Science 10
Coverage of the exam
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Heredity, Inheritance and Variation (DNA,
RNA, MUTATIONS)
(DNA REPLICATION, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Review
Replication is the process wherein DNA produces new
copies of itself. This process is described as
semiconservative because, after DNA replication, the
new copies contain both the old strand and the new
strand.
Review
Protein Synthesis starts with transcription. It happens when
the mRNA enters the nucleus and copies the nucleotide
sequence of DNA.
During translation, a tRNA carries an anticodon made up
of amino acid and three nitrogenous bases, which will
complement a codon (a set of three nitrogenous bases
in the mRNA).
1. What was the video all about?
2. How was mutation defined and shown in the
video? Is it possible to acquire superpowers
through mutation?
3. What is your idea about mutation?
4. Do you embrace the idea of mutation as a
motivation responsible for changing our lives?
Mutations
Mutation
Mutation- any change in the sequence of
DNA
It can be caused by errors in DNA
replication, transcription, cell division, and
external agents.
Types of Mutation
Genetic mutations Chromosomal mutation
Affects the nucleotide It is an unpredictable change
sequence in a gene. that occurs in a chromosome.
Gene – is a sequence of DNA that determines
a trait.
Chromosome – which can be found inside the
nucleus, contains the genes, which are
transmitted from one generation to another,
especially during cell reproduction.
Gene Mutation Type
Gene Mutation Type
Chromosomal Mutation Type
Causes of Mutation
Mutationsdo not happen overnight. Usually a mutation
is caused by exposure to radiation and chemicals.
Exposure to high-energy radiation such as X-rays and
gamma rays. These kind of radiation can cause damage in
ions. When combined with the nitrogenous bases in DNA, it
can result in errors during DNA replication, which may lead
to mutations.
Excessive exposure to chemicals, especially the radioactive
ones. This can alter the base pairs in DNA, which can cause
frameshift mutations.
Effects of Mutation
Down syndrome is a condition in
which a baby is born with an extra
chromosome number 21. The
extra chromosome is associated
with delays in the child's mental
and physical development, as
well as an increased risk for health
problems.
Effects of Mutation
Turner syndrome, a condition that
affects only females, results when
one of the X chromosomes (sex
chromosomes) is missing or
partially missing. Turner syndrome
can cause a variety of medical
and developmental problems,
including short height, failure of
the ovaries to develop and heart
defects.
Effects of Mutation
Klinefelter syndrome
(sometimes called Klinefelter's,
KS or XXY) is where boys and
men are born with an extra X
chromosome. An affected
person with abnormal body
structure (e.g.., enlarged
breasts, small penis)
Effects of Mutation
Progeria also known as
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria
syndrome, is an extremely
rare, progressive genetic
disorder. It causes children to
age rapidly, starting in their
first two years of life.
Benefits of Mutation
It helps an organism adapt to their environment. One example
is the antibiotic resistance in bacteria and immunity to HIV.
It creates diversity among organisms, such as the differences in
eyes, hair, and skin color.
It is essential for the evolution of organisms into different
species.
It leads to creating a new version of proteins that help the
organism adjust and adapt to the changes in the environment.
Big Idea
Mutationscan be both harmful and beneficial
to organisms.
