Political Science

WEEK 1: NATURE AND DEFINITION

●​ The study of politics
●​ It is a classical discipline that deals
How does politics occur?
with the study of political
phenomena. Its goal is to deepen
Nature of Politics
human understanding of the forms
“Politics exist because people disagree
and nature of political action and to
about the aim and objectives of human
develop theoretical tools for
endeavor and probably even more so, about
interpreting politically meaningful
the methods to be used in achieving them”
phenomena.
(S.G. Richards, 1978).

“The acquisition of power therefore is a

prerequisite of achieving political APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF
objectives.” DIFFERENT POLITICAL STRUCTURES
AND INSTITUTIONS
What is Politics?
●​ Politics is the strategy for TRADITIONAL APPROACH
maintaining cooperation among ●​ A combination of views on and
people with different needs and orientation to politicsin philosophical,
ideals in life, or for resolving the ethical, and institutional terms. Since
conflict within the group, whether the time of Plato and Aristotle, the
this is a family, a tribe, a village or a great issues of politics have revolved
nation-state. (Tuibeo, A.) around the organization and
functioning of the state, the political
Harold Lasswell institution per excellence.
●​ Politics is concerned with
determination, by official government Various forms of the traditional approach:
decision making and action of:
1. Philosophical approach
1.​ Who in political society receives ●​ This approach firmly believes that
what benefits, rewards, and values cannot be separated from the
advantages and how much of them study of politics and the political
they receive. system. Therefore, its main concern
2.​ When they receive the benefits, is to judge what is good or bad in
rewards, and advantages, and; any political society.
3.​ The methods by which they receive
them. 2. Historical approach
●​ As the name of this approach is
related to history, it emphasizes on
the study of history of every political
reality to analyze any situation.

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 Quantification
3. Institutional approach ●​ After collecting data, the researcher
●​ This approach is concerned should measure and quantify those
with the study of formal data.
structures and institutions
like legislature, executive, WHY POLITICS IS IMPORTANT?
judiciary, political parties, etc.
1. It is very important to care about politics
4. Legal approach because you should know what is going on
●​ This approach is concerned around you.
with the legal process, legal 2. Another reason you should care about
bodies or institutions, justice Politics is because you should have a say in
and independence of what will
judiciary. happen.
3. You should care about politics because
BEHAVIORAL APPROACH the decisions people make will affect many
●​ This approach shifts its emphasis lives.
from the study of the state and
government to the day-to-today
problems, activities and behavior of ​ —------ END OF WEEK 1 —--------
individuals and groups.

Characteristics of Behavioral Approach:

Regularities
●​ Believes that there are certain
uniformities in political behavior
which can be expressed in
generalizations or theories in order
to explain and predict political
phenomena.

Verification
●​ Emphasizes testing and verifying
everything. According to the
behaviorists, what cannot be verified
is not scientific.

Techniques
●​ Put emphasis on the use of those
research tools and methods which
generate valid, reliable and
comparative data.

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 ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
WEEK 2: STATE / ELEMENTS OF THE
STATE

1. People/Population
What is a State?
— People refers to the mass of the
●​ The modern term “state” is derived
population living with the state "people"
from the word “status”. It was
answers the question, "Who governs us?".
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) who
— According to Plato, there is no specific
first used the term “state” in his
number requirement. It can be too large and
writings. His significant work is titled
too small.
as “Prince”
— The state shall neither be too small nor
●​ The state is the most universal and
yet one that seems great but has no unity.
most powerful of all institutions. The
“Aristotle, on the other hand, says “the
state is a natural institution.
number should be neither too large nor too
small; It should be large enough to be
self-sufficient and small enough to be well
According to Aristotle
governed.
●​ State is a union of families and
villages having for its end a perfect
and self-sufficing life by which we
2. Territory
mean a happy and honorable life.
— The democratic area that rightly belongs
to the population answers the question,
"Where?"
According to James W Garner
— Definite portion of the surface of the
●​ A state is a community of persons,
earth, which is the subject of the jurisdiction
more or less numerous, permanently
and sovereign rights of a state in
occupying a definite portion of
accordance with international law.
territory, having a government of
— There is no limitation in territory!
their own to which the great body of
inhabitants render habitual
Terrestrial domains:
obedience, and enjoying freedom
a. Terrestrial (land)
from external control.
b. Fluvial (fluvial)
c. Aerial (air)

