = (500 kN)cos25°
FN = 453.15 kN
FRICTIONAL FORCE

This force always opposes the direction of the motion,

thus opposite the applied force.

The frictional force is proportional to the normal force

and is directed parallel to the surface.

𝐹 = 𝜇𝐹𝑁
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
STATIC FRICTION
Static Frictional Force resists the initiation of 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
motion. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝜇𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
If the applied force exceeds the maximum static
frictional force, the object begins to accelerate. 𝑖𝑓 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 > 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
(𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 > 0)

It is proportional to the Normal Force.

Thus, the heavier the object, the greater the

normal force, and the greater the frictional
force.
KINETIC FRICTION
Kinetic Frictional Force resists the motion of a moving object.
Fk < Fs
The value of kinetic friction is less than the value of static
friction.

𝐹 𝑘 = 𝜇 𝑘 𝐹𝑁
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝜇𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
FRICTIONAL FORCE – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A 200 kg crate impends to slide down a ramp inclined at an angle of 19.29° with the horizontal.
What is the frictional resistance? Use g = 9.81 m/s2

P = component of the weight of the crate along the inclined

F = frictional resistance
∑→Finclined = 0
∑→Finclined = F – P

F=P
F = (mg)sinθ
F = (200kg)(9.81 m/s2)sin(19.29°)
F = 648.15 Newtons
FRICTIONAL FORCE – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A 250 lb. block is initially at rest on a flat surface that is inclined at 30°.
If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.30 and the coefficient of static friction is 0.40,
find the force required to start the block moving up the plane.

∑+→Fx = 0
∑+→Fx = P - Wsinθ - F
P = Wsinθ + F

Use coefficient of static friction to initiate block movement:

P = Wsinθ + µsFN
P = (250)sin30° + 0.40FN → equation 1

∑+↑Fy = 0
∑+↑Fy = FN - Wcosθ
FN = 250cos30°
FN = 216.51 lb

Substitute FN to equation 1:
P = (250)sin30° + 0.40FN
P = (250)sin30° + 0.40(216.51)
P = 211.6 lb
WORK
 WORK
Only the x component
Work is action done on an object that displaces the object. of the force goes to
work
Work refers to the process of changing the energy of a particle, body or W = Fd cosθ
system.

Mathematically, work is defined as the product of force and the displacement θ = 0°

in the direction of the applied force. W = Fd cosθ
W = Fd cos(0)
W = Force x distance W = Fd (1)
W = Fd
The typical units of work are joules, foot-pound and inch-pound. All of the force goes to
work

Work is a scalar quantity. It can be positive or negative.

Work is positive if the applied force is in the same direction as the θ = 90°
displacement. W = Fd cosθ
W = Fd cos(90)
Work is negative if the applied force is in the opposite direction as the W = Fd (0)
displacement. W=0
No work is done
WORK – sample problem
A force of 200 lbf acts on a block at an angle of 28° with respect to horizontal.
The block is pushed 2 feet horizontally. What is the work done (in Joules) by this force?

W = F cos θ (d)
W = 200 lbf cos (28°) (2 ft)
W = 353.179 ft-lbf

1𝑚 32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡/𝑠2 1 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚

W = 353.179 ft-lbf 𝑥 3.281 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 2.202 𝑙𝑏𝑚 3.281 𝑓𝑡
𝑚
W = 479.37 kg 2 m
𝑠
W = 479.37 𝑁 m
W = 479.37 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
WORK – sample problem
A force F = 10 N accelerates a box over a displacement 2 m.
The floor is rough and exerts a friction force Fk = 2 N.
Determine the net work done on the box.

W1 = F cos θ (d)
W1= 10N cos (0°) (2 m)
W1= 20 N-m

W2 = Fk cos θ (d)
W2= -2N cos (0°) (2 m)
W2= -4 N-m

W = W1 + W2
W = 20 N-m + (-4 N-m)
W = 16 N-m
ENERGY
ENERGY
Energy is the property of the body or system that can be transferred to another body or system often in the form of work.

When work is done on an object, there would

be a change in the object’s kinetic energy.

Which means that an object in motion is able

to do work in another object.

Energy is also defined as the ability to do work. Energy is a scalar quantity.

