A project Submitted on

“Write Name of the Project”

A project Submitted to

University of Mumbai

To partial fulfillment of the degree of

(Bachelor of Management Studies -BMS)

By
Student Name

College Seat No Year:2024-2025

Exam Seat No:………..Year 2024-2025

Under the Guidance of

Prof. DR. Arvind Luhar

Ismail Yusuf College Arts, Science and Commerce

Ismail College Camps, Natwar Nagar, Jogeshwari East, Mumbai,

Maharashtra 400060
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Mr. Student Name has worked and duly completed her project work for the
degree of Bachelor of Management Studies -BMS in the faculty of commerce in the subject
of Reseach Project on project work to be written “Write Name of the Project” under my
supervision. It is her own work and facts reported by her/his personal findings and Investigation.

Date of submission:
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Prof. DR. Arvind Luhar

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 DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I, Student Name here by, declare that the work embodied in this project work titled “Write
Name of the Project” forms my own contribution to the research work carried out under the
guidance of Prof. DR. Arvind Luhar is a result of my own research work and has not been
previously submitted to any other University for any other Degree to this or any other University.

Where ever reference has been made to previous works of others, it has been clearly indicated as
such and included in the bibliography.

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College Seat No.: Year: 2024-2025

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so numerous and the depth is so
enormous.
I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels and fresh dimensions in the
completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai for giving me a chance to do this
project.
I would like to thank my Principal, DR. SWATI WAVHAL for providing the necessary facilities
required for completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank our Coordinator -------------for his moral support and guidance.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide OF Mr.Rajdeep
Kamble whose guidance and care made the project successful.
I would like to thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books and
magazines related to my project.
Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped me in the
completion of the project, especially my parents and Peers who supported me throughout my
project.

Date:

STUDENT NAME:
 INDEX

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGES

NO. NO
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-19

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH 20-22

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 23-28

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND 29-69

INTERVENTION

CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS AND 67-69

SUGGESTION

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 70-71

REFERENCE 72-73

ANNEXURE 74-80
Chapters - Contents
subtopic
Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 The link between fast food and obesity

1.2 Today's generation and fast food
1.3 list of fast-food benefits
1.4 Fast food consumption can have several negative
effects on your health, including
1.5 How to control the consumption of fast -food
1.6 Factors that affect people’s consumption of fast
1.7 food
1.8 Indian scenario of fast-food consumption.
The following is the sum of the major cause of
1.9 the fast-food industry expansion in India.
Reason for choosing fast- food.
The effectiveness of public health campaigns
1.10 aimed at reducing fast food consumption in
youth.
. The impact of fast food on mental health
1.11 outcomes in youth.

The role of socioeconomic status in fast food

1.12 consumption and its health effects in youth.
Chapter -2 Research Methodology

2.1 Objective of study

2.2 Hypothesis to study
2.3 Scope of study
2.4 Simple unit
2.5 Data collection
2.6 Limitations
Chapter 3 Literature review

3.1 Table- 01 independent variable and this

dependent variable
Chapter 4 Data analysis and interpretation
Chapter 5
Chapter 6 Findings and suggestions

Conclusion
References
Annexure
TOPIC-: “STUDY ON IMPACT OF FAST –FOOD ON
THE HEALTH OF YOUTH -MUMBAI”

CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

1.
INTRODUCTION
India's impressive economic growth over the past few decades and more recent growth that has e
inclusive has not only led to steadily rising income but also to sociocultural change. Globalization
and rising urbanization both made significant contributions to this process. India, a country with a
long history of cooking and recipes, had a deep-frying in-fat tradition. The emergence of a fast-food
culture throughout society, primarily because of its accessibility, accessibility, taste, marketing
strategy, and cafeteria culture, is complicating the situation.
Therefore, it is crucial to reflect on your use of fast food. In India, there is sufficient scientific
evidence to support the claim that fast food has assimilated into the diet of the entire population.
High food consumption has been observed among students. and this is particularly prevalent among
college and university students, even though a sizable segment of the public is aware of the negative
effects of fast-food intake.
In India, there is little regulation of marketing and nutritional labelling. By adopting legal, service,
and educational strategies for promoting healthy eating patterns, the risk of fast-food consumption
must be reduced.
Everyone needs meals every day, but it's getting increasingly difficult to avoid fast food because
it's so cheap and delicious. Many people enjoy quick food options including French fries,
hamburgers, pasta, and noodles. Regrettably, when it comes to our health, fast food is one of the
worst choices. Success in the fast-food industry has caught everyone's attention. needs to work
properly. Obesity, heart disease, and other physical issues are caused by healthy eating.
Only when an increasing number of individuals choose a healthy and balanced diet can the growing
health risks associated with fast food be diminished. Individuals must make a conscious effort to
adopt healthy eating habits. To guarantee high-quality food, fast food outlets need to be controlled.
Quick food goods may seem to save time and improve flavour, but they will never have the same
level of quality and appeal as homemade foods.
Junk food is fast food, right? Yeah, many individuals often view fast food as junk food. Typically,
the term "junk food" refers to food that is low in nutrients and heavy in calories. Fast food
frequently has a lot of fat, sugar, and salt, which can be harmful. If you're looking for something to
eat that is quick and convenient, fast food can also be a healthy alternative.
Many fast foods contain whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, which can help you get the nutrition
you need. Salads are one of the most filling fast foods. Therefore, even though many people think of
fast food as junk, it is still a choice worth taking into account if you're looking for a quick and
simple meal. However, fast food is not always the healthiest choice. Junk food has several negative
health effects. First, because junk food frequently contains high levels of calories and sugar, it can
cause weight gain and other health issues. Second, unhealthy ingredients like chemicals and
pesticides that can harm the body can be found in junk food. Junk food frequently has ingredients
that can cause constipation and other health problems.

2.
Second, unhealthy ingredients like chemicals and pesticides that can harm the body can be found in
junk food. Junk food frequently contains ingredients that can cause constipation and other medical
issues. Finally, junk food frequently lacks essential nutrients like calcium, which can cause the body to
exhibit symptoms of a deficiency system. Many people still regularly consume junk food despite the
risks it poses. This is complicated, but it involves both a craving for fast food and a lack of knowledge
about the harmful effects of junk food on health. Due to worries about the health and safety risks of
their food, the fast-food industry has been in the news quite a bit. Among the most frequent dangers
are Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. Aside from these chronic illnesses, eating fast food
frequently can also lead to several acute health issues. Asthma, conjunctivitis, and vomiting are all
symptoms of this condition. Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory condition of the tissues surrounding the
eyes.

1.1 The link between fast food and obesity

Without a doubt, fast food has become one of the most popular and convenient meal options for
many people. However, excessive fast-food consumption has been linked to obesity and other
health issues. According to a study published in the journal Obesity, people who ate fast food more
than twice a week were nearly three times more likely to be obese than those who ate less than once
a month. Furthermore, those who consume fast food five times per week are more likely to be
obese. The study also discovered that eating out was not the only factor that contributed to obesity.
Even after controlling for variables such as age, it was discovered this aided in the development of
obesity.
Even after controlling for age, gender, and dress, it was discovered that eating out at restaurants
played a significant role in the obesity rate in condition to cause obesity. Fast food has been linked
to a variety of health issues, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. People
who eat fast food regularly are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and
type 2 diabetes than those who do not. So, what can you do to reduce your risk of obesity or other
health problems caused by excessive eating? To begin, try to avoid eating out as much as possible.

1.2 Today's generation and fast food-

The model generation enjoys fast food more than any other generation before them, owing to their
constant on-the-go lifestyle and lack of time to sit down and eat a meal. They also value
convenience, so fast-food restaurants are improving their offerings. There are numerous types of
fast-food restaurants available, so the modern generation can find something to their liking. Burger
joints, chicken chains, pizza places, and ice cream parlours are examples of common fast-food
restaurants. shops. The model generation has also developed its brand of fast food. This includes
fast-food restaurants (QSRs). Quick-service meals such as sandwiches, salads, and pizzas are
available at some restaurants. QSRs are becoming more popular because they offer customers a
quick and convenient meal option. The Influence of Junk Food - High Blood Pressure We all know
that junk food contains a lot of sodium and eating it regularly can lead to high blood pressure. High
blood pressure can lead to a variety of other health problems, including heart attack and heart
failure. Health experts recommend a sodium limit of 2400 mcg for teenagers, but even a small
portion of tomato chips can contain more than 1600 mg of sodium. That is how junk food
consumption can raise sodium consumption to an allergic level.

3.
 Dental problem: -Junk food contains a sticky substance that sticks to teeth and can cause a variety
of rental issues. Excessive consumption of sodas and soft drinks can also be harmful to one's oral.
youth health, because they are sugar storage Regularly consuming search food, can result in tooth
decay and gum disease.

Constant fatigue and lack of concentration: - If a young person consumes junk food regularly, it
indicates that he or she is not eating a healthy and nutritious diet. This means that junk food has
taken over not only the stomach but also the youth's growth and future because in the absence of a
nutritious diet, minerals and vitamins will be deficient in the youth's body. Because of the
deficiency, he or she will always feel stressed and drowsy; this constant drowsiness can impair
concentration.
Chronic illness: -According to an export survey, junk food is to blame for the rising rate of diabetes,
high blood pressure, and heart attacks. Chronic illness is becoming more common among young
people because of their excessive consumption of junk food. According to the survey, one in every
three Indians will be diabetic by 2050. Diabetes can cause physical and mental disability as well as
premature death. Another survey found that children may suffer from high cholesterol and heart
disease later in life.
Self-esteem and depression: Having self-esteem and confidence is also important for growing
youth. According to the youth, regular consumption of junk food can hurt them. According to the
youth club magazine, junk food can have an impact on a young person's physical and mental health.
It can lead to unhealthy weight gain, which can exacerbate the problem of youth self-esteem.
Depression can be caused by a lack of self-confidence and self-esteem, which is extremely
dangerous.
Central nervous system: - In the short term, junk food can satisfy hunger, but the long-term effect
can be negative. People who eat junk food are more likely to suffer from depression than people
who do not eat junk food.
Reproductive system: - Junk food consumption may have an impact on fertility strength because
junk food contains phthalates, which are chemicals that can affect hormones in our bodies. High
levels of exposure to this chemical can cause reproductive problems as well as birth defects.
Adolescent nutritional needs are considered because they experience rapid growth and
development. Adolescent nutritional intake will be influenced by unhealthy eating habits. As fast
food is consumed by youth, they seek unhealthy foods. Currently, when everything is as modern as
it is, youth want everything fast, including fast food. Junk food is defined as food that contains no
nutrition for the body. Eating junk food is not only wasteful, but it can also be harmful to one's
health. Fast food originates in Western countries and is typically high in fat and calories. This study
aims to investigate the phenomenon of youth fast food consumption. Several factors influence youth
consumption of fast food. This factor was discussed based on journal articles and book references
Taste, price, a comfortable environment, and peer influence were all factors that influenced fast
food consumption

4.
 To accommodate the new jet age, concepts, relationships, and lifestyles are being transformed, and
feeding habits are no exception. Junk food has supplanted healthy, wholesome food as the new food
mantra! Junk food could become a global phenomenon in the context of the global economy. There
will be beauty in the food and snacks at low prices, and the selling method tailored by
manufacturers of such food has triggered an evolution in which fast food consumption requires
neither structure nor proper meal preparation. It appears to have engulfed every age, every race, and
every newcomer on stage.
There are times when a quick meal is the best option. If you have a busy schedule and don't have
time to prepare something, grab-and-go items can satisfy your hunger without breaking the bank.
As more restaurants offer healthier, lower-sodium options that are not as bad for your health as
traditional items, this option is not as bad as it could be. Consumers' issue with the fast-food
industry is one of moderation. Eating at a burger joint once or twice a month is a quite different
health experience than eating there three or four times per week. Because of how dangerous these
meals can be over time; the advantages and disadvantages of fast food must first consider the health
implications before any other concern. Because of the high levels of fat, sugar, and salt found in
most items, almost any other option is a better choice than fast food for your regular eating habits.
To reduce the impact of this choice, use it sparingly, get some moderate exercise every day, and
eliminate sugary sodas from the equation.