According to Woodrow Wilson

3. Government
●​ State is a people organized for law
— The agency to which the will of the state
within a definite territory.
is formulated, expressed, and carried out.
— It is an institution or aggregate of
institutions by which an independent society
makes and carries out those rules of action
necessary to enable men to live in a social
state.

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— The Philippines is a Republican 2. Necessity or Force Theory
Democratic ●​ Maintains that the state must have
been created as a product of the
❖​ Constitutional monarchy existence of the strong and the weak
— king and queen who govern, with in society, and as a result of their
the other government officials. struggle against each other wherein
those who are strong are able to
4. Sovereignty (freedom) dominate and impose their will upon
— The word “sovereignty” means supreme the weak.
and final legal authority above and beyond
which no legal power exists. 3. Natural or Instinctive Theory
— Freedom from the control of the other ●​ The Natural or Instinctive Theory
country holds that the state is founded out of
— The supreme power of the state to man’s natural instinct for
command and enforce obedience to its will association. The social urge of the
from the people within its jurisdiction and human being to be within a group of
corollary to have freedom from foreign people in the community as in
control. sociology describes that “man is a
social being.
Has two aspects:
4. Patriarchal Theory
1. Internal sovereignty ●​ The Patriarchal theory attributes the
— the state is supreme over all its citizens origin of states to the enlargement of
and associations. the family which remained under the
2. External sovereignty authority of the father.
— the state is independent and free from
foreign or outside control. 5. Social Contract Theory
●​ Social contract theory asserts that
the early states must have been
formed by deliberate and voluntary
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF STATE
compact among the people to form a
society and organize government for
1. Divine Right Theory their common good.
●​ Holds that the state is of divine
creation and the ruler is ordained by 6. Historical/Evolutionary Theory
God to govern the people. ●​ Explains that “the state is the
Reference has been made by product of growth, a slow and steady
advocates of this theory to the laws evolution extending over a long
which Moses received at Mount period of time and ultimately shaping
Sinai. itself into the complex structure of a
modern state. ” This theory is more
scientific.

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 2. Power of Eminent Domain
NATION VS STATE
●​ Power of Eminent Domain is the
power possessed by the state over
all property within the state,
STATE NATION specifically its power to appropriate
property for a public purpose.
State is a A nation is a ●​ This is the power of the state to take
community of society of
private property for public use with
persons occupying inhabitants of a
a definite territory, specific geographic just compensation.
having a region united and
government of their bound together by 3. Taxation Power
own, and enjoying a common racial ●​ Power of Taxation is the inherent
freedom from ancestry, the same power of the sovereign, exercised
external control. language and through the legislature, to impose
culture, historical
burdens upon subjects and objects
past, laws and a
shared interests within its jurisdiction for the purpose
and sentiments of raising revenues to carry out the
over the passing of legitimate objects of the government.
many years.

Has territory Has no territory

Internationally Bound by culture

recognized —------- END OF WEEK 2 —-------

INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

1. Police Power
●​ Police power is the power of the
government to enforce obedience
from the people in the promotion of
public health, morals, or safety, and
the general well-being of the
community.
●​ It is the inherent power of
government to enact and enforce
laws for the promotion of general
welfare.