The typical units for energy are joules, calories and BTU (British Thermal Unit).

The unit BTU and calorie are used for thermal energy.
• Calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one gram of water 1°C.

• British Thermal Unit (BTU) is defined as the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of one pound of water 1° F
KINETIC ENERGY
The energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion

F = ma → 2nd law of motion

W = Fd → work formula

W = mad → substitute F = ma

Vf2 = Vo2 + 2ad → kinematic equation

𝑉𝑓2−𝑉𝑜2
= 𝑎𝑑 → solve for ad
2

𝑉𝑓2−𝑉𝑜2
W = m( ) → substitute ad
2
KiNETIC ENERGY – sample problem
An object with a mass of 60.0 kg moves with a velocity of 15 m/s and an event occurs
whereby it transfers 2,000 J of energy to another object as work.
What is the new velocity of the object after the event?

Given: Solution:
m = 60 kg
Vo = 15 m/s W = 0.5 mvf2 – 0.5 mvo2
W = -2000 J -2000 J = 0.5(60 kg)(vf2) – 0.5 (60kg)(15 m/s)2
-2000 J = (30 kg) (vf2) – 6750 J
Req’d:
Vf −2000 𝐽 + 6750 𝐽
𝑉𝑓2 =
30 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑓 = 12.58 𝑚/𝑠
pOTENTIAL ENERGY
A form of stored energy an object possesses by virtue of its position in a field.

Types:

• Gravitational potential energy - potential energy associated with the gravitational field.

• Elastic potential energy - mechanical potential energy stored in the configuration of a

material or physical system as it is subjected to elastic deformation by work performed
upon it.

• Nuclear energy - the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus

• Chemical energy - energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the
particle number of the given species

• Electric potential energy - energy that is needed to move a charge against an electric
field.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational potential energy is potential energy associated with the gravitational field.

It is directly proportional to the elevation of the body.

The greater the height, the greater the potential energy.

The potential energy is converted into
the kinetic energy of motion as the
elevation decreases, and vice versa.
POTENTIAL ENERGY – sample problem
A 10-kg metallic wing rib is raised vertically to reach a height of 3m.
What is the change in potential energy?
Use g = 9.81 m/s2
Given: Solution:
m = 10 kg
▲h = 3 meters PE = mg▲h
PE = (10kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3 m)
Req’d: PE = 294.3 J
PE = ?

If a 10 kg piece of copper falls 100 m down, how much heat might be produced (in BTU and in Cal)?

Given: Solution:
1 𝑐𝑎𝑙
m = 10 kg PE = 9810 J x 4.184 𝐽 = 2344 𝑐𝑎𝑙
▲h = 100 meters PE = mg▲h
PE = (10kg)(9.81 m/s2)(100 m)
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈
Req’d: PE = 9810 J PE = 9810 J x = 9.30 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1055 𝐽
PE = ?
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
"Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it merely changes from one form to another."

TRANSFORMATION OF KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

Total mechanical energy in a system, ME = constant

ME = PE + KE
ME = ½ mv2 + mgh

(ME)o = (ME)f
(½ mv2)o + (mgh)o = (½ mv2)f +(mgh)f
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY – sample problem
A block slides down a 150 m inclined plane starting from rest.
What is the speed of the block when it reaches the bottom of the incline?
Assume g = 9.81 m/s2 and ignore friction.
Given:
ho = 150 m Solution:
vo = 0 m/s
hf = 0 m (ME)o = (ME)f
(½ mv2)o + (mgh)o = (½ mv2)f +(mgh)f
Req’d:
Vf = ? (mgh)o = (½ mv2)f
gho = ½ vf2
vf2 = 2gho
Vf = 2(9.81)(150)
Vf = 54.24 𝑚/𝑠
POWER
POWER
Power is the measure of the rate at which work is done or at which energy is transferred.
Power is a scalar quantity. The typical units for power are watts, ft-lbf/sec, and horsepower.

