~ BloUatlstla- MD I SAMS • Biostatistics - MD I DAMS

\ Ltcture Notes Sushruth.l College - Prof Or. i\n;mrl,, K. S.,

\
lecture Nottos Sush1uth1 Colle,te - Ptof Dr. An11nd.1 K, s,
3. CLASSU:ICATION ANU I•Iu:sn-n ,,·1111~ OF UA I',\
b) Ocogrnphicnl cl11~~ifkn1i1111:
11,c mC'thoos of collcctions of st:\listicnl J:un were dc~crihcd in the la!lt chapter. ·1 he data so '• In this tyre of cln~~llk11tlo11 the clAIR RIC dn~~1nrd ,rccnr,1111.i '" 11c:11111nphk:1I f(jll(}fl or pl.,,c. For
colkctcJ is lmo\\11 ns mw d:11:1. 11,c row d:itn which is. in general, hu~c and unwieldy. nc<"d, to lnstnncc. the ptt\tluctlnn 11( rnclil)' In clUTcrc111 ,tAtc~ In lmlia. J1r•1d11~ti11n 11( ""he.11 in 1llrfcrcn1
hc l'll!anized :md presented in mc:111in~f11l and m1dily comprehended form in order to focilit:1tc countric!'I etc.,
further st3tistic:il :mnlysis.
3.1: Cl:u,sifkalinn:
r . ~nUn!!-y. ----J~p,~ricn _ci,l~,n - j)~IJ'!!l!'k· 1,,-.~;,_, I,..11; :--1
\ ltlcl nf whtnt l"2S Rl)J 225 4J? I ~,,z
The collected dnta. nlso known as raw d3t3 or ungroupcd data arc always in an un organi5Cd form .. ln(kg/u~)~----•--_...._ __J . . !_
nnd need to be Or£anizcd and presented in me:mingful and readily comprehensible form in order
to focilit:itc further statisticnl analysis. It is, therefore, essential for an investigator to condcruc a c) Qualilnli\"c clns,;ilic.1tion:
m:iss of dat3 into more and more comprehensible and assimilable form.•Thc process of grouping In this tyre of clns.~ific:ition dotn ore classified on 1hc b.ui, of same: n11ribu1c:lt,~ qu,1li1y like: ~-
into difft.-rent classes or sub cl3SSCS according to some ch:iractcristics is kno,~ u clas5ification.
tahul3tion is concerned \\ith the systematic arrangement and prcscntatioriof cl.issificd'aata. Thus .
litct:'IC)'. religion. emplovmcnt etc., Such ouribulC!'I cnnnot be mcMurcd along with a sc.ik.
~ - ... ...
classification is the first step in tabulation. 4'; • , ' ./ A simple classification may be sho,,TI o.s under ,.
,, '-. '(· ._ /
.-.
~•~f
For E.xample, letters in the post office arc classified according1to ,ihcir dc~inations viz., Delhi. Popul:11ion
4,"-A,_r
.,~A;Y
Madurai, Bangalore. Mumbai etc., .._ t. • ;".)~ ~ ~,, A
(. ~ l ...&'1 ;-.~
·..->"I>
Ohjccts of Cl:issification: • ,.... ...._.
~· r..
.....,"'\
·,t
":.;
'.
':~
·•~'i-
\,. t
:·.
a-,;_
r
l\lalc
"i~

·'•
....., ,q 1.'-
'-'?,._ • l< t.~-4. , '- Fe..male
, ~...~~ ~~ b......i; ' - .-.. ...~~
The follo,,ing arc main objectives of classifying ~<data~:._.;,-~, ·<:-!.'t>'
1. It condenses the mass of data in an easily assimilable fomi: ...., Still the classification may be further c~cnde~ ~\~~~idering ::~attributes like m:iritaJ siatus
2. It eliminates UMcccssary details. W .,. .. etc. This can be explained by the foll~irig chart ... '\._ - •
\'1 •
3. It facilitates comparison and highlights the significant aspect of data.
4. It enables one to get a mental picturc'ofthc information and helps in drawing inferences.
~~
Pom!!!!ioJ.l\
5. It helps in the statistical ~atmcnt of the information collected. 11
~\l~ j '•
• »-..
c,;.,
"'\:Jt-.'
.,~~
~... ..