1.3 List of Fast-Food Benefits

1. Fast food provides you with the option to eat rather than forgoing a meal.
Although missing meals is rarely a good idea unless you have a special reason for doing so,
intermittent fasting has become a popular approach to managing a person's weight in recent years.
Reduce your calorie intake while increasing the number of calories you burn through activity,
advises NHS UK, if you want to lose weight and keep it off. You may become fatigued and lose
certain important nutrients if you skip a meal. You can obtain what you need by selecting a
nutritious fast-food menu that includes fruits, veggies, and no fried items.
2. Consuming fast food enables you to better organize your schedule. The typical American family
manages their after-school activities for roughly two hours each evening. That implies that there
might not be much time to prepare meals at home. You have the choice to manage your schedule
without going hungry because fast food restaurants are present in practically every town. It takes
50% less time to choose a meal like this than it would to try to prepare lunch or dinner at home.
Although it may not seem like much, adding 15 to 30 minutes to a busy schedule can be quite
helpful.

3. Fast food products make it easier to reduce hunger problems in the community.
Fast food items are one of the most affordable food products that you can find in the world today
when you compare their cost to the number of calories that you receive. Although you wouldn’t
want to eat three fast food meals every day, having a couple of bucks can get you enough food in
one meal that your body can use to produce energy. Most fast-food restaurants average about 300
calories for every food item.

5.
4. You may anticipate receiving superior service with each order.
You expect familiarity with the items on the menu when you decide to dine at a fast-food
establishment. With worldwide chains like McDonald's, you can expect to find specific products on the
menu at every location, despite some regional and international differences. This means that you are
aware of how your food will taste, how it should appear when presented, and how much it will cost.
You frequently eat the same thing in fast food restaurants because they frequently work with the same
suppliers throughout their whole chain of eateries, including franchisees. So, managing food may be
simpler.

5. Fast food businesses now provide more nutritious options than ever before.
If you determine that a fast-food lunch is the best option for you today, you don't have to go on a
calorie binge. You can fulfil your expectations for health and wellness by choosing from one of the
many restaurants that provide you with healthy options on the menu. These are the top 31 foods that
you can order from restaurants, according to a study of all 2018 menu items by Good
Housekeeping.

6. For less than 10 per person, you may order a comprehensive lunch with savvy selections.
Due to the demands of their schedules, many people tend to choose the cheapest or simplest option
when eating fast food. If you take the time to organize your purchase beforehand, you can make
wise decisions that are still quite economical, such as selecting upmarket or specialist foods. For the
best results, order sandwiches without mayo and remove the processed cheese.

7. It explains what to anticipate from the dish.

Consider the scenario where you're on holiday and want food. The Burger King is seen. Even
though the menu also includes some local fare, you know what to anticipate from it. You are aware
that a Whopper is available and will be prepared in the same manner as at Burger King in your
hometown. One of the main benefits offered by fast-food businesses is that. They take away the
unpredictability of dining out when you're away from home.

8. It still gives people control over their eating habits.

Since 2010, quick-service restaurants have been required to disclose nutritional information on each
dish on the menu itself. You can be sure you're receiving 300 calories when you order an Egg
McMuffin at McDonald's. Making decisions concerning your everyday food habits is therefore
made simpler. Further nutritional information regarding menu items can also be found by
conducting a simple web search on a smartphone, such as the fact that it contains 18g of protein or
55% of your daily sodium requirement.

5.
 9. It aids small-town entrepreneurs.
Quick-service restaurants are frequently franchises that are independently owned and managed by
local business owners. Most fast-food corporations, including McDonald's, which owns and runs
18% of all their locations, have brand-owned eateries. The average number of employees per store
is 14, and their salaries might range from the federal minimum wage to as much as 15 for some
entry-level management roles. Dining at these places is a good way to support neighbourhoods’
businesses and jobs.
10. It saves time when a meal is required.
Even fast home cooking requires 15-30 minutes for the average family to prepare and cook. Then
you have another 15-30 minutes of eating time. Visiting a fast-food restaurant can cut those time
requirements in half. With fast food, you can also eat in the vehicle (though some jurisdictions may
not allow drivers to eat) or take the food to your next destination. Fast food makes it possible for
people to find time to eat together, even during busy days.

Biggest Drawbacks of Fast Food

1. It can be difficult to get fresh, healthful foods at fast food establishments.
At quick-service restaurants, the appeal of fresh food is rising. But they are not always simple to
locate. To reduce your calorie intake, you might need to place a special order, which is not always
successful. As they are not as frequently requested, healthy goods are also frequently older. In the
fast-food industry, ordering healthy food requires more effort than ordering high-calorie, high-fat
cuisine.
2. Compared to other restaurants, it delivers meals of lower average quality.
To expedite order delivery, many quick-service restaurants employ frozen items that have been
prepared elsewhere. Long-term storage techniques are used on fruits and vegetables, which makes it
less likely that local ingredients would be included in menu items. The majority of companies that
offer quick-service restaurants use bulk food manufacturing techniques, which lower food quality to
increase food storage capacity.

3. Eating healthy meal selections at some fast-food places can be unhealthy.

Even while they sound like a healthier choice, certain items on today's fast-food menus are quite
unhealthy. For instance, the Wendy's Spicy Chicken Caesar Salad has 720 calories, 43 grammes of
fat, and 1,760 mg of salt. Burger King's Bacon Cheddar Ranch Chicken Salad contains 1,960mg of
salt, 50g of fat, and 720 calories. Even the Panera Bread Fuji Apple Salad with chicken has 570
calories and 34g of fat.

6.
4. It offers food products that offer addictive qualities.
Fast foods are created in a way that addictive attributes are part of the experience. People feel good
when they eat fast food items, which makes them want to eat more of them. If eaten for a long
enough period, fast foods can even encourage dependence in some people. The dependence factor is
increased with the added sugars that come when a fast-food meal is paired with a sweetened drink,
like a soda. This results in a cycle of need that creates higher risks of obesity and associated health
conditions which come from being overweight.

5. It promotes a busy way of life.

Several quick-service businesses have signs displayed, and if you pay close attention, you'll see that
the majority of them restrict loitering. Some could even demand that you complete eating in 30
minutes or less. By doing this, they hope to improve customer churn and thus their profit margins.
Additionally, it implies that they are supporting the hectic lives that initially promoted fast food
consumption.
Eating hastily can also tempt you to consume more calories than is healthy. The initial dining
process takes around 20 minutes, giving the brain enough time to recognize that you are truly full.
Obesity can result from eating too quickly. According to WebMD, eating more slowly.

6. It can increase a family’s medical costs.

In 2004, a study conducted by Kenneth Thorpe examined healthcare spending attributed to obesity
in India. Starting from 1987, Thorpe found that obesity prevalence, on its own, accounts for a 12%
increase in health spending per person. In a 15-year study of 3,000 adults, people who visit a fast-
food establishment just twice per week gained about 10 pounds more than people who visited them
fewer than one time per week.

7.
1.4 Fast food consumption can have several negative effects on your health, including:

❖ High levels of saturated and trans fats: Saturated and trans fats are commonly found in fast
food, which can increase your risk of developing heart disease, high blood pressure, and
stroke.

❖ Excessive salt consumption: Fast food is high in salt, which can lead to high blood pressure,
water retention, and other health problems.

❖ Low fibre: Many fast-food options are low in fibre, which can cause digestive issues as well as
an increased risk of developing chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer.

❖ Fast food meals are frequently high in calories, which can contribute to obesity and other
weight-related health problems.

❖ Ingredients that have been processed: Fast food frequently contains processed ingredients such
as refined carbohydrates, preservatives, and artificial additives that can be harmful to your
health.

❖ Nutrient deficiency: Fast food is frequently deficient in essential nutrients such as vitamins,
minerals, and antioxidants, which can result in deficiencies and poor overall health.

❖ It's important to remember that eating fast food in moderation isn't always bad for your health,
but it shouldn't be a regular part of your diet. A healthy diet rich in whole foods such as fruits,
vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is the best way to stay healthy.

8.
 1.5. How can control the l consumption of fat -food, it can be difficult to break the habit of
eating fast food, but it is doable. Here are some strategies to consider:

❖ Plan your meals ahead of time: Planning your meals ahead of time can help you avoid the
temptation to eat fast food when you're hungry and pressed for time. Healthy meals can be
prepared at home, or you can bring your own to work or school.

❖ Cooking at home allows you to control the ingredients and ensure that you are eating healthy
foods. Healthy and simple recipes can be found online or in cookbooks.

❖ When eating out, go for healthier options like grilled chicken, salads, or soups. Fried foods,
sugary drinks, and high-calorie desserts should be avoided.

❖ Find healthier alternatives: If you have a fast-food craving, try to find healthier alternatives
that will satisfy your craving. You can, for example, make your own baked fries from sweet
potatoes or zucchini, or a homemade burger from lean ground beef and whole-grain buns.

❖ Seek help: If you're having difficulty reducing your fast-food consumption, seek help from
friends, family, or a healthcare professional. They are capable.

❖ Maintaining a food journal can assist you in becoming more aware of your eating habits and
making better food choices. Make a list of everything you eat and drink, including the time,
location, and feelings before and after eating.

❖ Mindful eating entails paying attention to the sensations and experiences associated with
eating, such as the taste, smell, and texture of food. This can help you enjoy your food more
while decreasing your chances of overeating or reaching for unhealthy foods.

❖ Find healthy substitutes: Instead of fast food, look for healthy alternatives that can satisfy your
cravings. Instead of chips, try carrot sticks or apple slices with peanut butter if you want
something crunchy.

❖ Set realistic goals for yourself and keep track of your progress. Begin by reducing your fast-
food consumption by one or two meals per week and gradually increasing as you gain
confidence.

❖ Get moving: Regular physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight and lower your
risk of chronic diseases linked to fast food consumption. Find an activity that you enjoy and
incorporate it into your daily routine.