POWER FORMULAS:
If work is given: If kinetic energy is given:
KE
P= 1 watt = 1 joule per second
𝑊 t
𝑃= 1 Horsepower (Imperial Mechanical): 550 ft-lbf/s
𝑡 1 Horsepower (Imperial Mechanical): 745.7 watts
0.5 mvf2 – 0.5 mvo2
𝑃=
𝑡
If velocity is given:
𝐹𝑑 If potential energy is given:
𝑃= 𝑃𝐸
𝑡 𝑃=
𝑡
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑃=
𝑡
POWER – sample problem
An aircraft engine develops a forward thrust of 15,000 N. If the gross mass of the aircraft is
100 tons, what horsepower does the engine develop if it is flying at 1000 kph?

Solution:
Given: 𝑊
F = 15,000 N 𝑃=
𝑡
m = 100 tons
V = 1000 kph 𝐹𝑑
𝑃= = 𝐹𝑣
𝑡
Req’d:
P = ? (in hp) 1000 𝑘𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑚
𝑃 = (15,000 𝑁) 𝑥 𝑥
1ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 1 𝑘𝑚
𝑃 = 4,166,666.67 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

1 ℎ𝑝
𝑃 = 4,166,666.67 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑥
745.7 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃 = 5587.59 ℎ𝑝
POWER – sample problem
A rocket is moving through a vacuum. It changes its velocity from 9020 ft/sec to 5100 ft/sec in 48 seconds.

How much power is required to accomplish this if the rocket's mass is 13,000 slugs?
Solution:
Given: −KE
P=
Vo = 9020 ft/sec t
Vf = 5100 ft/sec −(0.5 mvf2 – 0.5 mvo2 )
t = 48 sec 𝑃=
𝑡
m = 13,000 slugs
−0.5 (13,000 slugs)(5100 ft/sec)2 – 0.5 (13,000 slugs)(9020 ft/sec)2
𝑃=
Req’d: 48 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
P=? 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑃 = 7,495,366,667 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 2
𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑓𝑡
𝑃 = 7,495,366,667 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑡 1 ℎ𝑝
𝑃 = 7,495,366,667 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 550 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃 = 1.36 𝑥 107 ℎ𝑝
MOMENTUM
LINEAR MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of a body.
Momentum is a vector quantity.
Relationship between momentum and mass/velocity.
p = mv The higher the mass the higher the momentum.
The higher the velocity the higher the momentum
where:
m = mass of the object
v = velocity of the object

Impulse is the change in momentum.

It is force applied over a duration of time.
Relationship between impulse and momentum.
p = mv IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM
∆𝑝 𝑚∆𝑣 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝
= 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑜
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑝 If you apply force on an object over a duration of
= 𝑚𝑎 time, it will gain some momentum.
∆𝑡
MOMENTUM – sample problem
A force was applied to a 5kg block to speed it up from rest to 20 m/s in 4 seconds.
What is the change in the momentum of the object?
What average force was exerted on the object?

Solution:
Given: ∆p = 𝑚∆v
m = 5 kg m m
∆p = (5kg)(20 − 0 )
Vf = 20 m/s s s
Vo = 0 m/s ∆p = 100 kg m/s
t = 4 seconds
∆𝑝
Req’d: 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
∆𝑡
∆p=? 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
4𝑠
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =25 kg - m/s2
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 25 N
IMPULSE – sample problem
A tennis ball moving horizontally to the left at 40 m/s hits a racket and rebounds horizontally to the
right at 30 m/s. If the mass of the ball is 100 grams, find the impulse of the force (in kg-m/s) exerted on
the ball by the racket.

Given:
m = 100 grams = 0.1 kg
Solution:
V1 = -40 m/s Impulse is defined as the change in momentum
V2 = 30 m/s
∆𝑝 = m∆v
Req’d: ∆𝑝 = m(v2 − v1)
∆𝑝 = ? ∆𝑝 = 0.1 𝑘𝑔(30 m/s − (−40 m/s))
∆𝑝 = 7 kg m/s
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
"If there is no net external force acting upon a
system of bodies, the momentum of the system
does not change."

Total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
"If there is no net external force acting upon a Total momentum before a collision is equal to
system of bodies, the momentum of the system the total momentum after the collision
does not change."