• J
_,._--f'i-;I ( ~~ ~-, \
j"'' ~,,=,
~
Types of cl:issification:i, ~,-.,~ Fem:alt
Statistical data arc classifi&i in ~ t ~(their characteristics. Broadly there arc four basic types 1
of classification namely '~h.£.i;, ""'~~
(
Employed •
-~. A: .. ":1!>
~, Unemploy~
(
Employed
\
Unemployed
Ill". 'iJ;
""\ ...... _r;t"'
-~- . ('tltAl • • •
"\\
a) Chronological°blassification \~ d) Q uanntatrv~ \•'>
c ~•cation: .;,.
b) ~gmphic'al cl~itication
c) Qu'ititativc cffissifi~tion ouJ'ttivc~fici'tion refers to the classification of data according to some characteristics
~ • '\},>_ '" that ~be mcasu~ sucicas height, weight. etc., For example the students ofa college may be
d) Quantitative classdicat1on
·~ M classified1'c-cordini;fto weight as given below.
~. J:i 'fi1c:1hon:
a) Chrono1og11.4111aOSSI
w
•
In chronological classification the collected data arc arranged according to the order of time
"\I Weil!ht (in kt?)
90-100
No of students
50
expressed in years, months, weeks, etc., The data is generally classified in ascending order of l00-110 200
time. For example, the data related with population, sales of a firm, imports and exports of a
110-120 260
country arc always subjected to chronological classification.
120-130 360
The estimates of birth rates in India during 1970 - 76 arc 130-140 90
140-150 40
Year 1910 I 1911 l t972 I t973 I t974 I t975 I t976 Tot11l 1000
Birth Rate 36.s I 36.9 I 36.6 I 34.6 I 34.5 I 35.2 I 34.2
15
14
r·-
81o1tt\l,\ict - MO l l\AMS blostatlnlu - MO I MMS
lee\~ Notf'l ~u,hn,tha Collt!J.. - rrot o,. f\l\AMa K 1 . lM\Ufl' Notr• Suthtuth• Collf',t<' - r,of o,. ,11,t,alld• I( s.
J..2: Tat,"1athln: ,:tl: 'fahul11tfnn:
1\l~,IAtl\,n ill thc, l'"''C!l!l of !l\lmmnrltlni; d:1,,tt\c,I r,r 1tr1•u1,ctl ,l111n In th<' form 11( ., 1nhle "' 1 rhtlt 1'al,ul:\ti(\n I!' th\'.' pt<'C'C~'I of !1Ull1f11attling cla'.\'.\lfic,I or Jt"'"r<'tl ,f.ttll in the (o,m u( 11 f,1hl~ ,., 1h:1t
h l!l l'.'\~lly undc~h~,I ntHl nn hw<"~ti~Rtt\r Ill tt11ickly nhlc h• lot·att' the ,k~hC'tl lnfnrni;1fit111 ,\ it ill c:t!'il)' ,m,kntoc-...1 and nn itwc~,l~nlor ill ,auickly nhk ht l,,cntc th<" cfc~rr"tl it1fmm:1tit,n ,\
t.'\M\• he .t :oty!-t('l\\l\tic nrrnl\~CmC"nt \,f dn~•dllt'tl dn1n In cuhnnnoi mitl row, th""· 11 ,1;11"11< .ii tahk tnhlc i~ n !l)'l"cmntic nrmn~cmcnt of cln~'lllicd da1:1 In col11mn11 1t1ltl mw, J hm. o ~raft~flt.--.1 1.thf<:
"'•""" it l'•"'!-.'ihl<" for th'-• h,,·c~,i~nh,, 11, l'n'l'C'II\ n hu.:c m'"" ,,t ,lntn to ,, 1kt111k1I .m<l or,krly mn\;c'.\ ii l"'~"ihlc for the hwcstl{!nlor 10 rrc!-cnt 11 hu1=c 0111,-. of Jat;-r 111 it d('!.uktl .rnd m,lc,ty
t,'tln. It fodlitntn '-'t."t11r-·ui~<'I\ nml "ften ren•nh 1.•crtnin pnncm, in <lntn '" hich -"<' other~1<oe ,wt fonn. lt fodlitatcs comr:ni~n ;md often ,c\·C"al, ccnnin f'.\Ucm!' in tl:u.t v.hkh arc otl,cr-v.,~ ~•f
,,\wi,,\t~. Cla..,,;.tt"icnth,I\ nnd 'Tnhulnti,,n· . n~ ,t mnttcr of fnct, nrc not ,,.,,o Ji~tinct pr•t<:C:'I~"·
ob,·ious. Clns..~ification nnd 'Tnhulation· . nll 11 malfcr or fact. nrc 1101 t\\.O J1,rin~1 Pf"C~~
r\ctwilly tht-y ~, tt,t::,ctlwr. lkfon- tnhulntitm d:tht nrc dn~,ificd nnJ then Ji'lrlayetl under
,lin~,, 1.,,tunm.... nod n,\,"5 t,f n 1nM~. ,\ctlmll)· they so together. Defore lnhulntion daln nrc cla.",ifiC"d and then Ji<pla)"cJ tmdcr
difTcrc:nt columns nnd rows of n tnhlc.