❖ Seek professional assistance if you are having difficulty making healthy choices or if you have
an eating disorder. They can give you the support and direction you need to overcome your
obstacles and achieve your goals.

9.
1.6 Factors that affect young people's consumption of fast food, including:

• Convenience: For young people who are busy and may not have time to make meals at
home, fast food is a convenient option because it is frequently immediately available and
takes little preparation.

• Cost: As fast food is frequently less expensive than healthy options, it is a more cost-
effective option for young people who may have a tight budget.

• Advertising: Fast food chains frequently use toy and movie tie-ins in their advertising efforts
to appeal to young people's likes and interests.

• Socialization: Since fast food restaurants are frequently seen to be a venue for social
gatherings, they are a popular option for young people looking to spend time with friends.
Kids are frequently impacted by their classmates.

• Peer influence: Teenagers are frequently influenced by their friends' eating habits, and they
may pick fast food to blend in with their social circle.

• Lack of nutrition education may prevent many young people from understanding the
nutritional worth of the food they eat or the long-term health effects of a diet heavy in fast
food.

• Healthy food options may not be as readily available in some places, which makes fast food
a more alluring option for young people searching for a quick meal.

• Busy schedules: Many youths have busy schedules, with school, sports, and other activities,
leaving them little time for meal planning and preparation.

• Family influence: Family members may also play a role in shaping the food choices of
youth, with busy parents opting for fast food as a quick and easy meal option.

10.
 • Taste preferences: Many youths find fast food to be more appealing than healthier options,
due to the high levels of sugar, salt, and fat, which can create addictive taste sensations.

• Cultural and social norms: Cultural and social norms can also play a role in the food choices
of youth, with fast food often seen as a normal and acceptable part of the diet.

Lack of cooking skills: Some youth may not have the cooking skills needed to prepare
healthy meals, making fast food a more appealing option. To deal with stress or other
emotional problems, some young people may turn to fast food, which can result in harmful
eating patterns.

Access to transportation: Youth may not have many options for getting healthy food options in places
with little to no public transportation, which makes fast food a more practical choice.

1.7. Indian scenario of fast-food consumption

A nation famous for its mouthwatering parathas, ghee-rich curries, and sugary snacks, is
emphasizing healthy living. In the upcoming years, nearly half (48%) of Indian consumers polled
by market research company Mintel plan to lead healthier lifestyles. Prioritizing healthy living over
better time management (30%), strengthening ties with family and friends (25%), and travelling
(24%), consumers' objectives and aspirations for the following three years were ranked in that
order. Superfoods from around the world are becoming more prevalent in local shops, and
wholesome traditional grains like ragi (finger millet) and jowar (sorghum) are making a resurgence
in both homes and hip eateries.
In addition, major snack food producers like Nestle and PepsiCo are modifying their recipes to
reduce the amount of salt, sugar, and the makers of noodles, chips, and drinks, from Nestle to
PepsiCo, are modifying their formulas to reduce the salt, sugar, and fat content while also
developing new items for the health-conscious consumer. According to Mintel, India saw the
biggest number of "natural" food products introduced between 2012 and 2016 in Asia. 28% of all
food products introduced in the nation last year were "natural" products, up from 22% in 2012.
Many people hesitate to buy healthy and natural foods because it is widely known that they are
more expensive. India’s impressive economic growth in previous decades and more inclusive
growth in recent years has not only resulted in steadily increasing income but it brought
sociocultural transformation. In this process, globalization and increasing urbanization contributed
immensely. India with a rich heritage of foods and recipes had the tradition of preparing foods by
deep frying in fats.
This situation is getting complicated by the emerging fast-food culture in all sections of society
primarily due to their readily availability-to-accesses, taste, marketing strategies and cafeteria
culture. Therefore, it becomes imperative to introspect about fast food consumption. There is
enough scientific evidence in India to substantiate that fast food has all components of t the diet in
all sections of society. High consumption of fast food has been reported in school-going children
and this is quite substantial in colleges and universities Steven though act that a significant
proportion of pop the location is aware of fast-food consumption. Children of pregnant and lactating
women eating fast foods are more prone to obesity. High fat and high sugar diet in fetal brain
reward pathway altering food preferences.

11.
Fast food consumption is rising in India across all income categories and this is contributing
significantly to the rising trend of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in this country. Regulation
of marketing and nutritional labelling is not up to mark in India. The growing menace of fast-food
consumption needs to be restricted by adopting legal, service and education approaches for
promoting healthy dietary practices
These foods' popularity in this era of urbanization has been attributed to their ease of preparation
and speedy meal completion. Excellent taste, a fashionable style, and promotion have all been
important in drawing customers, particularly teenagers, to the selling establishments. Sadly, the
world's adaption to a fast-food consumption system has had several negative health repercussions.
Fast food has been determined to have an energy density that is more than twice what is advised for
children daily. Thus, experts blame fast food for the current epidemic of childhood obesity.
The fast-food sector has grown significantly in India in recent years. Due to the convenience and
affordability, it provides, the fast-food sector has grown to be a preferred option for many
consumers. In India, the business is thought to be worth over $50 billion and is anticipated to
increase over the next few years.
1.8. The following are some of the major causes of the fast-food industry's expansion in India:
• Growth in the number of young people: India has a significant number of young people who
are willing to try new things and experiment with the cuisine.

• Increasing middle class: More people in India now have access to spare income and the
means to spend on eating out as a result of the middle class's expansion.

• Shifting Lifestyles: Due to the rise in the number of working professionals and nuclear
families, home cooking is becoming less and less popular. For people who often go, fast
food offers a quick and practical option. People may now get fast food from the comfort of
their homes thanks to the rise of online food delivery businesses.

• Rising Disposable Income: More people are choosing to eat out and explore new cuisines as
their disposable money rises. Fast food establishments provide a range of selections at
reasonable rates, making them popular.

• India has a sizable young population that is willing to try new things and experiment with
the cuisine. Fast food restaurants target this market by providing a broad selection of
visually appealing and trendy menu items.

• Regional cuisines are starting to appear in fast food companies in India as they adjust their
menu items to suit the local palate. For instance, McDonald's India sells the McAloo Tikki
burger, which has an Indian spice-flavoured potato and pea patty. Due to their preference for
regional flavours, Indian consumers now find fast food to be more enticing.

• Convenience and Accessibility: Fast food chains have swiftly spread throughout India,
increasing their accessibility to people in various regions of the nation.

12.
In India, some of the most well-known fast-food restaurants are McDonald's, KFC, Domino's
Pizza, Subway, and Pizza Hut. Nonetheless, there are also native fast-food restaurants in India, such as
Haldimand’s, Bikanervala, and Moti Mahal Deluxe.
The utilization of regional and local products to satisfy local tastes is one trend that is gaining
traction in the Indian fast-food business. For instance, McDonald's India sells the McAloo Tikki
burger, which has an Indian spice-flavoured potato and pea patty.
The rise of health-conscious fast-food options is another trend. To appeal to health-conscious
consumers, several fast-food businesses are increasingly providing healthier options such as salads,
grilled foods, and low-calorie meals. Despite the fast-food industry's expansion in India, there are
worries about the long-term effects of frequent fast-food consumption. Fast food's excessive salt,
sugar, and saturated fat content have been linked to several health issues, including obesity,
diabetes, and heart disease. In conclusion, India's fast-food sector is expanding quickly due to a
young population, changing lifestyles, and rising disposable incomes. But there are also worries
about how eating fast food frequently will affect your health.

1.9. Reasons for choosing fast food are as follows-

CONVENIENCE IS THE REASON FOR CHOOSING TO EAT FAST FOOD
Often, busy schedules reduce the amount of time people need to prepare wholesome, nutritious
meals can help people make quicker, simpler decisions. While alimentation hamburgers are
occasionally served within minutes of ordering, whole items like vegetables and meat require time
and space to cook correctly. To keep up with such a quick-paced environment, that convenience
gradually develops into a habit and is seen as a necessity. You would need to invest effort in
breaking that routine, and most people will go with the easier route.

LITTERING ANXIETY
Stress and anxiety levels have accumulated as a side effect of this fast-paced culture. Increasing
levels of stress force the body to use more energy, which increases the desire for calorie-dense
foods and. sustenance and drives them to devour fatty, sugary stuff. Those who are experiencing
high levels of panic may also turn to food for solace. Whenever stressed, folks hunt for strategies to
relax, and junk food's beneficial impacts on the reward region of the brain \screamed it a comforting
go-to alternative.

13.
 SUFFERING FROM LACK OF SLEEP
There is evidence to support the idea that sleep deprivation influences people to choose unhealthy
diets over nutritious ones. When sleep is scarce, the brain's basic reward region becomes less active.
Gets more active as the frontal lobes' executive functions become more repressed. This essentially
reduces possession, making people more likely to seek out foods heavy in fat and sugar, which are
logically bad choices that stimulate the reward center.

ADDICTION FORMATION
Individuals may choose food simply because they have grown physically dependent on it. Research
reveals that binge consumption of foods high in sugar leads to organic compound modifications
within the brain just like those who develop an action. in line with a study―Physiology and
Behavior‖ In Oct 2011, researchers found that rats who regularly consume foods heavy in sugar and
fat develop mental cravings for more of these substances and experience withdrawal symptoms if
they do not have access to them. After a habit is formed, an individual's neurochemistry changes as
well.

14.
1.10 The effectiveness of public health campaigns aimed at reducing fast
food consumption in youth.
public health campaigns aimed at reducing fast food consumption in youth can be effective in
promoting healthy eating behaviours. Here are some key findings from the literature:

➢ Awareness and knowledge: Public health campaigns can increase awareness and knowledge
about the negative health effects of fast-food consumption, including the link between fast food
and obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These campaigns can also provide
information about healthy eating alternatives and strategies for making healthier food choices.

➢ Attitudes and beliefs: Public health campaigns can influence attitudes and beliefs about fast
food, including perceptions of taste, convenience, and affordability. By highlighting the
benefits of healthy eating and the risks associated with excessive fast-food consumption, these
campaigns can encourage more positive attitudes towards healthier food choices.

➢ Behaviour change: Public health campaigns can lead to behavioural change, including reducing
the frequency of fast-food consumption and increasing the consumption of healthier foods.
Studies have found that exposure to nutrition education and healthy eating campaigns can
result in decreased fast food consumption and improved dietary habits in youth.

➢ Environmental changes: Public health campaigns can also lead to changes in the food
environment, such as increasing the availability of healthy food options in schools, and
promoting healthy vending Targeting specific populations: Public health campaigns may be
more effective if they are tailored to specific populations, such as low-income youth, minority
groups, or those living in food deserts. These populations may face unique challenges when it
comes to accessing healthy food options, and campaigns that address these challenges directly
may be more effective in promoting behaviour change.

➢ Engaging youth: Public health campaigns that involve youth in the design and implementation
process may be more effective in promoting behaviour change. Youth may be more likely to
respond positively to messages that are developed by their peers or that incorporate social
media or other interactive technologies.