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 DIMENSIONS OF THE NATIONAL
WEEK 3: POLITICAL POWER POWER

POWER 1. MILITARY POWER

-​ The use of force, whereas many ●​ To secure safety and security
others explain it as the capacity to ●​ When in war, controlling police and
secure desired goals through the soldiers to guard
use of force or even by exercising ●​ It is regarded as absolutely essential
influence. for achieving the objective of
❖​ Schwarzenberg ensuring the security of the nation.
- “The capacity of one to impose his For every nation, security is the most
will on others by reliance on effective vital element of its national interest.
sanctions in case of It is the primary concern of every
non-compliance.” nation to work for its security.
❖​ Social Science and Politics
- It is defined as the ability to outright 2. ECONOMIC POWER
control the behavior of people. It is ●​ The second important dimension of
an authority when the power is national power.
perceived as legitimate by the social ●​ It is constituted by the ability of a
structure. Power may also be seen nation to satisfy its own needs and
as evil or unjust, but the exercise of to control the behavior of other
power is accepted as reserved only states by affording or denying
for humans as social beings. access to economic goods and
services.
National Power ●​ Needs and wants are unending.
●​ It is the "combination of power and Through employment processes and
capability of a state that the state job opportunities, price change, and
uses for fulfilling its national interests imposing taxes.
and goals," according to Paddleford ●​ Economic power is used by rich and
and Lincoln. developed nations to influence other
●​ It is simply the ability or capability of states by granting them economic
a nation to secure the goals and aid and loans and trying to secure
objectives of its national interest in their interests in international
relation to other nations. It involves relations. It is used as a means to
the capacity to use force or the induce and coerce the desired
threat of using force or influence change in the behavior of other
over others to secure the goals of states.
national interest.

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3. PSYCHOLOGICAL POWER 2. Reward
●​ It means the power of opinion and ●​ The offering of rewards can be
the image of the nation. The role of material, economic, or
propaganda and persuasive psychological.
negotiations in international relations ●​ A nation can give material help to
has been used by states to secure another nation in times of crisis or in
an intended change in the behavior other ways.
of other states. ●​ The practice of giving economic aid
●​ The ability to influence others and easy loans, or grants-in-aid, is
through systematic publicity and another method of winning support
educational and cultural relations and inducing a change in the
constitutes the psychological part of behavior of other states.
the national power of a nation. ●​ The token support or grant of certain
●​ e.g. using news to impose human honors to the statesmen,
minds their intention philosophers, artists, scientists, and
scholars of other nations also serves
as psychological rewards intended
to keep the other states friendly and
METHODS OF EXERCISING NATIONAL
POWER cooperative.

3. Punishment
●​ A powerful nation can inflict
punishment on an offending or
1. Persuasion
unhelpful state by imposing
●​ The art of persuasion consists in
economic sanctions, norms, or
defining and logically explaining a
policies, placing trade restrictions, or
particular problem, issue, or dispute
ensuring the denial of a possible
to other nations.
reward.
●​ An attempt is made to persuade
●​ A denial or reduction in foreign aid or
other nations to adopt a particular
loans or a refusal to export certain
and desired view or perception of
items or technologies can be used
the nature of the issues involved in
by a powerful nation to inflict
any bilateral or multilateral problem,
punishment or pressure on other
dispute, or issue.
nations.
●​ The attempt is to convince others
about the goodness of the policies of
4. Force/Physical Violence
the nation.
●​ Physical force or violence can be
●​ Diplomacy basically uses persuasion
used by resorting to war or acts of
to secure support for the foreign
reprisal by a powerful state.
policy that it represents.
●​ A resort to war is the extreme form
of force exercised.
●​ It is a risky and dangerous method
that can damage the national power
of the state.