Ath·•ntas:n of T•hulatlon:
~t:i.ti~tk:tl 1.fotn :urnn&cd in n tnhulnr fom, ~r.·c following ohjccli\·c~: ~ ,,.. A,h-nntai:cs of T11hul:ition:
.rr~.
t. h :i.imrlitic~ .:-,"'mrlcs ,l:,t:i :ind the dntn presented 1u·c ca!.ily unJcrstooJ. , 1.,. .,r,•7- Sl:stisticol dala ammged inn tabul:sr fom1 serve followint objective~:
1. It simplifies complex dab nnd the dal3 presented arc easily undcrstooJ.
:· h t~!l~latcs "''"'"""~'" of~lnt_cd facts.. . . If··-~·"".:--.. . • ',~ .
.•. h t:11:1luat~ comrmat1on ol ,·:uious i-tat1sttc:1' mc:1surcs hkc average!; d1spcn1on, corttlat,on c:tc, 2. It facilitates comparison of related facts. ~
4. h r~ms focts in minimum rossibtc sp.u.-c nm! lltlllCCCSS:t~• tcpctitions nnd explanation., arc 3. It fncilitatcs computalion of various statistical measures like avC"ragc5. dis~ion. corrdation etc.
a,·\lided. Morc:o,-cr. the needed inform:nion can be ca.-.ily locnteJ~~.. '\.'.., ~.1 4. It presents facts in minimum possible space and unnecessary repetitions nnd expl:inatioM arc
5. Tabulated d3ta arc good for rcfcren~~ nml they mnkc it c:asicr_to present ~- ........ y
avoided. Moreover. the needed information C31\ be easily located. -~, ,.,__ / l
·- ... .. ... 5. Tabulnted data arc good for references and they !!1:ske it C35icr to prcsc:nt
rttl"■rin~ :t Taahlt': 'Z\~., ._'< "!·.
~ ~-.. \.. . .. , Preparing a Table: •"'
1nc m:iking of n comp.'\cl tnblc itsc-lf nn nn..Thi$ should contain all the information needed
"•ilhin the sm:illcst possible SJl.'lCC. Wl1:1t thc'pl!fpoSC}~f-'tahul:ttion is and how the tabulated The making of a compact Ulble itself an art.- ,This should c:ont:sin all the information nccdc:d
infom,:lli<ln is t<l be lL-.ed nrc the m:iin ppints to bc\kcpt in~nitnd while preparing for a statistical "-ithin the smallest possible space. What the purpose of tabulation is and how the tabulated
bhlc. An idenl table should consist ofih~ follo",ing niain parts:-:.,.,
1. Table number
~ ~
•• ,_ '~-!ii:2, ':-~
·,, information is to be used are the main p<Jints to be:kcpt in 'mind white preparing for 3 statistical
table. An ideal table should consist of the· following main parts:-·
r ~~~ ~""
2. Title of lhe Utble ,~. 't ·• '\· t. _Table number ·;, • ~,t~..._"7. • .. ~ '•
•...,. C aptaons
• .., ' 1t1-
or col umn h c.nd"mgs~, ' \. } ';
•
2. Title of the table •'"·
...... """'c ......... : . . . - ~ - ,
..... ,,.), - -·- 's..: .
\-~
-'· S1uhs or row dcsig.nn!_io~ • ~\,~.J..,, ·t:.~- • 3. Captions or column . headings:.~.