➢ Combining strategies: Public health campaigns that use multiple strategies to promote healthy
eating may be more effective than those that rely on a single approach. For example,
campaigns that combine nutrition education with changes to the food environment or
community-wide initiatives may be more successful in promoting behaviour change.

16
 ➢ Measuring effectiveness: It is important to use appropriate methods to measure the
effectiveness of public health campaigns, such as pre-and post-campaign surveys, focus groups,
or other evaluation methods. This can help to identify areas of success and areas for
improvement in future campaigns.

➢ Sustainability: Public health campaigns aimed at reducing fast food consumption in youth
should also consider sustainability. This may involve engaging community partners, securing
funding for ongoing campaigns, and promoting policy changes that support healthy eating
habits in the long term.

Overall, public health campaigns can be an effective tool in promoting healthy eating habits and
reducing fast food consumption in youth. However, it is important to consider the unique needs and
challenges of different populations and to use a variety of strategies to promote behaviour change.

17
1.11. The impact of fast food on mental health outcomes in youth.

Association between fast food and mental health: Studies have shown that there may be a link between
fast food consumption and poor mental health outcomes in youth. Some research has suggested that
fast food intake may be associated with an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and other mental
health conditions.

Mechanisms of action: The exact mechanisms by which fast food may impact mental health are not
fully understood, but there are several possible explanations. For example, high levels of sugar, salt,
and saturated fats in fast food may contribute to inflammation in the brain, which can lead to negative
mood states. Additionally, fast food may displace healthier foods in the diet, leading to nutrient
deficiencies that can impact mental health.

Demographic considerations: It is important to consider demographic factors such as age, gender, and
socioeconomic status when exploring the impact of fast food on mental health outcomes in youth. For
example, low-income youth may be more likely to consume fast food due to limited access to healthy
food options, and may also face greater mental health disparities.

Potential interventions: If there is a link between fast food consumption and poor mental health
outcomes in youth, it may be important to develop interventions that promote healthy eating habits and
address underlying mental health issues. This could include nutrition education programs, counselling
and therapy services, and policy changes that support healthier food environments.

Limitations of research: While some studies have suggested a link between fast food consumption and
poor mental health outcomes in youth, it is important to consider the limitations of this research. For
example, many studies rely on self-reported data, which may be subject to bias or inaccuracies.
Additionally, other factors such as genetics, family history, and environmental stressors may also
contribute to poor mental health outcomes.

Overall, exploring the impact of fast food on mental health outcomes in youth is an important area of
research. By understanding the potential links between fast food consumption and poor mental health
outcomes, we may be better equipped to develop interventions that promote both physical and mental
health in youth populations.

18
1.12. The role of socioeconomic status in fast food consumption and its
health effects in youth.

Consuming fast food has become common among people of all ages, but especially among young
people. Yet, consuming fast food in excess might have detrimental effects on one's health. The
influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on fast food intake and its impact on young people's health
has been noted. According to research, those with lower SES tend to eat more fast food than people
with higher SES. Fast food's affordability and practicality, which make it more accessible to low-
income families, contribute to this in part. Healthy food alternatives, such as fresh fruits and
vegetables, are less readily available to people with lower SES since they are frequently more
expensive and take more time and effort to prepare. It is commonly known that fast food intake has
harmful health impacts on young people.
Fast food frequently lacks vital nutrients including fibre, vitamins, and minerals while being rich in
calories, saturated and trans fats, sugar, and sodium. Overeating fast food has been associated with
obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other health issues in young people. Long-term
health effects like heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses might result from these health
issues.
Furthermore, the fact that low-income families frequently lack access to healthcare and health
education adds to the detrimental consequences of fast-food intake on health. This suggests that
individuals may have a lower likelihood of receiving the medical care and information they require to
treat or avoid health issues.
Fast food consumption and its consequences on young people's health are significantly influenced by
socioeconomic class. Fast food intake can have detrimental health effects since low-income
households may have limited access to healthier dietary options and healthcare. Reducing the harmful
health effects of fast-food intake in youth can be accomplished by addressing these issues through
policies that support healthy food options, healthy eating habit education, and increased access to
healthcare.

19
CHAPTER 2- RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

20
The scientific study of research methodology is known as a research methodology. Primary data
was collected from various people using questionnaires based on their opinions. This information,
which is used for the specific purpose of the study, aids in the analysis. The questionnaire data was
useful to understand their experience and preferences towards fast food and to analyze youth
behaviour toward junk food.
2.1. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY-
1. To recommend better food options.
2. Research the health issues that young people face.
3. Determine the level of fast-food consumption among youth and the prevalence of obesity among
fast-food consumers.
4. To investigate the rising popularity of fast food among youngsters.

2.2 HYPOTHESIS TO STUDY

HO: Fast food consumption among Mumbai's youth has increased significantly.
H01: Fast food consumption among Mumbai's youth has not increased significantly.

2.3 SCOPE OF STUDY-

The geographical location for the study is the city of Mumbai, India. This city has a large
percentage of the population that eats out of the house regularly, and because city life is so fast-
paced, fast-food restaurants have come to play an extremely important role in their lives. Under
these conditions, the study of the impact of fast food on the health of youth has become especially
important, so 1. This study focuses on the factor that influences fast-food consumption behaviour.
2. This research examines what the fighter thought about while eating outside.
3. This study will aid in the analysis of youth fast-food behaviour in general.
4. The findings of this study will assist youth in adopting proper dietary practices. The city of
Mumbai may be an excellent location for the research.

21
2.4 The sample unit
The study's basic unit is college students, service members, businessmen, housewives, and many
people who consume fast food. For this study, a convenient sample technique was used.

2.5 DATA COLLECTION-

PRIMARY DATA - This data was collected through an interview method and was entered into a
Questioner, which was prepared using Google form.
SECONDARY DATA -It is information gathered from a source that has already been published in
some form. Secondary data sources include books, newspapers, data archives, Internet articles,
research articles by other researchers, and so on.

Details of the questionnaire - A survey method was used to collect data from a group of people. A
questionnaire is a type of data collection tool or instrument. The questions were a closed-ended
example of how frequently you consume fast food, with options such as daily. Monthly, never, or
only on rare occasions. Another consideration is how you feel after consuming fast Food, options
including checkboxes like satisfied, bloated, tired, energetic, and uncomfortable. The questionnaire
also includes demographic questions such as name, occupation, gender, age, and location/city.

2.6 LIMITATIONS
This study has some limitations, but they have no bearing on the study's overall purpose.

1) One factor is that the scope of studies is limited to call students and the lower and upper age
groups, which range from 18 to 50 years old.
2) The research is limited to Mumbai.
3) Data analysis was performed using the respondent's responses.
4) The number of temple sizes available is limited to 120.

22
CHAPTER 3-LITERATURE REVIEW

23
3.1 . Fast food consumption has become a major concern cook countries, including India, where
traditional dietary habits are being replaced by fast food consumption, particularly among young
people. Fast food consumption among young people in Mumbai, India's largest city, is increasing,
raising concerns about the impact of such food on their health. A literature review on fast food
consumption and its impact on youth health is provided below.

1) According to Mark k. jekanowski, fast food demand is heavily influenced by consumer access to
the product. The fast-food industry has worked hard to make its products more accessible, and this
effort is still ongoing today with retail outlets that can be found in a variety of settings, including
office buildings, department stores, and airports. Much of the increase in consumption is due to an
increase in the supply of convenience.

2)According to Fidos Abdullah, price reasonableness, special pricing offering menu packages,
discounts, special prices for regular customers, promotional pricing on new menu items, and
inclusions of local delicacies influence customer preference in the food service industry. This study
also revealed that brand names, spacious seating arrangements, advocate parking space, a diverse
menu selection, and appealing interior design all have a significant impact on attracting customers.

3)According to Sanjay Mohanraj, respondents continue to consume fast food despite having a high
level of awareness and knowledge of the constituents of fast food and new tricks for developing
noncommunicable diseases in the future.
4)In a study conducted by Vinay Gopal. J and his colleagues the role of television advertisements
was explained. In attracting young people to junk foods. The majority of those polled admitted to
becoming addicted to junk food. According to the findings of the study A sceptic. Young journalists
must understand the various chemical additives added to junk foods and the negligible nutrition
levels in junk foods to cultivate an effective, safe, and healthy balance.

5)According to Nahid Vaida fast food consumption was high during prey lunch periods. The
flavours and taste of fast food attract the greatest percentage of respondents. The majority of
respondents preferred branded food items and were willing to spend Rs.20 - 50 or more per day on
fast food. Majority. Respondent authority agreed with the statement that eating fast food
demonstrates that the respondent belonged to a higher society. He also stated that the majority of
respondents agreed that girls consume more fast food than boys and that urbanization has a greater
influence on changing students' fast-food habits.
6)According to Anita Goyal's research, young Indian consumers place the highest value on quality,
followed by ambience and hygiene.
7)Ram Singh's research Explains that 22% of students eat breakfast, 8% eat lunch, 5% eat dinner
and 80% of students snack at least once a day.