A 10 kg ball moving at a speed of 6 m/s strikes another 5kg ball at rest with a contact time of 0.5 seconds.
The 10kg ball comes to a complete stop.
Initial momentum of 5 kg
What average force was exerted on the 10kg ball? ball: 0 kg m/s
What average force was exerted on the 5kg ball?
What is the final momentum of the 5kg ball? Final momentum of 10 kg
What is the initial momentum of the 10kg ball? ball: 0 kg m/s

Given: Final momentum of the 5kg ball

𝑚∆𝑣
VoA = 6 m/s 𝐹𝐴 = ∆𝑝
VfA = 0 m/s ∆𝑡 𝐹𝐵 = Therefore, the initial
𝑚 ∆𝑡
10 𝑘𝑔 (0 − 6 )
𝑠 momentum of the 10kg ball
𝐹𝐴 = ∆𝑝 = 𝐹𝐵 ∆𝑡
Let: 0.5 𝑠 is also 60 kg m/s.
∆𝑝 = (120 𝑁)(0.5𝑠)
FA = force exerted on 10 kg ball 𝐹𝐴 = −120 𝑁 ∆𝑝 = 60 𝑁 𝑠
FB = force exerted on 5 kg ball 𝑚 This is due to the law of
∆𝑝 = 60 (𝑘𝑔 2 )(𝑠)
𝐹𝐵 = 120 𝑁 𝑚
𝑠 conservation of
∆𝑝 = 60 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 momentum.
Types of collision
Collision is an event when a moving object comes in contact with another object

Elastic Collision
The colliding objects remain separate after the collision occurs.

Perfectly elastic collision:

Total kinetic energy and momentum are conserved

Inelastic Collision
The colliding objects move together as one mass.

Perfectly inelastic collisions:

Total momentum is conserved
Kinetic energy is not conserved.
COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION
The coefficient of restitution (denoted by e ) is the ratio of
the final to initial relative velocity between two objects
after they collide.

It tells how an object interacts with another object with

respect to its bounciness or elasticity.

𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑒=
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑉𝐴𝑓 − 𝑉𝐵𝑓
𝑒=
𝑉𝐴 𝑜 − 𝑉𝐵 𝑜

In general 0 ≤ e ≤ 1

e = 1 for a perfectly elastic collision

e = 0 for a perfectly inelastic collision
collision – sample problem
A 16 gram mass is moving at 30 cm/sec while a 4 gram mass is moving in an opposite direction at 50
cm/sec. They collide head on and stick together. Assume perfectly inelastic collision.

What is their velocity after collision?

Given:
m1=16 g
V1 o = 30 cm/s Initial momentum = Final momentum
m2 = 4 g m1V1 o+ m2V2 o = (m1+ m2)V f
V2 o = -50 cm/s
(16 g)(30 cm/s) + (4g)(−50 cm/s)
Vf = 16 g + 4 g
V f = 14 cm / s
Req’d:
Vf = ?
collision – sample problem
A 10 g block slides with a velocity of 20 cm/s on a smooth level surface and makes a collision with a 30 g
block moving in the opposite direction with a velocity of 10 cm/s.

If the collision is perfectly elastic, what is the velocity of the 30 g block after the collision?
Given:
Initial momentum = Final momentum
m1=10 g m1V1 o+ m2V2 o = m1V1 f + m2V2 f
V1 o = 20 cm/s
m2 = 30 g (10g)(20 cm/s) + (30g)(-10 cm/s) = (-10g)(V1 f ) + (30g)(V2 f )
V2 o = -10 cm/s -100 = -10 v1 f + 30 v2 f → Eq. 1

For a perfectly elastic collision, e = 1

𝑉2𝑓 − 𝑉1𝑓
Req’d: 𝑒=1=
𝑉1 𝑜 − 𝑉 2𝑜
V2f = ? Substitute eq 2 to eq 1:
𝑉1 𝑜 − 𝑉 2𝑜 = 𝑉2𝑓 − 𝑉1𝑓 -100 = -10 v1 f + 30 v2 f
-100 = -10 ( 30 - v2 f ) + 30 v2 f
20 cm/s – (-10 cm/s) = 𝑉2𝑓 − 𝑉1𝑓
-100 = -300 + 10 v2 f + 30 v2 f
30 = 𝑉2𝑓 − 𝑉1𝑓 -100 + 300 = 40 v2 f
𝑉1𝑓 = 30 −𝑉2𝑓 → Eq. 2 v2 f = 5 cm/s to the right
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Motion of an object traveling at a constant tangential speed on a circular path.