. ... , . i:~
'• •
5. Bodyoflhetablc ~~.-- . -•.~ . "'~--..~~ 4 S b
•• tu s or row des1gn~ti-~f! ~~~: ....__ . •
6. Footnotes "~ ~ . , 5. Body of the table '{~.--~... '{}._ -...••:...:_~.
'-'< ,...,, ....... -
7. Sow-ces of data V' .((-:.. ~.:..,~
:-:::· ·"' ~
A modt"l litrucC';!~~r n table!~ ~h·cn below:
..- 6. Footnotes
7. Sources of data .
'\~ •·~~ '-'-
~:. _.L',, :_:t-... ~•
. ~ y -.~,
A model structurc:of a tnblc is gh·cn below:
<::
-~.1 _...._
lfa..,Numbtt Tl~ of th• Tablf.
Ifabl• Nnmbtt Till,, of th• Tabl•
Sub C~Hcadings Tot21
Hading Sub DptionHe:ldings Tot31
Captioa S•Headmp He2ding
Caption S•Headings
...=- Body ~
.s.
1
=
A -
1 Body
~ .A
z, at
a
II)
A
a
V,
Tot21
Tot21
Foor aoc.s: 16 Toot aottt:
SovtMNoc•: SouttH Not•: 16
------·-
~ l ~ f f .,1,11 _ c:;,-.~.~-w~~1.w -- _,,..,.,,..,1TW'll#_.,~,.,,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 ....__.. _ _ """'-
-'"----.i.., .d-;
- .~..
, utlstJCj - MO I BAMS
:~urc Notes Sushrutha CollCRC! - C'rof Or. Antnd~ r,, ~ ,
dlostntlsllu - MO I 01\MS
.. lecture Notl'J Stuhruth• Colli:-,tr - rrnf o, An,.n,1• I( ~ ,
j
J.2.1: T)'('l" of TahlH: l J.l.2: f.'rrc111rnt·~· l>htr·ltm tlun:
t1Mt1re <rf dlft.1 M ,mm~, of
l'i- •lt11ll:u or clt1v.!ly rt;'(Me-,J
Toblcs can be clnll.~ificd nccc1h.linlt to thclt f"l'fkYl<', JtA1te of ('fitfHlry. p ft<'qucncy di!ltrihuth,11 I• n !lc-ric.-• '"he-rt n numlter of oh•crv11fion• \\'ilh
•, ,,,hlf" ,n..1y ~ (f,auifi<tf ~~ vnlucll m~ rut In ~,,11rttf(' hunchc~ or ,zrm,,,,, c11ch ll'""I' ticlnit lo or,lc,
of m1t,:11h11<k in :. ~,1~"
characteristic~ u~I. On lh~ h.1•d~ nf the numhcr o( d1Arlt<'.fC"ti11fit l
numhc-r "' ctt•c• \Nhkh (1111
follows: lt i~ !limrlr n fnhlc in "hkh the ,tntn nf'C' fltOUJX'tl Into cln••c• nnd tltc cliffcrcnr vnluc-i of 11 •in'-tle
a) Simple or onc•wny table in cnch dR!I~ nrc t('('Mt.ft'd. h ~how, the fm111cncy o( ,-.ccurrcncc nf
of J111:1 If the numtlC'r o(
Phcn<'mcnon. Ftcquc.-ncy di~t,ihulifln 1,tiVCl' n heucr r,icturc of the ,,.,ucm
b) T\,~\\l1Y tnhlc
item~ i~ ln~c.
c) M:mifolJ tnl,lc
A fttetut'ncr ctf•lrihut lon '" "''"'~trtacft'd for lhrl'c m•ln ru,,u":
al Sim1,1t- nr ont--wn~· Tnhk·~ I. To facilitate the nnnly!'i!I of dRtn.
of one c~tc-ris tic onfy. A on from tftd Ji:itfribution o(
A simrlc or one-way t:iblc is the simplest t:iblc which conrains dal:a 1. To e,:1im.1tc frcqucncic!" of the unknown rorul11rion c.fi~trihuti
simple l:lblc is easy to constmc t :ind simple 10 follow. For c~amplc.
the bt.snk ~lc~vc: n bekrN ....