24
8)According to Priti Ahuja, fast food uses mini declines at the highest level of education. People
with four or more years of college education reported lower, more immediate consumption in this
study when compared to those with high school or some college education.
9)Farah Sheikh wrote an article titled Fast Food vs Home Cooked Meals. That is revealed. Fast food
can satisfy your taste buds and is a convenient option. To accommodate your hectic lifestyle, you
should also prepare meals at home. Fast food, on the other hand, does nothing but fill you up with
calories. So, let us compare "fast food vs home-cooked meals in terms of nutrition and side effects.
See how they fare against another force. Fast food consumption, middle school students' behaviour.
Students in India "reveals that the fast-food use was examined by frequency of consumption, days
when it was used often people with whom the student use fast food., the purpose of it used. And the
location where it was frequently used. The term "fast food" was defined as Pizza, fried chicken,
French fries, and doughnuts are some examples. For each, the frequency of fast-food consumption
was examined. For each food group.
10)Ayesha Karmat and Baig Munnazha revealed in the article "Review of Trends in Fast Food
Consumption" that each classification of people in the adverse surveyed, sample was divided into
four age groups, with people between the ages of 18 and 25 eating 70%, 25 to 35 eating 16%, and
35 to 45 eating 6%. 8% from 45 to 55. They were polled, and their preferences were studied. Fast
food consumption is especially prevalent among young adults.
11) In The article "Indian fast-food top ten chaat recipes" by S. Parashita Saxena, A walk around
the city of Mumbai will reveal that the windows are lined with a variety of street preparations such
as Aloo chaat, papadi chaat, and dahi chaat, which are easy to prepare and loved by all. Chaat from
the state of Mumbai is now famous throughout the world. Chaat is said to have originated in
Emperor Shahjahan's kitchen. When the Mughal Emperor became ill, his keen advised him to
consume foods that are light on the stomach but high in spices to strengthen his immunity.
12)The article "fast foods and their effect on health" was written by Asha Kiran and Deepti. R
explains that junk food is simply empty-calorie food. An empty-calorie food contains a lot of
calories but lacks micronutrients like vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. According to the article,
why do people eat junk food instead of healthy food, eating junk food regularly is linked to obesity.
Chronic health conditions such as high blood pressure, but many people still prefer junk food
sources to their healthy nutrition whole food counterparts, which are typically inexpensive,
processed, and prepackaged, making them easily accessible. However, several psychological factors
predispose people to choose it as a meal or snack.
13) In The article "Cause a reaction” Altfitrah wrote- The first reason for changing one's lifestyle in
society is revealed. Many people work in offices or companies in major cities such as Mumbai,
Delhi, and Bangalore. Because the working hours are long, the workers do not have much time to
look for food. Another way that advertising in metro cities informs society about new products is
through interest and television reports every day about the development of various types of fast
food. All of this increases people's willingness to purchase fast food. Furthermore, the cost of fast
food is ridiculously low. As a result, many people buy hamburgers, pizza, and other fast food every
day.
14) According to Jeffrey Carey's article How Youth Are Affected by Fast Food Advertising,
password advertisements have a large influence on youth eating habits, and advertisers are
increasingly targeting them with a variety of promotions. Advertisers use channels that are easily
accessible, such as TV in college marketing and The Internet. Fast food advertisements have a
significant impact on youth eating habits, which has consequences
25
15) According to a study conducted by B. and m. Prabhu (2020), taste, time, money, cleanliness,
and hygiene are the major factors influencing youth to eat fast food. According to the findings of
this study, male university students consume more fast food than female students. Consumers
frequently visit fast food restaurants, according to the findings, consumers frequently visit fast food
restaurants not only for meals but also for social gatherings with friends, colleagues, and
classmates.
16)According to Shafiqa's research, R. normal fast-food consumption is higher among female
students than males. According to the study's findings, consumers eat fast food one to five times per
week.
17) According to S. Abraham, M. Manuel, et al., the eating habits of individuals are related to
personal health. Youth are aware of the risks associated with their unhealthy eating habits, but their
habits of eating healthy foods do not correspond with their knowledge of it. The study also stated
that youth should be educated on the dangers of fast-food consumption.
18)M. as. Anita Raj conducted a study. It was discovered that there is a strong relationship between
the price of various fast-food products and the number of times consumers visit fast-food outlets.
This study also revealed that fast-food outlets' consumer acceptance of Food soft is critical to their
rapid growth.
19) According to a study conducted by v. B. Dhange, and v. Pari, people consume passwords due to
their delicious taste. They claim that 31.87% of their respondents were unaware of the negative
effects of fast-food consumption. According to the findings of this study, public awareness
campaigns about the dangers of fast-food consumption and the benefits of a well-balanced diet
should be launched.
20) According to a study conducted by Y. Shamita and Fatima, there is no correlation between the
perception of fast food is unhealthy and the frequency of fast-food consumption among youth.
According to the study, it is the government's responsibility to regulate the fast-food market and
limit fast food in schools, colleges, and office cafeterias for the better health of the younger
generation.
21) Singh Pratima conducted a study on the differences in consumer beliefs and attitudes toward
three fast-food restaurants, namely Domino's Pizza, Hut, and McDonald's, and discovered that
consumer attitudes differed. Priyadarshini S. found in another study that the trend of the nuclear
family, the rise in income level, the rise in women's employment level, and advertising were the
strategies that lead Indian consumers to be attracted to fast food.
22) Khamgaonkar Sanjiv provided data on 40 fast-food items available in Mumbai. In addition, he
discussed Mumbai's fast-food culture, which is influenced by Muslim, Gujarati, Goan, Coastal,
Parsi, South Indian, and local Maharashtra foods.
23) According to O.P Ghai’s literature, adolescent eating hybrid is influenced by peers, mass media,
social and cultural norms, and a lack of nutritional knowledge. During adolescence, the influence of
the family tends to prevent an adolescent from eating more meals outside the home and from
participating in family activities. Many studies on youth eating patterns come from industrial
countries and suggest that young people are more likely to eat a snack, and low-nutrition meals, and
eat irregularly and quickly. They eat fewer fruits and vegetables and frequently skip breakfast. Taste
preferences are also influenced by eating more meals away from home and family seating. Most of
the research on youth eating habits comes from the industry. Countries and studies show that young
people are more likely to eat a snack, a low-nutrition meal, or fast food. They eat fewer fruits and
vegetables and frequently skip breakfast. Taste preferences are also influenced by eating more
26
meals away from home and family seating. The majority of studies on youth eating patterns come
from industrial countries and suggest that young people are more likely to eat a snack, and low-
nutrition meals, and eat irregularly and quickly. They eat fewer fruits and vegetables and frequently
skip breakfast. Taste preferences are another important factor in food selection. This influences the
child's body weight and leads to obesity.
24)A study conducted by Shah ET LA. examined the dietary habits of adolescents in Mumbai and
discovered that fast-food consumption was common among these populations. The study also
discovered that fast-food consumption was linked to higher levels of energy, fat, and sugar, as well
as lower levels of other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.
25) Chipmunk ET. AL conducted another study to investigate the impact of fast-food consumption
on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Mumbai. The study discovered
that adolescents who consume fast food less frequently are more likely to be overweight and obese.
26)According to Kumar et al., fast food consumption is associated with an increased risk of
metabolic syndrome, a group of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease. with an increased
risk of metabolic syndrome, a group of conditions that raise the risk of heart disease, stroke, and
diabetes among adolescents in Mumbai.
27) In addition, Marathe et al. investigated the effect of fast-food consumption on blood pressure
among Mumbai adolescents. According to this study, higher fast-food consumption was linked to
higher blood pressure levels, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
28) Bhaskar et al. conducted another study on the relationship between fast food consumption and
weight status in adolescents. The study found that adolescents who ate fast food more than once a
week had higher BMIs and were more likely to be overweight or obese than those who ate fast food
less frequently.
29) A Study conducted by Choir et al. conducted a study to investigate the relationship between
passport consumption and academic performance or work in colleges and offices. The study
included 600 young people aged 18 to 35 years old, and the findings show that those who ate fast
food more than three times per week performed significantly worse academically or at work than
those who ate it less frequently.

30) Kaur et al. investigated the relationship between fast food consumption and depression among
college students in Mumbai. This 400-student study found that password consumption was
significantly associated with an increased risk of depression. Various variables were discovered to
be influencing the demand and consumption of junk food dependent variables through the study of
the literature review. The variables under consideration for the study are as follows:

27
TABLE-01

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Accessibility
Praising and discounts ambience Consumption behaviour of junk
amenities food
variety in menu offerings
taste
quality
service
advertising
Occupation

28
CHAPTER 4-DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

29
 Table no .1

Particular NO. of Respondent Percentage of

respondents
Daily 43 42.2%
Monthly 33 32.4%
Never 6 5.9%
Rarely 20 19.6%

Interpretation –
The largest group of respondents (42.2%) indicated that they consume fast food daily. This suggests
that for some people, fast food is a regular part of their diet and lifestyle. The next largest group
(32.4%) indicated that they eat fast food every month. This suggests that while some people may
not consume fast food daily, they still see it as a convenient or enjoyable option on occasion. Only a
small percentage of respondents (5.9%) said they never eat fast food, implying that fast food is still
a part of most people's diet to some extent. Finally, 19.6% of respondents indicated that they
consume fast food rarely. This category may include people who try to limit their consumption of
fast food or who only eat it in particular circumstances, such as when travelling or when they have
limited time for meals. Overall, the data suggest that fast food is still a popular food choice for
many people, with a substantial proportion of respondents eating it daily basis. However, some
people make are also people who make an effort to limit their intake or avoid it altogether.

30
 Table no.2

Particular Number of percentage of

respondents respondents
Satisfied 59 57.8%
Bloated 27 26.5%
Tired 17 16.7%
Energetic 4 3.9%
Uncomfortable 16 15.7%

how do you feel after reading fast food?

13%
3%
14% 49%

21%

satisfied bloated tired energetic uncomfortable

Interpretation –
Based on the responses, it appears that the most common feeling experienced after eating fast food is
satisfaction (57.8%). This suggests that people often enjoy the taste and convenience of fast food, and may
see it as a treat or indulgence. However, a sizable portion of respondents claimed to feel uncomfortable
(15.7%) or bloated (26.5%) after consuming fast food, indicating that it can also have unfavourable physical
effects. This may be due to the high fat and calorie content of many fast-food items, as well as the use of
additives and preservatives. A smaller proportion of respondents reported feeling tired (16.7%) after eating
fast food, which may be due to the high levels of sugar and refined carbohydrates in some fast-food items
that can cause a crash in energy levels. Finally, only 3.9% of respondents said they felt energized after
consuming fast food. It's unclear why this is the case, but it could be because some fast-food items have high
sugar content, which can give people a short-term energy boost. Overall, the data suggests that while people
may enjoy the taste and convenience of fast food, it often comes with negative physical consequences, such
as bloating and discomfort.

31
 Table no.3

Particular Number of Percentages of

respondents respondents
Yes, gained 41 40.2%
weight
Yes, lost weight 13 12.7%

No change 48 47.1%

Interpretation –
According to the results, it appears that the majority of people (47.1%) experienced weight gain when
routinely consuming fast food. Only 12.7% of people said they had lost weight, while 40.2% said they hadn't
changed their weight at all. The fact that these replies are self-reported and could not be typical of the
general population should be noted. However, other elements like a person's metabolism as well as general
eating and exercising habits could also affect weight changes.

32
 Table.no-4
Particular number of respondents Percentages of
respondents
Positive 36 35.3 %

Negative 50 49

No impact 16 15.7%

Interpretation –
According to the results, 49% of respondents think fast food is bad for their health in general, while 35.3%
think it's good. 15.7% of people believe that eating fast food does not affect their general health. These
findings imply that most people believe fast food has a detrimental effect on their general health. This is
probably because most fast-food items have high levels of calories, fat, sugar, and sodium, which can cause
several health problems, such as obesity, high blood pressure, and heart disease. It's crucial to remember that
individual conditions, such as intake frequency and general dietary and lifestyle behaviours, might affect
how fast food affects individual health.

33
 Table no.5

Particulars Number of Percentages of

respondents respondents

Yes 78 76.5%

No 24 23.5%

Interpretation –
According to the responses, 76,5% of respondents have encountered health issues they associate with eating
fast food, whereas 23.5% have not. It's crucial to remember that these findings are based on participants' own
experiences and views and may not necessarily indicate a connection between eating fast food and health
issues. The consumption of a lot of fast food, however, has been linked to several health problems, such as
type 2 diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Hence it is typically advised to restrict fast food intake and place
a higher priority on a balanced diet that includes lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
sources.

