A.

Basics

1. echo SRM ➔ to display the string SRM

2. clear ➔ to clear the screen

3. date ➔ to display the current date and time

4. cal 2003 ➔ to display the calendar for the year 2003

cal 6 2003 ➔ to display the calendar for the June-2003

5. passwd ➔ to change password

b) Working with Files

1. ls ➔ list files in the present working directory

ls –l ➔ list files with detailed information (long list)

ls –a ➔ list all files including the hidden files

2. cat > f1 ➔ to create a file (Press ^d to finish typing)

3. cat f1 ➔ display the content of the file f1

4. wc f1 ➔ list no. of characters, words & lines of a file f1

wc –c f1 ➔ list only no. of characters of file f1

wc –w f1 ➔ list only no. of words of file f1

wc –l f1 ➔ list only no. of lines of file f1

5. cp f1 f2 ➔ copy file f1 into f2

6. mv f1 f2 ➔ rename file f1 as f2

7. rm f1 ➔ remove the file f1

8. head –5 f1 ➔ list first 5 lines of the file f1

tail –5 f1 ➔ list last 5 lines of the file f1

c) Working with Directories

1. mkdir elias ➔ to create the directory elias

2. cd elias ➔ to change the directory as elias

3. rmdir elias ➔ to remove the directory elias

4. pwd ➔ to display the path of the present working directory

5. cd ➔ to go to the home directory

cd - ➔ to go to the previous working directory

cd / ➔ to go to the root directory

d) File name substitution

1. ls f? ➔ list files start with ‘f’ and followed by any one character

2. ls *.c ➔ list files with extension ‘c’

3. ls [gpy]et ➔ list files whose first letter is any one of the character g, p

or y and followed by the word et

4. ls [a-d,l-m]ring ➔ list files whose first letter is any one of the character

from a to d and l to m and followed by the word ring.

e) I/O Redirection

1. Input redirection

wc –l < ex1 ➔ To find the number of lines of the file ‘ex1’

2. Output redirection

who > f2 ➔ the output of ‘who’ will be redirected to file f2

3. cat >> f1 ➔ to append more into the file f1

f) Piping

Syntax : Command1 | command2

Output of the command1 is transferred to the command2 as input. Finally

output of the command2 will be displayed on the monitor.

ex. cat f1 | more ➔ list the contents of file f1 screen by screen

head –6 f1 |tail –2 ➔ prints the 5th & 6th lines of the file f1.

g) Environment variables

1. echo $HOME ➔ display the path of the home directory

3. echo $PS2 ➔ display the second prompt string ( > symbol by default )

4. echo $LOGNAME ➔ login name

5. echo $PATH ➔ list of pathname where the OS searches for an executable file

h) File Permission

-- chmod command is used to change the access permission of a file.

Method-1

Syntax : chmod [ugo] [+/-] [ rwxa ] filename

u : user, g : group, o : others

+ : Add permission - : Remove the

permission r : read, w : write, x :

execute, a : all permissions

ex. chmod ug+rw f1

adding ‘read & write’ permissions of file f1 to both user

and group members.

Method-2

Syntax : chmod octnum file1

The 3 digit octal number represents as follows

∑first digit -- file permissions for the user

∑second digit -- file permissions for the group

∑ third digit -- file permissions for others

Each digit is specified as the sum of following

4 – read permission, 2 – write permission, 1 –

execute permission ex. chmod 754 f1

it change the file permission for the file as follows

∑read, write & execute permissions for the user ie; 4+2+1 = 7

∑ read, & execute permissions for the group members ie; 4+0+1 = 5

∑only read permission for others ie; 4+0+0 = 4