Primary Key Constraints, Joins,

Sample Tables
Cross join 1

Self join
Except Output
Set Operators
3
3

CT *

SELE Table 1 Table 2

SELECT *

FROM employees
FROM employees e1

A primary key is a unique identifier for ROSS JOIN departments; INNER JOIN employees e2 

a record in a database table.

C

ON e1.department_id = Get the rows from Employee_Details1

e2.department_id;
except the rows that are present in
Syntax for creating primary key: Employee_Details2 table.

Create table student123

:
Except Ret rnu s distinct rows from the result SELECT * FROM Employee_Details1

(
of the first SELECT query that are not present EX EPT

epartment
C

student_id int unique,

in the result of the second SELECT query. SELECT * FROM Employee_Details2;
student_name varchar(30),
D
student_age int check (student_age>0)

Adding primary key constraints using Alter D fe ault

U se to give a default value for a column Set Operators
Alter table student1

Syntax
if the user not giving any value
Add constraint pk_student_idprimary key (student_id)
Employee_Details1 Employee_Details2
Create table student_course

if not null is not active on the column on (

which you are trying to make the primary student_id int foreign key references student(student_id),
Inner join
key using the alter command first you have student_course varchar(100),

to make that column not null. rofessor archar(100) Default to be decided

P V ' '

SELECT *

) FROM employees

INNER JOIN departments

Alter table student1

ON 
Set Operators
Alter column student_id int not null Adding default constraints using Alter employees.department_id =
departments.department_id;

Alter table student_course

Foreign key
Union Union All Intersect Except
Add default to be decided for professor
' '

A foreign key is a column or a set of Set operators are used to combine two result set together SQL
columns in a database table that
heck onstraint Left join

nion Output
C C
refers to the primary key of another
table, establishing a link between the U
SELECT *

two tables. se to give a default value for a column

U
FROM employees

if the user not giving any value LEFT JOIN departments

ON 
Get all distinct rows between
Create table student_course
employees.department_id = Employee_Details1 and
(
Create table student
departments.department_id; Employee_Details2 table.
student_id int foreign keyreferences student(student_id),
(

student_course varchar(100),
student_id int primary key,

professor varchar(100)
student_name varchar(30),
SELECT * FROM Employee_Details1

) student_age int check (student_age>0)

UNION

UNION : Combines the result sets of two

) SELECT * FROM Employee_Details2; SELECT queries, removing duplicate rows.
Adding foreign key constraints
using Alter Adding c eck constraints using Alter
nion All Output
h

Right join
U
Alter table student_course
Alter table student
CT *

SELE

Add constraint fk_student_Id foreign key references Add constraint ck_age check(student_age>0) FROM employees
Get all rows with duplicates between
student(student_id) RIGHT JOIN departments
Employee_Details1 and
ON 
Employee_Details2 table.

SQL

employees.department_id =

Joins
departments.department_id;

U nique Key
Inner Join
SELECT * FROM Employee_Details1

A unique constraint ensures that all UNION ALL

ALL: Combines the result sets of

Cheat Sheet
UNION
values in a specified column or SELECT * FROM Employee_Details2; two SELECT queries, including all rows,
combination of columns are distinct
including duplicates.
within a database table.
Full join

Create table student123

SELECT *

Intersect Output
(
FROM employees

student_id int unique,

Left Join Joins Right Join FULL JOIN departments 

student_name varchar(30),
ON 

student_age int check (student_age>0)

employees.department_id =
) departments.department_id; Get common rows between Employee_Details1
and Employee_Details2 table

Adding unique constraints using Alter

: u s common rows
INTERSE T Ret rn
C SELECT * FROM Employee_Details1

Full Outer

Join
between the result sets of two SELECT INTERSE T

queries, removing duplicates SELECT * FROM Employee_Details2;

ALTER TABLE student

ADD CONSTRAINT uk_studentid UNIQUE (student_id)