34
 Table no-6

Particular Number of respondents Percentages of respondents

Likely to continue 33 32.4%

Unlikely to continue 37 36.3%

Undecided 32 31.4%

Interpretation-
According to the results, 32.4% (33 persons) are likely to continue eating fast food, 31.4% (32 individuals)
are indecisive, and 36.3% of the respondents (37 individuals) are unlikely to do so. These findings imply that
a sizeable proportion of the respondents are unlikely to continue eating fast food in the future, presumably
because doing so poses health risks.
Though there may be health dangers, a somewhat higher proportion of respondents said they plan to keep
eating fast food. A need for greater information or education regarding the potential health consequences of
ingesting fast food may be indicated by the number of unsure respondents.

35
 Table no-7

Particular Number of respondents Percentages of

respondents

Yes 93 91.2%

No 9 8.8%

Interpretation –
According to the data, 91.2% of the total respondents, or the majority, expressed an interest in learning more
about healthier dietary options. This shows that people are becoming more aware of and concerned about
how crucial healthy eating habits are to preserving overall health and fitness. Nonetheless, only 8.8% of
those who responded said they were not interested in learning about healthier food options, making up a very
small minority of the total. This could be for several reasons, such as a lack of interest or the notion that they
already know enough about good eating practices’ given that a sizable section of the public is interested in
learning more about healthy food options, this study emphasizes the significance of providing clear and
accessible information.

36
 Table no- 8
Particular Number of respondents Percentages of
respondents
Strongly agree 15 14.7%
Agree 37 36.3%
Neutral 17 16.7%
Strongly disagree 33 32.4%

Interpretation-

According to the responses, the majority of respondents (69%) seem to either agree with or strongly agree
that fast-food establishments should provide healthier menu options. Only 14.7% of respondents strongly
disagree, and another 16.7% disagree. 36.3 per cent of respondents have no opinion on the matter. Although
opinions vary, the research generally indicates that there is a sizable demand for healthier menu options at
fast-food outlets.

37
 Table no-9

Particular Number of Percentages of

respondents respondents
Positive 53 52%

Negative 30 29.4%

Neutral 19 18.6%

Interpretation-
According to responses, it seems that most people (81.4%) either have an unfavourable opinion of or are
unbiased towards the marketing and promotional strategies employed by fast food firms to appeal to young
people. About half (52%) of respondents are neutral, while over a third (29.4%) have an unfavourable
opinion. Only a small portion (18.6%) hold a favourable opinion. According to these statistics, a sizable
majority of people oppose the marketing and promotional strategies employed by fast-food chains to attract
young people, and more responsible advertising techniques are required.

38
 Table no.10

Particulars Number of respondents Percentages of respondents

Yes 74 72.5%

no 28 27.5%

Interpretation-
According to the results, 72.5% of respondents say they have had education about the effects of fast food on
health either in school or while working as a health professional, while 27.5% say they have not. This
indicates that the vast majority of people are aware of the potential health risks associated with ingesting fast
food, while a sizeable minority are not.

39
 Table no.11
Particular Number of Percentage of
respondents respondents

Very important 66 64.7%

Somewhat 28 27.5%
important
Not important 8 7.8%

interpretation-
Based on the responses, it appears that a large majority of the respondents, 64.7%, consider maintaining a
healthy diet to be important. Meanwhile, 27.5% of respondents consider it to be somewhat important, while
7.8% do not consider it important at all. This suggests that a majority of people recognize the importance of
maintaining a healthy diet, while a minority do not place as much emphasis on it.

40
 Table no-12
Particulars Number of respondents Percentages of
respondents
Yes Improvement 35 34.3%

No change 13 12.7%

Yes Worsening 54 52.9%

Interpretation-
According to their comments, 52.9% of respondents said they had not seen a difference in their mood as a
result of eating fast food frequently. However, 34.3% of the respondents said that since eating fast food
frequently, their mood has gotten worse. Also, 12.7% of the respondents said that since eating fast food
frequently, their mood has improved. This implies that while the majority of people do not detect a
noticeable difference in mood after routinely ingesting fast food, a sizable percentage do.

41
 Table no- 13

Particular Number of respondents Percentages of respondents

Daily 54 52.9%
Weekly 27 26.5%
Monthly 11 10.8%
Never 10 9. 8%

Interpretation-
According to the responses, it appears that 52.9% of the respondents don't undertake any physical activity at
all, meaning they never work out. On the other hand, just 9.8% of respondents engage in physical activity
every day, while 26.5% of respondents do so every month, 10.8% do so weekly, and 26.5% do so daily. This
shows that a sizable percentage of people do not prioritize regular physical activity in their daily schedules,
which could have a detrimental effect on their health and well-being.

42
 Table no-14

Percentage of Number of Percentages of

Particulars respondents respondents
Major role 88 86.3%
Minor role 12 11.8%
No role 2 2%

interpretation-
According to the responses, it appears that the majority of respondents, or 86.3%, think that parents and
guardians are crucial in encouraging young people to adopt good eating habits. While only a small minority
of respondents, or 2%, think that parents and guardians have no part at all, 11.8% of respondents think that
they play a little role. This implies that the majority of people believe that parents and guardians have a big
duty to encourage healthy eating habits because they understand how important it is for parents and
guardians to shape the eating habits of young people.

43
 Table no-15
Particulars Number of respondents Percentages of respondents

Neutral 54 53.5%

Strongly disagree 10 9.9%

Agree 25 24.8%

Disagree 2 2%

Strongly agree 10 9.9%

Interpretation -
According to the responses, the majority of respondents (53.5%) seem to agree or strongly agree that the cost
of fast-food influences how often they eat it. This shows that a lot of people's decision to eat fast food
frequently is influenced by the expense it. A sizable minority of respondents (24.8%) disagree or strongly
disagree with the assertion, indicating that for certain individuals, the cost of fast food may not have a
substantial impact on their consumption patterns. The other 9.9% of respondents were neutral, which may
mean that they are unsure if the cost of fast food influences their consumption patterns or that price has little
to no impact on such patterns. Overall, the statistics indicate that although practically is a significant issue
for many people when deciding whether to eat fast food or not, it is not the only one. Additional elements
like practicality, flavour, and health could also be important.

44
 Table no-16

Particular Number of respondents Percentage of

respondents

Yes 69 67.6%

No 33 32.4%

interpretation-
According to the 102 responses, 67.6% (or about 69 individuals) have attempted to ask for nutrition
information when ordering fast food, but 32.4% (or roughly 33 people) have not. This suggests that a sizable
majority of individuals prioritize or look for nutritional information when ordering fast food meals, possibly
pointing to an increase in people's awareness of and care for healthy eating practices. In the future, as more
individuals become health-conscious and interested in making educated food decisions, the percentage of
people who have looked up nutrition information may likewise rise.

45
 Table no-17
particular Number of respondents Percentage of
respondents
Yes 38 37.3%

No 64 62.7%

interpretation-
Based on the 102 responses, 62.7% of the roughly 64 individuals) have not intentionally chosen healthier
fast-food options, whereas 37.3% (or roughly 38 people) have. This suggests that a sizeable percentage of
people are not concerned with selecting healthful foods when consuming fast food, possibly reflecting a
lower degree of awareness or worry about the significance of keeping a healthy diet. The fact that a small
percentage of individuals are consciously choosing better products is nevertheless encouraging, and this
trend may continue to spread as more customers become health-conscious and engaged in making informed
food decisions.

46
 Table no-18
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents
Agree 54 52. 9%
Strongly disagree 9 8.8%
Neutral 27 26.5%
Disagree 3 2.9%

interpretation-
Based on the 102 replies, 26.5% (or about 27 people) believe that fast food establishments should be
compelled to offer vegan or vegetarian alternatives on their menus, compared to 52.9% (or about 54 people)
who agree with this. In contrast, 8.8% (or about 9) of respondents are undecided on the matter, 8.8% (or
about 9) of respondents disagree, and 2.9% (or about 3) of respondents strongly disagree.
According to the behaviour majority of people think fast food establishments should have vegan or
vegetarian options on their menus, possibly indicating a rising awareness of and concern for ethical issues,
environmentally sustainable eating practices, and healthy eating habits. It may be a symptom of a lack of
interest or concern that a sizable proportion of people are neutral or disagree with this assertion.

47
 Table no.19
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Major influence 76 74.5%

Minor influence 21 20.6%

No influence 5 4.9%

Interpretation-
Based on the 102 responses, 74.5% of respondents (about 76 people) think social media and peer pressure
have a significant impact on their fast-food consumption. In contrast, 20.6% of respondents (or about 21
people) think that these elements have a negligible impact, while only 4.9% of respondents (or about 5
people) think that peer pressure and social media have no impact on their eating patterns when it comes to
fast food.
The results indicate that social media and peer pressure have a big impact on people's fast food consumption
patterns, with the majority of respondents attesting to this. This may suggest that people are impacted by
their social networks and the messages they see on media platforms, maybe causing them to make decisions
that are in line with their peers' preferences or popular trends. It may be an indication that certain people are
more able to resist peer pressure or are more inclined to make independent judgements about their eating
habits that a significant minority of respondents report a small influence or no influence.

48
 Table no- 21
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

increase physical activity 44 42.2%

no effect on physical 39 38.2%

Decrease physical activity 20 19.6

interpretation-
According to the study, eating fast food can have a variety of effects on how often you exercise and how
active you are. 42.2% of all respondents, who made up the largest group, claimed that eating fast food
increased their level of physical activity. This could be for a variety of reasons, such as a desire to burn off
extra calories or a deliberate effort to balance off the detrimental effects of consuming fast food on general
health and fitness. On the other side, 19.6% of the respondents claimed that eating fast food had reduced
their level of physical activity. This can be a result of fast food's high fat and sugar content, which can cause
feelings of sluggishness and low energy. A smaller number of 38.2% of the total respondents, who made up
a smaller group, indicated that eating fast food had no impact on their levels of physical activity. Individual
variances in metabolism, way of life, and other aspects could be to blame for this. Overall, the data point to
the potential for both positive and negative effects of fast-food intake on levels of physical activity and
emphasize the significance of adopting wise dietary decisions to preserve general health and fitness.

49
 Table no-22

Particulars Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Supportive 61 59.8%

Opposed 22 21.6%

Neutral 19 18.6%

Interpretation-
According to the research, it appears that the majority of respondents (59.8%) support the
government's role in regulating the fast-food industry to promote healthier alternatives. Nonetheless, just a
small portion of respondents (21.6%) are against it, while 18.6% are ambivalent.
This might be taken as a desire for improved public health outcomes through the promotion of healthier food
options. It also implies that there is some amount of popular support for government intervention in the fast-
food business. It is also important to note that a sizable minority of people oppose this notion, demonstrating
that there may be divergent views on the proper function of government in regulating the fast-food sector.

50
 Table no-23
Particulars Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Yes 70 68.6%

No 10 9.8%

Maybe 22 21.6%

Interpretation-
According to the research, when asked whether they thought the fast-food business should be held
responsible for its part in the obesity epidemic, 68.6% of the respondents said "Yes." This suggests that the
fast-food business is blamed for the obesity problem by the majority of respondents.
Only 9.8% of the respondents indicated they disagreed, showing that only a small percentage of people do
not think the fast-food business should be held responsible for obesity. Yet, 21.6% of the respondents gave
the response "Maybe," indicating that they were unsure or had conflicting emotions. Overall, the data
indicates that respondents have a high level of worry and conviction that the fast-food business must be held
accountable for its part in the obesity crisis.