m:iy be u..~ to show the number of adults in different occupatio
ns in il -~""'~i~ ~-t · S3mrtc d:it3
3. To facilitntc the cl"1mru1ntion of vnrious stntiJtic:11 mc:isurc~
A·
_,.,,..!' __,,. ,
,.,. •✓-
of.d&upation1:1
Title: The number of adults in a locality in '?PC~•v . • .t
,r? ~
lbw d:at:1:
._ of
Let oi'coniib cr the cbily
Occupati ons No. of adult$ <f ~-.~ ~. /2.] The sutisticnl dntn collected nrc generally rnw dnta or ungrou~dcJriUL
. ::--~~~.. wages (in Rs) of30 l:iboure~ inn fnctory. ... /,.t-~;--..... '~,~ ~ ···•
,..,.
/ ~1...··,!I
,:. •.:,-. t: ' " ......}.
-·. '
: i t~-,l~_
80 90 I
Total ..... ~ -I . ' "· .... 80 70 5S so 60
~d: :..~ 80'
v 6S 40·
.. ~82 . 30
55 65 80 f
.
,
'ti~....... t\
-~. '•<b,;-- __,.~, 15 45 35 65
65 45 1s I
b) Two-wa, · Table: '{',.·.,,~ '--:<" 75· 2:"' ~~ 90
··~
A table, which contains data on two charactcristics,'is-caJJcd a
•
" " , ~ 'J \ ,'f!"""
two-wav table. In such c:.!5C.
60 55 38 65
~.'),.... ·." .
. "'85•
In ·the given table. as an ~,,. are recorded as they occur
therefore , either stub or caption is ~)cd into tw;;,':"co-ordi~~ parts. The above figures nrc nothing but mw or ungroupcd dab :ind they
subdhisio n is sho"'TI in two- not furnish any useful
example the caption may be further dfvided in respect of'sex·. This without any pre-consideration."{nni~~1'icprcsentation of' datn does
the figures in an ascendin g
,,..-ay table, which now contains ~ c~cTafs iics namely. occupatio
n and sex. information and is rather confta,sin'g)to mind. A bet~er way to express
\.?t.. v. ""'· or descending order o~ngni tJde~d is commonl yiknown as nrray. But this docs not reduce the
.-aduhs in a locality in respect of occupation and sc:x • m
rci.... cc1· ~; .."I' nn nrrny as • ,orm:
r. 11owmg
• the ,o r.
bulk, o fthe dala. Th e n ~
Title: The nwnbcr.of ..,.c-~•....
ye d atn wuen
~
"\;-f
,~
"'t..,.,........
--~-
~ ..
,. --Y
. -~ ~ o . of adults Total
--
~
' onn .mlo
"~ ..... ""'-:-r~.... -~:-
'.;.,_
·\..~
'' .....- CCUP_fllJOi
" ~ '-~
lS"t Fcmal
Mal
e e 30 35 38 ....,~ 4();; ........... ':is 45 so 55 ss 55
65 65 70 70
.
-
~~-~ .. 'fti5 '65 65
"·~- ~t>~ . 60
75
60 ~ .65
,-..15 ~t~ 75 80. 80 80 80 85 90 90
~ Total ,
,~~. ~
,,f'!,.., , . - ~ · "
~ ,...,. ~~
...
It also gives a rough idea
c) ~ c f ' ! : r ~ : ~ •~ The ~ y hclp';'iis, to' ~ at once the maximum and minimum values.
istics. For a lnrge number of items. the
Th~~~ anatmo ~~plex tables can be formed by including other character of the cli$tribut iori~f ,~~items over the range. When we hnve be
examp~ ~e ma~furth cr classify the caption sub-headings in the
above table in respect of formation1>~,?11 nrray is very difficult. tedious and cumbersome. The Condensa tion should the
which has more than two . eJ\.{ffiderstanding and may be done in two ways. dependin g on the nature of
'"marital stalus". "religion " and "socio-economic status.. etc. A table. directed for
~ .
table sho\\n below shows ~
charact eristic~ £ is considered as a manifold table. for instance.
three characteristi~s namely, occupation. sex and marital status.
n) Discrete frequenc y tnblc/dis tribution :
and marital status
Title: The number of adults in a locality in respect of occupation. sex Here the data arc presented in
In this form of distribution. the frequency refers to discrete value.