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5. Authority 2. Charismatic
●​ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of ●​ It is an authority that stems from an
Politics defines authority as ”The individual’s extraordinary personal
power or right to give orders and qualities and from that individual’s
enforce obedience; the power to hold over followers because of these
influence others based on qualities. Such charismatic
recognized knowledge or expertise. individuals may exercise authority
●​ "It can most simply be defined as over a whole society or only a
legitimate power. It is, therefore, specific group within a larger society.
based on an acknowledged duty to ●​ Charismatic authority is found in a
obey rather than on any form of leader whose mission and vision
coercion or manipulation. In this inspire others. It is based on the
sense, authority is power cloaked in perceived extraordinary
legitimacy or rightfulness”. characteristics of an individual.
●​ e. g. Adolf Hitler, Mahatma Gandhi,
Martin Luther King Jr., Jesus Christ,
Muhammad, and Buddha. Each of
TYPES OF POLITICAL POWER
these individuals had extraordinary
personal qualities that led their
1. Traditional Power followers to admire them and follow
●​ It is the power that is rooted in the their orders or requests for action.
traditional, or long-standing, beliefs
and practices of a society. 3. Legal-Relation
●​ It exists and is assigned to particular ●​ Legal-Rational authority derives from
individuals because of that society’s law and is based on a belief in the
customs and traditions. The ability legitimacy of a society’s laws and
and right to rule are passed down, rules and in the right of leaders to
often through heredity. It does not act under these rules to make
change over time, does not facilitate decisions and set policy.
social change, tends to be irrational ●​ Through the process of ‘election’
and inconsistent, and perpetuates ●​ It is bound to be good
the status quo.
●​ "The creation of new laws opposite
traditional norms is deemed
impossible in principle." -—----- END OF WEEK 3 —-------
●​ Traditional authority is typically
embodied in feudalism or
patrimonialism. "The servants are
completely and personally
dependent upon the lord"

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 Direct/Pure Democracy
WEEK 4: THE GOVERNMENT
●​ A government in which the will of the
state is formulated or expressed
A. As to the number of persons directly and immediately through the
exercising sovereign power people in a mass meeting or primary
assembly.
1. Monarchy is a form of government in ●​ Kasama sa pagboto ang
which supreme and final authority is in the mamamayan.
hands of a single person.

Absolute Monarch Indirect/Republican

●​ A government in which the ruler ●​ a government in which the will of the
rules by divine right. state is formulated and expressed
through a relatively small and select
Limited Monarch body of persons chosen by the
●​ A government in which the ruler people to act as their
rules in accordance with the representatives.
Constitution. ●​ Hindi kasama sa pagboto ang
mamamayan.
Tyranny
●​ An autocratic form of rule in which B. AS TO THE EXTENT OF POWERS
one individual exercises power EXERCISED BY THE CENTRAL OR
without any legal restraint. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

Dictatorship Unitary Government

●​ An authoritarian type of government ●​ A government in which the control of
where there is absolute control by national and local affairs is exercised
one person. by the central or national
government.
2. Aristocracy is a form of government in ●​ Combine to be united
which political power is exercised by a few ●​ e.g. UK is a type of unitary
privileged classes, which are known as the government, bansa na under ng UK
aristocracy or oligarchy. In an oligarchy, a ay sinusunod ang government ng
small group of people has all the power in UK.
the government.
Federal Government
3. Democracy is a government in which ●​ A government in which the powers
political power is exercised by a majority of of government are divided between
the people. the national and local governments.
●​ Countries have their own
government.

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C. AS TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN such as the elite, to all members of
THE EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE society.
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT ●​ In societies that distinguish between
public and private life, every political
Parliamentary Government or economic tendency entails
●​ a government in which the state ideology, whether or not it is
confers upon the legislature the propounded as an explicit system of
power to terminate the tenure of the thought.
real executive.
●​ Legislatures, called parliaments,
operate under a parliamentary
LEFT AND RIGHT WING
system of government in which the
executive is constitutionally
answerable to the parliament. LEFT WING
Parliaments usually consist of ●​ Typically champions ideals of
chambers or houses and are usually equality, social justice, and collective
either bicameral or unicameral. responsibility, advocating for
●​ Combine: Legislative (Senate) and government intervention to address
Executive (Pres) societal inequalities and to provide
public services.
Presidential Government ●​ If you want to have equality, and
●​ A government in which the state reduce poverty.
makes the executive constitutionally ●​ Communism and socialism
independent of the legislature as
regards tenure to a large extent. RIGHT WING
●​ The executive branch is led by a ●​ Primarily champions social
president who serves as both head conservatism, limited government,
of state and head of government. In and free-market economics,
such a system, this branch exists asserting the importance of personal
separately from the legislature, for responsibility and traditional values.
which it is not responsible and which ●​ Let people to have their own
it cannot, in normal circumstances, business
dismiss. ●​ The poor will get poorer, the rich will
●​ Separated. get richer