51
 Table no-24
Particular Number of Percentage of
respondents respondents
Agree 65 63. 7%

Neutral 24 23.5%

Strongly disagree 2 2%

Strongly agree 11 10.8%

Interpretation-
According to the research, 63.7% of respondents agreed that colleges and universities should provide
healthy food alternatives in their cafeterias, while only 2% strongly opposed it. 10.8% of respondents
strongly agreed, while 23.5% were neutral or unsure. According to the data, the majority of respondents
think schools and colleges must provide nutritious food alternatives in their cafeterias. The majority of
respondents appear to support providing a variety of healthy food options, as evidenced by the
comparatively low percentage of those who strongly disagree. Strongly agreeing more often than not may
represent a sizable portion of the population who are extremely committed to this topic.
Overall, the statistics indicate that respondents believe that providing healthy food alternatives in cafeterias
should be a top priority for schools and colleges, which may have consequences for policy and decision-
making in educational institutions.

52
 Table no-25
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Yes 55 53.9%

No 27 26.5%

Sometime 20 19.6%

interpretation-
When asked if they had thought about how their consumption would affect the environment, 53.9% of the
respondents said "Yes," according to the statistics presented. A sizable minority of respondents, or 26.5%,
indicated that they had not given much thought to how their consuming patterns would affect the
environment. 19.6% of those surveyed gave the "Sometimes" response, indicating that they are aware of the
problem to some extent but may not always consider it when making consumption decisions.
Overall, the findings show that most respondents have thought about how their consumption affects the
environment, which points to a growing understanding of and concern for sustainability and environmental
issues. The sizeable percentage who has not thought about the matter, meanwhile, emphasizes the need for
additional education and awareness-raising on the significance of sustainable consumer behaviour.

53
 Table no-26

Particulars Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Eating more foods and 63 8%

vegetable
Preparing food at home 24 23.5%

Awarding fast food of 15 14.7%

restaurants

interpretation-
According to research, 63 respondents (8%) said they had made an effort to consume more fruits and
vegetables, which may indicate that they are attempting to replace fast food with healthier alternatives. 24
respondents (23.5%) stated that they prepare food at home, which may indicate that they are making an
effort to avoid eating fast food. The fact that 15 respondents (14.7%) said they were completely avoiding fast
food or restaurants may indicate that they were taking a more drastic measure to cut back on their
consumption of fast food.
Overall, the data reveals that people are making various efforts to cut back on their fast-food intake, with a
sizeable portion choosing to cook their meals. This might be an indication of people's increased
understanding of the value of good eating practices and the harmful effects of ingesting too much fast food
on their health.

54
 Table no-27
Particulars Number of respondents Percentage of respondents
Burger’s 65 63.7%
Pizzas 33 32.4%
Fried chicken 24 23.5%
others 16 15.7%

what type of fast food do you typically eat?

12%
17%
47%

24%

burgers pizzas fried chicken others

Interpretation-
As per the study out of the total responses, 65 individuals (or 63.7%) stated that their preferred fast food is a
burger. This implies that among the respondents, burgers are the most preferred kind of fast food. The
second most popular form of fast food, according to 33 respondents (32.4%), is pizza. Fried chicken was
mentioned as a usual food by 24 respondents (23.5%), while "others" was mentioned by 16 respondents
(15.7%).
Overall, the data reveals that among the respondents, burgers are the most preferred fast-food item, followed
by pizza and fried chicken. This may be due to how well-liked fast-food restaurants that specialize in certain
foods are, as well as how practical and inexpensive these choices are. The "others" category could refer to a
wide range of other fast-food options that are less well-known or less frequently consumed.

55
 Table no-28
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents
Strongly disagree 37 36.3%
Agree 26 25.5%
Neutral 24 23 .5%
Strongly agree 5 4.9%
Disagree 10 9.8%

interpretation-
According to the research Out of the total number of respondents, 37 (36.3%) strongly disagreed with the
statement, while 26 (25.5%) agreed. 24 (23.5%) of the respondents were neutral, indicating that they neither
agreed nor disagreed with the statement. Only 5 respondents (4.9%) agreed strongly, while 10 (9.8%)
disagreed. Overall, the data show that a significant proportion of respondents do not believe that fast food is
more convenient than home-cooked meals, with 36.3% strongly disagreeing. This suggests that many people
still prefer the convenience of home-cooked meals or do not consider fast food to be a more convenient
option. However, a sizable minority of respondents (25.5%) believe that fast food is more convenient, while
the remainder (23.5%) are undecided.

56
 Table no-29

Particulars Number of respondents Percentage of the

respondents
A Lot 37 36.3%

Occasionally 40 39.2%

Rarely 21 20.6%

Never 4 3.9%

interpretation-
This study says how much people rely on fast food as a convenient meal option. The respondents were asked
how frequently they eat fast food, with options ranging from "a lot" to "never." Out of the total number of
respondents, 37 (36.3%) said they rely on fast food as a convenient meal option "a lot." 40 respondents
(39.2%) said they ate fast food "occasionally." 21 respondents (20.6%) said they ate fast food "rarely." Only
4 respondents (3.9%) said they never eat fast food.
Overall, the data show that a sizable proportion of respondents rely on fast food as a convenient meal option,
with 36.3% saying they rely on it "a lot." Nonetheless, the vast majority of respondents (59.8%) eat fast food
only "occasionally" or "rarely." Furthermore, a small percentage of respondents (3.9%) stated that they never
rely on fast food.

57
 Table no-30
particular Number of respondents Percentage of
respondents
Yes 39 38.2%

No 44 43.1%

Maybe 19 18.6%

interpretation-
We can assume that a sizable proportion of respondents (81.3%) have consumed or considered consuming
fast food. 38.2% of those who have consumed fast food have felt negative emotions such as guilt or shame
after doing so. However, 43.1% of those who have consumed fast food have not experienced such negative
emotions, while 18.6% are unsure or do not provide a definitive answer. This suggests that, while a large
proportion of people experience negative emotions after consuming fast food, a large portion do not.
Furthermore, the data suggest that a variety of factors, such as personal beliefs about fast food, may
influence an individual's emotional response to it.

58
 Table no-31
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of
respondents
Improve mood 31 30.4%

No effect on mood 65 63.7%

Decrease mode 6 5.9%

interpretation-
The majority of respondents (63.7%) reported that fast food consumption does not affect their mood. This
suggests that fast food consumption has little effect on most people's emotional states. However, a sizable
minority of respondents (30.4%) stated that eating fast food improves their mood. This suggests that for a
subset of the population, eating fast food may have some psychological or emotional benefits. On the other
hand, a small percentage of respondents (5.9%) said that eating fast food makes them feel bad. While this is
a small percentage of the sample, it is still important to consider the potential negative effects of fast-food
consumption on mental health for some people.

59
 Table no-32
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of
respondents
Agree 69 67.6

Neutral 32 31.4%

Disagree 1 1%

interpretation-
A majority of respondents (67.6%) appear to agree that eating fast food regularly can cause stress and
anxiety. Meanwhile, only a small percentage of respondents (1%) disagree with this statement, while the
remaining 31.4% are neutral. This data suggests that respondents have a widespread belief that there is a link
between fast food consumption and stress/anxiety. It should be noted, however, that this data does not
establish a causal relationship between fast food consumption and stress/anxiety. It's possible that people
who are prone to stress and anxiety eat more fast food, or that other factors are at work.

60
 Table no-33
Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Yes 81 79.4%

No 8 7.8%

Maybe 13 12.7%

interpretation-
A majority of respondents (67.6%) appear to agree that eating fast food regularly can cause stress and
anxiety. Meanwhile, only a small percentage of respondents (1%) disagree with this statement, while the
remaining 31.4% are neutral.
This data suggests that respondents have a widespread belief that there is a link between fast food
consumption and stress/anxiety. It should be noted, however, that this data does not establish a causal
relationship between fast food consumption and stress/anxiety. It's possible that people who are prone to
stress and anxiety eat more fast food, or that other factors are at work.

61
 Table no-34

Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Very important 71 69.6%

Somewhat important 27 26.5%

Not important 4 3.9%

interpretation-
The majority of respondents (69.6%) appear to believe that knowing the origin of the ingredients used in fast
food meals is "very important." A smaller percentage of respondents (26.5%) believe it is "somewhat
important," while only a small minority of respondents (3.9%) believe it is "not important." According to the
data, knowing the origin of the ingredients used in fast food meals is a major concern for the majority of
respondents. This could be due to a variety of factors, including concerns about the quality and safety of the
ingredients, ethical and environmental concerns about sourcing and production, or a desire to make informed
food choices.

62
 Table no – 35

Particular Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Agree 86 84.3%

Neutral 16 15.7%

Disagree 0 0%

interpretation-
A large majority of respondents (84.3%) appear to agree that fast food contains unhealthy ingredients such
as sugar and sodium. A small proportion of respondents (15.7%) responded "neutral," indicating some
uncertainty or lack of knowledge on the subject. There were no "disagree" responses.
According to the data, respondents believe that fast food contains a lot of unhealthy ingredients like sugar
and sodium. Scientific research backs up this belief, demonstrating that fast food and other processed foods
are frequently high in these and other unhealthy ingredients, which can contribute to negative health
outcomes such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

63
 Table no -36
Particulars No of respondents Percentage of
respondents

Yes 27 32.4%

No 75 67.6%

have you ever tried to limit or stop your

consumption of fast food?

0%
32%

68%

yes no

Interpretation -
According to the survey the total number of respondents to the question "have you ever tried to limit or stop
your consumption of fast food?" is 102, with 27 respondents answering "Yes" (32.4% of the total) and 75
respondents answering "No" (67.6% of the total).

64
 Table no-37

Particulars Number of respondents Percentage of respondents

Yes 69 67.6%

No 32 31.4%

Do you have a family history of heart disease

or high cholesterol?

32%

68%

Yes No

Interpretation-
According to the information you supplied, out of the total respondents (102), 67.6% (69 people) claimed to
have a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease, whereas just 31.4% (32 people) reported not
having one.
This suggests that a sizable proportion of the respondents had a family history of high cholesterol or heart
disease, which may be a risk factor for their own health. They must be aware of this risk and take
precautions to reduce it, including following a healthy diet and lifestyle, exercising frequently, and keeping
an eye on their blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

65
 Table no-38

particular Number of Percentage of

respondents respondents
Appropriate 56 54.9%

Too large 31 30.4%

Too small 15 14.7%

how do you feel about the portion size

offered by fast food restaurant

15%
30% 55%

appropriate too large too small

interpretation -
This data suggests that a significant proportion of respondents (30.4%) found the portion size offered by fast
food restaurants to be too large. This may indicate that some consumers are concerned about the health
implications of consuming excessive amounts of calories, fat, sugar, and salt in fast food meals. On the other
hand, a majority of respondents (54.9%) found the portion size to be appropriate, which may suggest that
many consumers are comfortable with the amount of food they receive for the price they pay.
It is also worth noting that a smaller proportion of respondents (14.7%) found the portion size to be too
small, which may indicate that some consumers are dissatisfied with the value or satiety they receive from
fast food meals. This could be an area of concern for fast-food restaurants, as they may risk losing customers
if they do not provide sufficient portions.