There ,1re definite differenc e
No. of adults a way that exnct measurem ent of units are clearly indicated.
and separate from the
Occupations Male female Total between the variables of different groups of items. Each class is distinct
Datn as such fncts like the
Married Unmarried Total Married Unmarried Total other class. Non-continuity from one clnss to another class exist.
in a country. the number of
number of rooms in a house, the number of companie s registered
children in a family, etc.
Total
18
17
 ..
~
~
,,.
I j{ostatlstlcs - MD I BAMS
Dlostatlstlcs - MD I 01\MS ·Lecture Notes Sushrutha Collcgo - Prof Dr. Anandi, IC. s.,
•i.ccture Notes Sushrutha Collttne ... Prot Dr. Anand11 IC. s.,
N,i'ture or dn!l!I:
Tiac r,roccsi; of J1fCJlnrins:i thl!l 1yr1.• of dl!tlrih111ion I~ vt'ry .. Implc We ltnw tu~, to co11111 1t1..- The following nre some bn!llc lcchnlcnl tcm1' \\'hen n co11tl11111111q frc:,,ucncy di•frih11tlnn i"
numbcr of times n rnr1iculnr \'nh1c, lit f'CJ'Cnt~d. whlda 111 c11llc,I the lt\'(tllcr1cy of thnr d11,i, fn fonned or dnto ore clmi~ificd nccordirtH to cln~!I intcrvnl:1.
order to fncilitulc countht,t ,,rcrnrc n column nf tnllh•,. ht nrmthn n1l11m11, ,,t,lt c: nll rc1,<1lhlc
vofucs of \•nrinblc from the lu\\~~• rn 1hc hl1thc1t1. lltcu ,..,,, 11 h11f f\'dtlntl lhtt•) opp,111fe 11,c 11) Clau limit,:
p:trllculnr value to whkh it rdnlcic. To fncllllntl' cmmlh1J1, hl(lt l., uf 11 vc hnn nr<' r•rc111ur:,r ttr'kf
The clnss limits nre the lowc~t nnd the highc,1 vnluc, thnt cnn he lucludctl itt rhc cfo~i. ·, h~ two
some spncc i!I lei\ In cnch hind,. \Ve Onnll)• l'OUIII the mrmher uf hou 11nd J!el ftt''l"._.ncy
hch\'t'C."11
boundnrics of cln~s nre known ns the lower limit, nnd rhc UJlJlCr lirnil of the cl:w,. ·rhc lower
Exnmptc I: limit of a clns~ is the value below which there con he no item in the cfaJ,. ·r he upper limit of :1
In u sun.·cy of 40 fmnilic!( in n \'llln~c. the rn1mlK"t of d1lltlren per f'nrnlly w,n n~cnr,lcd nnd tit<' class is the vnluc nho\'c which there cnn he no item 10 rhnt c:la~J. Lower cha.•~ limif i, <lcnt>tcJ tr/
follo,,ing dntn oblninctl.
J 0 3
......
2
... - ·. -· _____
___1,
I
_ ,_, T L nnd upper cln..~c; limit by U. •
- ., ----I.. --·---~. ., •
~-l- . . -
l I 0 J I ,-----<, h) Clas~ lntcn·al: (:[>-
1 i. The class interval may be defined as the si1,c of c.ich grouping of dara. For cxiim~lc~ S.0-1S. 15·
3 2 I s J 3
~
[, ~
100, 100-125 ... arc class intcn·als. E:1ch grouping begins with 1hc lowe(Jimi~ '!racfi<~ i[1tcrv:1!
~
2
3
2
3
.J
4
0
4
2
I .--=.... -
I
,"\, ') -----·-·
•.
~
·----
5
·-:--t----.~i and ends at the lower limit of the next succeeding class interval . ... \•,,
. ../.,, . ).. _ ,.,
6 ., :,
Represent the dntn in the fonn of n discrete frcqucncy distribution: •· . c) \Vidth or ~izc or the cl:1ss intcn·al: ~ ':7!:.·-dff
•
S o Iuhon: ,,.,__ {:/,.·~."'\-,;_,.__
:-,.. .,,!..
-....~. .. ~
#.....-~"\,,,. '
The difference between the lower and upper class limits is ca!led.:,w~dtli o.r si~ ofclass intaval
!