Ideology
●​ Ideology is a comprehensive set of
normative beliefs, conscious and
unconscious ideas, that an
individual, group, or society has.
●​ Political ideologies can be proposed
by the dominant class of society,

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 system motivates them to work long
hours if they want to receive more.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
●​ Workers receive their share of
production after a percentage has
Communism (Left wing) been deducted for the common
●​ In a communist society, the central good.
plan economy is the dominant mode ●​ Human beings are social by nature,
of production. This means that the and society should respect this.
means of production are owned and Individualism is poisonous. Society,
controlled by the state, rather than not individuals, should own the
by individual capitalists. property.
●​ A communist society is one in which
the means of production are owned Liberalism (Center)
by the community as a whole, and ●​ A political and social philosophy that
the distribution of goods and promotes individual rights, civil
services is based on need rather liberties, democracy, and free
than profit. enterprise.
●​ It is also an egalitarian society in ●​ Individuals take priority over society;
which there is no place for inequality. have the right to make choices for
●​ There is no such thing as private themselves.
property. The state owns all property ●​ Hierarchies are rejected.
and the means of production and ●​ Liberals like the free market because
controls the economy. The state it easily creates more wealth.
centralized economic planning and
decision-making. Conservatism (Right wing)
●​ A political ideology or doctrine that
Socialism (Left wing) emphasizes the value of traditional
●​ Socialism is an economic system in institutions and practices. It is a
which the factors of production are preference for the historically
valued in relation to their usefulness inherited rather than the abstract
to people. and ideal.
●​ The mantra of socialism is, "From ●​ Stability is a precious thing, and
each according to his ability, to each change must be made gradually in
according to his contribution." order to preserve it.
●​ Socialists take into account both ●​ Liberalism is too abstract. It focuses
individual needs and greater social on freedom and equality, not on the
needs concrete way people live every day,
●​ All citizens have roughly the same which is the focus of conservatism.
level of prosperity ●​ Humans are frequently ignorant,
●​ The government plans the economy, prejudiced, and irrational. There is
there is no free market. no universal answer to the problems
●​ Everyone in society receives a share of society; the circumstances are
of the production based on how unique in each country.
much they have contributed, and the

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Fascism (Right wing)
●​ A way of organizing a society in
which a government ruled by a
dictator controls the lives of the
people and in which people are not
allowed to disagree with the
government.
●​ Fascist regimes cultivate images of
their leaders as great figures to be
loved and admired, often through
mass media and propaganda.
●​ Fascist governments are
anti-democratic, leave little room for
dissent, and strive to centralize
power. This ideology stands in
contrast to liberal democracies.

“The best form of government is that

which is most likely to prevent the
greatest sum of evil.”