66
CHAPTER 5- FINDINGS AND

SUGGESTION

67
 FINDINGS

• In this survey, there are 102 respondents in total about occupation the data shows the number of
responses for each occupation. the occupation listed is physical trainer, self-employed, student, and
teaching.

• According to the survey in the received data the most common occupation among the respondents
was students pay 22 responses that are 21.6% the next common occupation was studying with 22
responses as well which is 21.6%. These categories bid unclear, but they may refer to the individual
who is studying or doing research in an academic setting.

• Self-employed and teaching Each had 4 responses (3.9%), while physical trainer students had
1responses.

• The majority of respondents, 48 47.1% comer did not provide an occupation or selected a category
that wasn’t listed.

• According to the data received, there are 102 respondents were about gender, with 49% identifying
as male and 51% identifying as female.

• Overall, this data suggests a relatively even distribution of gender among the respondents,
With a slight majority of respondents identifying as female.

• According to the data There are 102 responses to the Survey about age, and they were divided into
three age groups – 18 to 25, 28 to 38, and 39 to 50.

• The largest group of respondents fell into the 39 to 50 age group. The next largest 30.4% fell into the
18 to 27 age group while the smallest group 14 27% fare into 28 to 30.

68
 SUGGESTIONS

• Fast food is frequently heavy in calories, fat, and sugar, which can cause weight gain and an
increased risk of obesity. Obesity can raise your chance of developing several illnesses, including
diabetes, heart disease, and some types of cancer.

• Help youth to make healthier eating choices by giving them information on the nutritional content of
various foods. This may entail encouraging them to eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean
protein, and low-fat dairy foods.

• Promote portion control among youth: When consuming fast food, youth should be encouraged to
exercise portion control. Overeating can cause weight gain and other health issues because many
fast-food portions are significantly bigger than the advised serving sizes.

• Encourage adolescents to remain physically active to maintain a healthy weight and lower their
chance of developing health issues associated with obesity. This can involve athletics, walking, or
cycling, among other things.

• Urge fast food establishments to serve salads, grilled foods, and low-fat alternatives as examples of
healthier menu selections. Youth can use this to make better decisions when dining out.

• Therefore, it's critical to inform young people about the negative effects of fast-food intake on their
health and to advocate for better dietary decisions and lifestyle choices.
• Increased availability and accessibility of healthy food options in restaurants, grocery stores, and
schools are something you should promote. When young people eat out or shop for food, this may
encourage them to make healthier decisions.

• Encourage parents and other carers to support their children's development of healthy eating habits.
Urge them to provide nutritious food options for their kids and to set an example of healthy eating at
home.

• Encourage youth to consume as many home-cooked meals as they can by promoting this practice. In
general, home-cooked food is healthier than fast food, and it can encourage young people to adopt
better eating practices.

• Address socioeconomic issues, such as poverty, lack of access to nutritious food options, and
ignorance of the benefits of adopting good eating habits.

• Promote healthy eating habits and raise awareness through educational campaigns: Launch
educational initiatives to raise public knowledge of the health dangers connected with fast food
consumption. These campaigns may be directed towards children, parents, carers, and the general
public. In Mumbai, the problem of fast-food consumption and its effects on youth health must be
addressed through a diverse strategy that includes campaigning, education, and legislative change.

69
CHAPTER 6-CONCLUSION

70
 CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that there is a significant negative impact on the health of young people who consume
fast food regularly in Mumbai. The study discovered that frequent fast-food consumption is linked to an
increased risk of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and other health problems.
Furthermore, the study found that young people in Mumbai are especially vulnerable to the negative effects
of fast-food consumption due to its accessibility and affordability, as well as the influence of marketing and
peer pressure. As a result, policymakers, parents, and other stakeholders must take action to promote healthy
eating habits and reduce fast food consumption among young people. In conclusion, the findings of this
study indicate that the negative impact of fast-food consumption on the health of Mumbai's youth is a serious
concern that must be addressed through a comprehensive approach that includes education, regulation, and
public awareness campaigns.
It is crucial to understand that the effect of fast-food intake on young people's health in Bombay is a complex
issue influenced by several variables, including culture, socioeconomic level, and personal dietary
preferences. Hence, any solution to this problem needs to be customized to the unique requirements and
conditions of the community.
Additionally, it's critical to recognize that fast-food establishments may help spread the word about better
eating practices. Fast food establishments can give nutritional information, better menu options, and assist
public awareness programs to encourage healthy eating. They can do this to encourage a culture of healthy
eating among Mumbai's youth and to lessen the negative effects of fast-food consumption on their health.
Fast food consumption's effects on young people's health are a major global concern. Fast food frequently
contains high levels of calories, fat, sugar, and sodium, which raises the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart
disease, and other illnesses. Promoting healthy eating practices, encouraging physical activity, expanding
access to healthy food options, and increasing public knowledge of the negative health effects of fast food
are all necessary to reduce these risks. To address this issue, stakeholders can work together, modify
policies, and launch education initiatives. It is also critical to understand how a variety of elements,
including culture, socioeconomic status, and access to healthy food options, affect people's dietary decisions.
In conclusion, addressing how fast-food consumption affects young people's health demands a multifaceted
strategy that includes not only individual actions but also changes to policies and community involvement.
We can assist young people in making healthier dietary decisions and contribute to a healthier society as a
whole by promoting healthy eating habits, expanding access to good food options, and boosting awareness
about the negative health effects of fast food.

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 REFERENCES

❖ Meena, M., and K. Varma (2015), Fast Food Consumption Among Adolescent School
Girls in Jaipur, International Journal of Innovative Research and Review, Vol. 3(3),
pp38-42.

❖ Hami Y. and Fatima F., (2017) "Trend of Fast-Food Consumption Among College
Girls," International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8, Issue 2.

❖ African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, Vol.: 4 (2) 2015; Narayan B.,
Prabhu M., Assessing Fast Food Eating Behavior of Students at Manipal University,
India.

❖ Consumer Perception of Fast Food in India: An Exploratory Study, Goyal, A., and
Singh, N.P., British Food Journal, Vol. 109(2), pp182-195, 2007.

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 WEBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITE-
❖ https://en.wikipedia.org/

❖ https://scholar.google.com/

❖ https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news

❖ https://edumantra.net/article-on-fast-food-a-health

❖ https://www.researchgate.net/search

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 ANNEXURE
• Gender
1. Male
2. Female

• Age
1. 18-27
2. 28-38
3. 39-50

• Place

• how often do you consume fast food?

1. Daily
2. Monthly
3. Never
4. Rarely

• How do you feel after eating fast food?

1. Satisfied
2. Bloated
3. Tired
4. Energetic
5. Uncomfortable

• Have you noticed any changes in your weight since consuming fast food regularly?
1. Yes, gained weight
2. Yes, losing weight
3. No change

• Do you think fast food has a positive or negative impact on your overall health?
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. No impact

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Have you experienced any health problems that you associate with consuming fast food?
1. Yes
2. No

• How likely are you to continue consuming fast food in future?

1. Likely to continue
2. Unlikely to continue
3. Undecided

• Would you like to receive information about healthier food options?

1. Yes
2. No

• Do you think fast food restaurants should offer healthy and many options?
1. Strongly disagree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Strongly agree
5. Disagree

• How do you feel about marketing and advertising tactics used by fast food companies to target
youth?
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Neutral

• Have you received any education about the impact of fast food on health in school or health
professionals?
1. Yes
2. No

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• How important is it to you to maintain a healthy diet?
1. Very important
2. Somewhat important
3. Not important

• Have you noticed any change in your mood since consuming fast food regularly?
1. Yes improvement
2. No change
3. Yes worsening

• How often do you engage yourself in physical activity?

1. Daily
2. Weekly
3. Monthly
4. Never

• In your opinion what role do parents and Guardians play in promoting healthy eating habits among
youth?
1. Major role
2. Minor role
3. No role

Do you think the price of fast food affects the frequency of consumption?
1. Neutral
2. Strongly disagree
3. Agree
4. Disagree
5. Strongly agree

• Have you ever tried to sort nutrition information for fast food meals while ordering?
1. Yes
2. No

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• Have you ever been a conscious effort to choose healthier options while eating fast food?
1. Yes
2. No

• Do you believe the fast-food restaurant should be required to offer a vegan or vegetarian option on
their menu?
1. Agree
2. Strongly disagree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly agree

• How much influence do peer pressure and social media have on your fast-food consumption habit?
1. Major Insurance
2. Minor influence
3. No influence

• How does fast food consumption impact your exercise and physical activity level?
1. Increase physical activity
2. No effect on physical activity
3. Decrease physical activity

• How do you feel about the role of the government in regulating the fast-food industry to promote
healthier options?
1. Supportive
2. Opposed
3. Neutral

• Do you believe the fast-food industry should be accountable it’s for its role in the obesity epidemic?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Maybe

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• Do you think that’s cool and colleges should offer healthy meal options in their cafeterias?
1. Agree
2. Neutral
3. Strongly disagree
4. Strongly agree

• Have you ever considered the environmental impact of fast-food consumption?

1. Yes
2. No
3. Sometimes

• What measures have you taken to reduce your fast-food consumption?

1. Eating more fruits and vegetables
2. Prepping at home
3. Avoiding restaurants fast food

• What’s the way fast food consumption affects your physical health?
1. Poor digestion
2. Decrease energy level
3. Increase the risk of heart diseases

• What type of fast food do you typically eat?

1. Burgers
2. Pizzas
3. Fried Chicken
4. Others

• Do you believe that fast food is more convenient compared to home-cooked meals?
1. Strongly disagree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Strongly agree
5. Disagree

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• How much do you rely on fast food as a convenient option for meals?
1. A lot
2. Occasionally
3. Rarely
4. Never

• Have you experienced negative emotions such as guilt or shame after consuming fast food?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Maybe

• How does fast-food consumption affect your mood?

1. Improve mood
2. No effect on my mood
3. Decrease mood

• Do you believe that consuming fast food regularly can lead to stress anxiety?
1. Agree
2. Neutral
3. Disagree

• Do you think a healthy diet can positively impact your mental health?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Maybe

• How important it is for you to know the origin of the ingredients used in fast food?
1. Somewhat important
2. Very important
3. Not important

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• Do you believe that fast food is high in unhealthy ingredients such as sugar and sodium?
1. Agree
2. Disagree
3. Neutral

• Have you ever tried limit to stop yourself from consuming fast food?
1. Yes
2. No

• Do you have a family history of heart disease or high cholesterol?

1. Yes
2. No

• How do you feel about the potion size offered by fast food restaurants?
1. Appropriate
2. Too large
3. Too small

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