Tille: Frcquenci
- distribution of'ithc numhcr of cltildrcn •
"-A n( ~1'- '-},
and is denoted by •c•. ~-.:,.. i~ ,. . . • • •
~-,}',,. ~...... '"<'!,,
Number of Tnllf.M"nrks , ~ "''.I,. 1',(\ ,.,.,. ~_,..., ,. ; , l
Fn:qucncy. d) R:m..,e: ~ .,::•?-:-. ' , •--
Children .:.t~:.t,,,~,;...~·····-""" : ...~ •. ~-- b • I ·~ :, , , .
0
I
,.,.. ...
f?r
-~ ·--•./ ¼.:•:A.. J
~.,,,, ,_
7
denoted bv •R' ie r,
The difference between largest and smallest value of the obscrv.ition is called The Range and
~l;.._ - <::t"'~..,_
1s
2~ ' ~,..... ...__...~ R : Larg~ value - Smallest val~~ ~. • { , , •• •·-=-'
,•. 3 'Si --·~, .,. ...

10
"'-
8 R-L-S \ ~
~~~-~ \\ .',1 6
r) Mid-ulue or mid-point:' \ }
...
\ ~
~~ •• :-. 6
-S ..."~•-•~
...,
::,., ~ ........ _ '4~Z,-?
""-:':~ "'."'
4
2
The central point of a class interv')i,is called th~~mid value or mid-point. It is found out by adding
the upper and lower lirrii~:afa c1asi·andc!ivi8ing the sum by 2.
\\. ❖ .''"-. Total 40 ,~
-~,"-$~"'.·. ~~
• ~v~:,,
b) Continuous r~i}ucncy rnblWdisfribution:
~
O Frequency: . ,~~f•~ .
'-:\~~
~
,
. .
Number of observt~t.!,.ons falhng;_within a particular class mtcrval 1s called frequency of that class.
Jn thi~~,-'Jts1tribution ref~rs to groups of values. This becomes nccessnry in the case of Let us c~nsider thc,icfrequency dis!ribution of weights if persons working in a company.
·•~'V • bl '<lh, J •---.;,.,
someJ>v.ana cs·~w ucn~cnn tak·e any 1rnct1ona
r. • I va Iuc nn d .in w Iuc
. I1 cnsc on cxuct measurement 1s
• ~
~..• ~~·
~~~. . ~• .,
",;.;'{~.
Weight (in kgs)
•
Number of persons
not ~isible. Hcaic'cAa discrete variable can be presented in the fonn of n continuous frequency
i, •·
dislributIB'!i:,
~ Title: Wage distribution of I 00 employees "'~" -~ 30-40
40-50
50-60

25
53
77
Weekly wages (Rs) Number of employees
60-70 95
SO-JOO 4
70-80 80
I00-150 12
80-90 60
150-200 22
90-100 30
200-250 33
Total 420
250-300 16
300-350 8 1n the above example. the class frequency are 2S,53,77,9S,80,60,30. The total frequency is equal
350-400 s to 420. The total frequency indicate the total number of observations considered in n frequency
Totnl 100 distribution.
19
20
----- -----,,,,J"!!