-​ James Monroe

—------ END OF WEEK 4 —-------

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 ●​ Thereafter, a number of expeditions
were sent to formally colonize the
WEEK 5: THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT archipelago.
●​ However, it was only during Miguel
de Lopez's conquest of the islands in
1.​ PRE-COLONIAL.PERIOD
1565 that the formal establishment
(BEFORE 1565)
of a colonial government took place.
2.​ SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)
With his authority based in Manila
3.​ REVOLUTIONARY.PERIOD
(Intramuros), the governor-general
(1868-1898)
was likewise an all-powerful
4.​ AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)
individual.
5.​ JAPANESE.OCCUPATION
●​ Recognizing the influence of the
(1941-1945)
datus for the easier pacification of
6.​ THIRD REPUBLIC (1946-1971)
natives, the Spaniards appointed the
7.​ MARTIAL LAW (1972-1981)
chieftains as the Cabeza de
8.​ FOURTH REPUBLIC &POST-EDSA
barangay.
(1981-1986-PRESENT)
●​ The unified barangays were
composed of the pueblos, which
were led by the Gobernadorcillo.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (BEFORE 1565)
●​ The consolidated towns then formed
●​ Even before the Spaniards arrived in
provinces, which could be
the Philippines in 1521, there
categorized into two categories:
already existed a system of
●​ Alcaldia - provinces fully subjugated
governance in the pre-colonial
headed by Alcalde Mayor.
Philippines.
●​ Corregimiento - provinces that
●​ The Philippines was an archipelago
were not entirely pacified under
organized into several independent
Spanish authority led by Corregidor.
and self-sufficient political units
known as the Barangay.
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
●​ Datu - the unit is headed by a chief.
●​ The Propaganda Movement, led by
key figures such as Jose Rizal,
System of Stratification:
Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano
a.​ Nobility (maharlika)
Lopez Jaena advocated reforms
b.​ Freeman (timawa)
such that the same rights and
c.​ The serf (aliping namamahay)
freedoms enjoyed in Spain would
d.​ The slaves (aliping sagigilid)
also be granted to Filipinos.
●​ They also wrote novels, manifestos,
and articles that called for reforms.
SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)
However, the failure of the
●​ Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in the
propaganda to initiate changes in
Philippines in 1521 became the
society gave birth to a secret
Spanish crown's basis for the
association (KKK).
occupation of the archipelago.

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 ●​ As an organization, the Katipunan ●​ In 1902, the Philippine Act (Copper
adopted its own form of government, Act) was enacted, which provided
which had national and local levels. for the creation of a Philippine
●​ Events, however, led to the division legislature.
of the Katipunan into two factions: ●​ By 1916, the Philippine Autonomy
the Magdalo and Magdiwang. Act (Jones Law) provided for the
●​ On March 22, 1897, the Tejeros reorganization of the Philippine
Convention was called, and Gen. legislature into a fully elected and
Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as Filipino-controlled bicameral body.
President. ●​ In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act
●​ On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo (Philippine Independent Act) was
established the Biak-na- bato ratified by the US Congress. It
Republic. Its constitution declared established the Philippine
the creation of an independent Commonwealth, which provided for
Philippine state. a 10-year transition period that
would prepare the Filipinos for
self-government.
The Katipunan was governed by the: ●​ President Manuel Quezon and
●​ kataastaasang sanggunian Vice President Sergio Osmena
(supreme council) headed the first commonwealth
●​ sangguniang balangay (provincial government.
council)
●​ sangguniang bayan (popular
council) JAPANESE OCCUPATION
●​ sangguniang hukuman (judicial ●​ The Japanese occupation of Manila
council) signaled the establishment of the
Japanese Military Administration
AMERICAN PERIOD on January 3, 1942.
●​ The signing of the Treaty of Paris ●​ In an initial move, the Japanese
signaled the end of the military forces established the
Spanish-American War. Philippine Executive Commission.
●​ The treaty involved the United (PEC), a civil government that would
States paying $20 million to Spain temporarily rule the country.
after the latter ceded all as imperial ●​ In 1943, a new constitution was
possessions, including Puerto Rico, promulgated, and the
Guam, and the Philippines. Japanese-sponsored Philippine
●​ William H. Taft became the first Republic was established.
civil governor of the Philippines. ●​ Jose P. Laurel served as its
The civil governor acts as the head president, also called the Second
of the executive branch and also Republic.
exercises legislative powers as the ●​ Second Republic is commonly
head of the Philippine Commission, referred to as a Puppet
a lawmaking body whose members Government.
are all appointed.