Tangential speed – instantaneous speed along the tangent line (perpendicular to the radius)

The tangential velocity has a constant magnitude, however its direction is constantly
changing.

If there is a change in velocity, then there is an acceleration.

This is called centripetal acceleration, which always directs towards the center.

The centripetal force is the force that pulls objects towards the axis of rotation during
circular motion.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION – sample problem
What is the magnitude of the centripetal force that must be applied in order for a 0.50 kg ball on a
2.0 m string to spin with a uniform circular motion at 5.0 m/s?

Given: Solution:
m = 0.5 kg 𝑚𝑣𝑡2
𝐹𝑐 =
r=2m 𝑟
vt = 5 m/s 𝑚 2
(0.5𝑘𝑔)(5 )
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑠
Req’d: 2𝑚
𝐹𝑐 = ?
𝐹𝑐 = 6.25 N
NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
"Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to
the product of the masses of the two particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers of mass."

r
NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION - sample problem
What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between a 75.0 kg person and a 90.0 kg person
5.0 m apart?

Given:
Solution:
m1 = 75 kg
m2 = 90 kg
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺 2
r=5m 𝑟
G = 6.673 x 10-11 N-m2/kg2
(75 𝑘𝑔)(90 𝑘𝑔)
Req’d: 𝐹𝑔 = 6.67 𝑥 10−11 N−m2/kg2
(5 𝑚)2
𝐹𝑔 = ?

Fg = 1.8 x 10 - 8 N
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
ROTATION - KINEMATICS
Angular displacement θ = angle swept out by a rotating body (radians)

Angular velocity, ω = angular displacement per unit time (rad/s)

ω = Δθ / Δt

Angular acceleration, α = change in angular velocity per unit time (rad/s2)

α = Δω / Δt
ROTATION (KINEMATICS) – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A turbine started from rest to 180 rpm in 6 minutes at a constant acceleration.
Find the number of revolution it that makes within the elapsed time.
Given: Reqd: Solution:
ωf = 180 rpm Θ=? ωf = ωo + α t
ωo = 0 rpm 180 rpm = 0 + α (6 min)
t = 6 minutes α = 30 rev/min2

ωf2 = ωo2 + 2αθ

(180 rpm)2 = (0)2 + 2(30 rev/min2)θ
θ = 540 revolutions

The flywheel of a puncher is to be brought to a complete stop in 8 seconds from a speed of 60 revolutions per
minute.
Compute the number of turns the flywheel will still make if its deceleration is uniform.

Given: Solution:
ωf = 0 rpm ω f = ωo + α t
ωo = 60 rpm = 1 rps 0 = 1 rps + (α) (8 s)
t = 8 seconds α = -0.125 rev/s2

Reqd: ωf2 = ωo2 + 2(α)θ

Θ=? (0)2 = (1 rps)2 + 2(-0.125 rev/s2)θ
θ = 4 revolutions
ROTATION (KINEMATICS) – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
As seen from the front of the engine, the fan blades are rotating with an angular speed of 110 rad/s.
As the plane takes off, the angular velocity of the blades reaches 330 rad/s in a time of 14 s.

Find the angular acceleration, assuming it to be constant.

Given: Reqd: Solution:

ωf = 330 rps α=? 𝜔 −𝜔
ωo = 110 rps
α= 𝑓 𝑜
∆𝑡
t = 14 seconds
330 𝑟𝑝𝑠−110 𝑟𝑝𝑠
α=
14 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

α = 15.71 rad/s2
FLUIDS
FLUIDS
FLUIDS - PROPERTIES
Temperature
Density It is the property that determines heat
mass per unit volume intensity of a fluid.
𝑚 (𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: K)
𝜌=
𝑣
(𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: kg/m3)
(𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: lbm/ft3)

Specific weight/ Weight density

weight per unit volume
𝑊 𝑚𝑔
𝐷= = = 𝜌𝑔
𝑉 𝑉
(𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: N/m3)
(𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: lbf/ft3)
Pressure
Specific gravity Force per unit area. It is the ratio of force on a fluid
density of the substance relative to that of water. to the area of the fluid held perpendicular to the
Also known as relative density direction of the force.
𝜌 𝐹
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑃=
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴
(𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: N/m2)
Viscosity
(𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡: lbf/in2)
the amount of resistance of the fluid to shear stress
In a liquid, viscosity decreases with increase in temperature.
In a gas, viscosity increases with increase in temperature.
PROPERTIES OF AIR AT STANDARD SEA LEVEL CONDITION
Density
Temperature
mass per unit volume
𝑚 It is the property that determines heat
𝜌= intensity of a fluid.
𝑣

Viscosity Pressure
the amount of resistance of the fluid to shear stress Force per unit area. It is the ratio of force on a fluid to
the area of the fluid held perpendicular to the
In a liquid, viscosity decreases with increase in temperature. direction of the force.
𝐹
𝑃=
In a gas, viscosity increases with increase in temperature. 𝐴
GAS LAWS
 GAS - DEFINITION
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.

It is the phase of matter where atoms of a substance are in motion and fill their container

IDEAL GAS
Assumptions for gases:
1. Particles of a gas are dimensionless points in
random motion.
2. Particles don’t interact.

PROPERTIES
1. Pressure
2. Temperature
3. Volume
4. Moles
 BOYLE’S LAW
If the temperature remains constant, the product of the pressure and volume is constant.

Temperature is constant
CHARLES’ LAW
Charles’ Law
If the pressure is kept constant, the volume is
proportional to the temperature.

Pressure is constant
Always use the Absolute temperature
scale in doing calculations involving
temperature.
 COMBINED GAS LAW & AVOGADRO’S LAW

Combined gas law is just a combination

of Boyle’s and Charles’ law

Avogadro’s law relates the volume of a

gas to the amount of substance of gas
present
IDEAL GAS LAW
The ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas in one equation.
GAS LAWS – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A 20 liter sample of gas exerts a pressure of 1 atm at 25°C.
If it is expanded into a 40 L vessel that is held at 100°C, what will be its final pressure?

Given: Reqd: Solution:

V1 = 20 L P2 = ? 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
V2 = 40 L =
𝑇1 𝑇2
P1 = 1 atm
T1 = 25 °C = 298 K 𝑃1𝑉1𝑇2 (1𝑎𝑡𝑚)(20𝐿)(373𝐾)
𝑃2 = =
T2 = 100 °C = 373 K 𝑉2𝑇1 (40𝐿)(298𝐾)

𝑃2 = 0.63 atm

Suppose your bicycle tire is fully inflated, with an absolute pressure of 7.00 × 105 Pa (a gauge pressure of just under
90.0 lb/in2) at a temperature of 18.0°C. What is the pressure after its temperature has risen to 35.0°C? Assume that
there are no appreciable leaks or changes in volume
Given: Req’d: Solution:
T1 = 18°C + 273° = 291 K P2 = ? 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
T2 = 35°C + 273° = 308 K =
𝑇1 𝑇2
P1 = 7 x 105 Pa
𝑃1𝑇2 (7 𝑥 105 𝑃𝑎)(308 𝐾)
𝑃2 = =
𝑇1 291 𝐾

𝑃2 = 740,983.47 𝑃𝑎
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE – SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A beach ball with a volume of 5000 cm3 is pushed underwater. What is the magnitude of the buoyant force pushing
upward.

Given: Reqd: Solution:

V = 5000 cm3 Fbuoyant = ? Fbuoyant = Wdisplaced water
Fbuoyant = mg
Fbuoyant = ρ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟Vg
𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔 m
Fbuoyant = (1 3)(5000 cm3)( )(9.81 2)
𝑐𝑚 1000 𝑔 s
Fbuoyant = 49.05 𝑁
FLUID DYNAMICS
 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
The following assumptions are made for this CONTINUITY EQUATION
topic.