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POST-WAR/THIRD REPUBLIC ●​ During Martial law, the political rights
●​ The structure of postwar Philippine and civil liberties of the people, as
politics and government was well as their human rights, were
founded in the 1935 constitution. suppressed and violated. Although
●​ The first president of the third Marcos lifted martial law by 1981, he
republic was Manuel Roxas, continued to exercise dictatorship
followed by Elpidio Quirino, powers.
Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. ●​ Calls to end his dictatorial regime
Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal, and brought Filipinos to the streets to
the first term of Ferdinand Marcos participate in a popular and
Sr. nonviolent uprising called the EDSA
●​ Marcos' second term saw changes PEOPLE POWER, which ousted
in the governmental structure and Marcos and ended his dictatorial
the ratification of a new rule.
constitution in 1973.
POST-EDSA PERIOD
●​ The period from 1986 onward is the
MARTIAL LAW period of the restoration of
●​ In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was democracy. The fall of the
elected to the presidency, and his dictatorship marked the shift
administration was characterized by towards redemocratization and a
an: return to constitutionalism.
a. Increased Agricultural Productivity ●​ A revolutionary government was
b.MassiveInfrastructure created following Corazon Aquino's
Development ascent to the presidency. When the
c. Defining Diplomatic Policy new Philippine Constitution was
●​ In 1969, he ran for reelection and ratified in 1987, a democratic and
succeeded, making him the only republican government was
president under the 1935 established.
constitution to be elected for a ●​ The post-EDSA era is also known as
second term. the Fifth Republic.
●​ At that time, however, the country ●​ Corazon Aquino served as the
was undergoing worsening first president of the Fifth
economic conditions and Republic. Followed by Fidel
deteriorating peace and order, social Ramos, and Joseph Estrada, after
discontent, and a growing being disposed of by the EDSA
communist insurgency. People Power Il, Estrada was
●​ Under the Marcos administration, a succeeded by his Vice President,
new constitution was adopted in Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,
1973. The 1973 Constitution followed by Benigno Aquino III,
provided that the Philippines would and Rodrigo Duterte, the first
have a modified parliamentary form president to hail from Mindanao.
of government.

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 ●​ It also called for a Presidential form
of government with the president
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTIONS elected for a term of four years by a
majority of the Assembly.

B. Commonwealth and Third Republic

Constitution
(1935)
●​ Fundamental law of the land
●​ The 1935 Constitution was written in
●​ Backbone of the government
1934, approved and adopted by the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
A. Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
(1935–1946), and later used by the
●​ The Katipunan revolution led to the
Third Republic of the Philippines
Tejeros Convention where, at San
(1946–1972).
Francisco de Malabón, Cavite, on 22
●​ It was written with an eye to meeting
March 1897, the first presidential
the approval of the United States
and vice-presidential elections in
Government as well, so as to ensure
Philippine history were
that the U.S. would live up to its
held—although only the Katipuneros
promise to grant the Philippines
(members of the Katipunan) were
independence and not have a
able to take part, and not the general
premise to hold onto its "possession"
populace.
on the grounds that it was too
●​ A later meeting of the revolutionary
politically immature and hence
government established there held
unready for full, real independence.
on 1 November 1897 at Biak-na-
●​ The original 1935 Constitution
Bato in the town of San Miguel de
provided for a unicameral National
Mayumo in Bulacán, established the
Assembly and the President was
Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The
elected to a six-year term without
republic had a constitution drafted by
re-election. It was amended in 1940
Isabelo Artacho and Félix Ferrer and
to have a bicameral Congress
based on the first Cuban
composed of a Senate and House of
Constitution.
Representatives, as well the creation
of an independent electoral
Malolos Constitution (1899)
commission. The Constitution now
●​ It replaced the Constitution of
granted the President a four-year
Biak-na-Bato
term with a maximum of two
●​ The Malolos Constitution was the
consecutive terms in office.
first republican constitution in
●​ A constitutional convention was held
Asia. It declared that sovereignty
in 1971 to rewrite the 1935
resides exclusively in the people,
Constitution. The convention was
stated basic civil rights, separated
stained with manifest bribery and
the church and state, and called for
corruption. Possibly the most
the creation of an Assembly of
controversial issue was removing
Representatives to act as the
the presidential term limit so that
legislative body.
Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek

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 election for a third term, which many proclaimed the Second Republic as
felt was the true reason for which the dissolved.
convention was called. In any case,
the 1935 Constitution was D. The New Society and The Fourth
suspended in 1972 with Marcos' Republic (1973)
proclamation of martial law, the — promulgated after Marcos'
rampant corruption of the declaration of martial law, was
constitutional process providing him supposed to introduce a
with one of his major premises for parliamentary-style government
doing so. — pinag-isa ang legislative and
executive Sixth Amenmend
C. Second Republic authorized the President to legislate:
●​ The 1943 Constitution was drafted — kapag gusto ipatupad ng
by a committee appointed by the President ang isang batas at
Philippine Executive Commission, tinanggihan ng iba, ipatutupad pa rin
the body established by the ng President regardless of the
Japanese to administer the others vote
Philippines in lieu of the • Modified into French-style
Commonwealth of the Philippines, semi-presidential system
which had established a government — executive power was restored to
in exile. the President
●​ In mid-1942 Japanese Premier — direct election of the President
Hideki Tojo had promised the was restored
Filipinos "the honor of — not unlimited reelection, has
independence" which meant that limitation
the commission would be — citizenship
supplanted by a formal republic.
●​ The 1943 Constitution remained in The 1976 amendments were:
force in Japanese-controlled areas ●​ an Interim Batasang Pambansa
of the Philippines, but was never (IBP) substituting for the Interim
recognized as legitimate or binding National Assembly
by the governments of the United ●​ The President would also become
States or of the Commonwealth of the Prime Minister and he would
the Philippines and guerrilla continue to exercise legislative
organizations loyal to them. powers until martial law should have
●​ In late 1944, President Laurel been lifted.
declared a state of war existed with
the United States and the British
Empire and proclaimed martial law,
essentially ruling by decree. His
government exiled in December
1944, first to Taiwan and then to
Japan. After the announcement of
Japan's surrender, Laurel formally

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E. The 1986 Freedom Constitution
●​ Following the EDSA People Power
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND
Revolution that removed President PREAMBLE
Ferdinand E. Marcos from office, the
new President, Corazon C. Aquino
THE CONSTITUTION IS DIVIDED INTO 18
issued Proclamation No. 3 as a
PARTS, EXCLUDING THE PREAMBLE,
provisional constitution.
WHICH ARE CALLED ARTICLES. THE
●​ It adopted certain provisions from
ARTICLES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
the 1973 Constitution and granted
the President broad powers to
Article I
reorganize this government and
- NATIONAL TERRITORY
remove officials from office, and
mandated that the president would
Article II
appoint a commission to draft a new
- DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND
constitution.
STATE POLICIES
F. Background of the 1987 Constitution
Article III
●​ Used up until now
- BILL OF RIGHTS
●​ Cory rejected 1973 and removed all
the guards of Marcos in the
Article IV
government
- CITIZENSHIP
●​ Appointed 50 members to the
Commission
Article V
●​ Cecilia de-Munoz Palma led the
- SUFFRAGE
drafting of the 1987 Constitution
●​ ConCom completed their task on
Article VI
October 12, 1986.
- LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
●​ After a period of nationwide
information campaign, a plebiscite
Article VII
for its ratification was held on
- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
February 2, 1987.
●​ More than three-fourths of all votes
Article VIII
cast, 76.37% (or 17,059,495 voters)
- JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
favored ratification as against
22.65% (or 5,058,714 voters) who
Article IX
voted against ratification.
- CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION
●​ On 11 February 1987, the new
constitution was proclaimed ratified
Article X
and took effect.
- LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Article XI
- ACCOUNTABILITY of public officers

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Article XII
- National economy and patrimony

Article XIII
- Social justice and human rights

Article XIV
- Education, science and technology, arts,
culture and sports

Article XV
- THE FAMILY CODE
- Cory Aquino

Article XVI
- General provisions

Article XVII
- amendments or revisions

Article XVIII
- Transitory PROvisions

PREAMBLE

"We, the sovereign Filipino people,

imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order
to build a just and humane society, and
establish a government that shall embody
our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity, the blessings of independence
and democracy under the rule of law and a
regime of truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality, and peace do ordain and
promulgate this constitution.”

-—----- END OF WEEK 5 —------

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