The fluids are incompressible, thus density

Mass and volume flow rate are constant
does not change. 𝑚 𝜌𝑉 𝜌𝐴𝑑
= = = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
The fluids flow perfectly smoothly, and have
no viscosity. 𝜌𝐴1𝑣1 = 𝜌𝐴2𝑣2 → 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐴1𝑣1 = 𝐴2𝑣2
CONTINUITY EQUATION – SAMPLE PROBLEM
A liquid flows through a pipe with a diameter of 10cm at a velocity of 9cm/s. If the diameter of the pipe then decreases
to 6cm, what is the new velocity of the liquid?

Given: Solution:
d1 = 10 cm 𝐴1 𝑣 1 = 𝐴 2 𝑣 2
d2 = 6 cm
𝑣1 = 9 cm/s 𝜋𝑑12 𝜋𝑑22
𝑣 = 𝑣
4 1 4 2
𝑑12
Reqd: 𝑣2 = 2 𝑣1
v2 = ? 𝑑2
10 𝑐𝑚 2 9 𝑐𝑚
𝑣2 = 𝑠
6 𝑐𝑚 2
𝑣2 = 25 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
CONTINUITY EQUATION – SAMPLE PROBLEM
Engr. Sins was assigned to inspect the water piping of a civilian’s house.

He found out that the water flows at 5m/s in a pipe with a diameter of 0.5 m. The pipe gradually increases in size to a
diameter of 1.5 m, and then gradually decreases to a diameter of 1 m.

Neglecting any energy losses due to friction and pressure changes, what is the speed of the water when it reaches the
tube diameter of 1 m?

Given: Solution:
d1 = 0.5 m 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
d2 = 1.5 m 𝐴1 𝑣 1 = 𝐴3 𝑣 3
d3 = 1.0 m
𝑣1 = 5 m/s 𝜋𝑑12 𝜋𝑑32
𝑣1 = 𝑣
4 4 3
Reqd:
𝑣 3= ? 𝜋 0.5 2 𝜋(1.0)2
(5) = 𝑣3
4 4
𝑣3 = 1.25 𝑚/𝑠
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a
fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure
or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

The higher a fluid’s velocity is through a pipe, the lower the

pressure on the pipe’s walls, and vice versa.
 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE - FORMS

BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR STATIC FLUIDS BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR FLOWING FLUIDS (CONSANT HEIGHT)

1 1
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2 2

NO KINETIC ENERGY NO CHANGE IN HEIGHT

1
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑣2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2
1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣21 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2 2
STATIC PRESSURE + POTENTIAL ENERGY DENSITY STATIC PRESSURE + DYNAMIC PRESSURE = TOTAL PRESSURE
Bernoulli’s principle – SAMPLE PROBLEM
A gardener/physicist named Johnny Sims was watering his neighbor’s plants and he noticed that the speed of water in
the hose increases from 1.96 m/s to 25.5 m/s going from the hose to the nozzle.

Calculate the pressure in the hose, given that the absolute pressure in the nozzle is 101325 N/m2 (atmospheric, as it
must be) and assuming level, frictionless flow.

Given: Solution:
v1 = 1.96 m/s 1 1
v2 = 25.5 m/s 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣21 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2 2
𝑃2 = 101325 N/m2 1 2 1
𝜌water= 1000 kg/m3 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣 2 − 𝜌𝑣21
2 2
1
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌(𝑣22 − 𝑣21)
Reqd: 2
𝑃1 = ? 𝑁 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
𝑚 2
𝑃1 = 101325 2 + 25.5 − 1.96
𝑚 2 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑠

𝑁
𝑃1 = 424529.2
𝑚2
𝑃1 = 424529.2 𝑃𝑎
Bernoulli’s principle – SAMPLE PROBLEM
During a shootout in Pochinki, a huge open-top tank (50m high) filled with water got hit with a bullet that pierces one
side of the tank, allowing water to flow out.

The hole is 2m above the ground. If the hole is very small in comparison with the size of the tank, how fast will the
water flow out of the tank?

Given: Solution:
ℎ1 = 50 m 1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 + 2 𝜌𝑣21 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 + 2 𝜌𝑣22
ℎ2 = 2 m
1
𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2
1 2
𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑣 2
2
Reqd:
v2 = ?
𝑣2 = 2𝑔 ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑣2 = 2(9.81) 50 − 2
𝑣2 = 30.69 𝑚/𝑠