.,,..-~
r-
,1

'/tfstlcs - MD I SAMS
;if~ Notes sushrutha College - Pror Or. An.1nd.1 K. s,,
L ;.,tntkt • MO I OMA~
1
'i,aU'I IIOUI ScJJhruth, Cofl1tf/1 - Prof Or, t-1111r111, r.. S.,
£tct" b) Jt,tlu,ln mtllwd:
, ]lluinbcr of d11s i~rcn·al~:
,n ldcirf frCtft~nc)' d,ftrfht,fion, r~ l$(Jfl1 ,1~ t,,wi:r :md vr?-r limiu
,; #,e number of ~lass inter\·nl ~hould not be loo m:tny. For In 1h11 meihodf fhc ,,vc,f11J,plnu ,,( tl,c dus intcn-,lt it ,,w,i,St:A
,;( d:ut inf('rvah for ff~ '1t lncl1Jdcd i11 fhe cf:tH lmcrvnl. '11,ia fY(~ r,f d:,Hifi ution
m:,y h,: 11v.A (,,r i vm,r,A freq,;etY.y
.,umber of class intcr\•nl~ cnn \111'}' from S en IS. To dc.-cldc ,,~ n111nhct of W(lf}<, . in , fa<:u,r, ci.c .•
the hi0tctt hf fh~ \l,11lu~i (~ • dfitrlburion for dir.c:,etc ..,,,,IJ,f,fc like t11<'mh(r, ;,, • (11mily, n1Jmbc1
ucquency distributi\'c in the whole ,ltttn, we choou the fow-c,t nnd •.-/1th lrxtv,m l •1,d1il!!i 11kt
, I hut. rhc ,mmh,:r ,,( d~is• where the ~11,lnMc: mny fh~.t' ""'Y lt1k"1•I ~,lu,:,, It c•nwrl he' 11v.4
difference between them will cn:,hlc u~ 10 decide the cfw inrervial
o( r,mhfan urwfc,- ,r,xfy m 1r c..:,n ~ agt. heilJJ1f, wc:igllf ecc. lhit mechod m:,y f,e illu,trat~ 11 follf,wi
:
intervals can be fixed :ubitmrily l<ccr,ing in view the mature
num~r nf d~uc, am h-:
dc'Cidcd ,,ith the help of Sturg~• Rule. Accordinl? tn him. rhc --- -,- - --·-
dctcnnincd by the fom,ula. Clau i,1,!_cryal l firCJJ~Y.. .,1
··-- - - .1,
j,i) f/J
K • t + 3. 322 log,oN
Where. N 01 Total number of observations
loF. • log3rithm of the number
K .., Number of class intcrv:sls.
:("
'¼.} ....,_~...,.

W;J_4_
I5-1 ')
21J-2'J
t 95
IS
21 :'
.4,."'::-,~ ,,l,.. _,,,_r,.-,, I()
i~ .:: •• ;.~ • J<J-14 .. ~;- ..
If 100 observations 3rc being studied, the number of cla.,s interval ~ ,. r~ 5 t ... ✓
= "-.:~,._(' -~§f• ,, J.S-39
K • 1 + 3. 322 log 100 • 7.644 8 and so on. 'C' ,. • Total 10 1 ✓ • I'
~
t ·'\~
\. .,. ·._ ·· .-..,,,, .. · aJ .
b) Size/width of the dasi intcn·a l:
Since the size of the class interval is inversely propo~ io~:ro
~c n~~ ~~ cw, • ~ c~: Thus, to decide whether to use the inclusive method or the
&efiiiv e [:J'important to
or~isc iete~. ln ~ of
given distribution. The approximate ,,atue of th~1ze (~~
"1d1h ~or ffl!l!' 1ludc) 0 determine: whether the variable under observation tn"a.wnriifuous
inten'al •c• is obtained by using sturges• role~ ~~ • "., -'lh continuous variables, the exclusive method mus& be: u~. 'flie
inclus(ve method should be used
t~~,. ,h ~~~ in case of discrete variable: '(-:;--,..., "'·' • ~ ~. ..-,/J
•,. - ~~·
Size of class intcn'al =C.,. Range/ Number of c!isi m~ ~;,.. ~
,.,,y~ -.:..• , ... , ·i"
=Range/ 1+ 3•322 Iog l'i'·-,.~~~ •:t-(;~,
~
~
~;--., ,....:.,
t;.,,. -.;;;.~.-t,.
• ~ c) Op~n end cl:nsn: ~T"
in the distribution. ss interval or at t h e ~ end off.be
Where Range .. Largest Value - sma1kst value A class limit is mis,ing either at r.he i~er end of the first-cla
tt1 ~~~.. .... ,.,
fast class interval or both ar_e,._ notY ~j~~ ~si!Y
of open ~ classes anses ID a num~
-.....u......~•...
~
. medrcaJ ~ when there ~ f~
T,·p~ or class intervals: (.~ ~ 'Y~ of practical situations, pan1eu~l~trclating_ to CCOf}OtnlC and
V""" hi"" \,alucs or few very Jow-vaJ ue5 wfuch~ are~ apan from lhc maJonty of obsen-auons.
There arc three methods of classifying the data~~din g to class intervals namely -•~ IY' A. ~\..id,-.. .
ollowr.-
/
a) Exclusive method ~ The example for the o\._, ~ d daffeS
'-> ,,
..,,~
""n.asf .. ,,:J:-:-.
,, ;-'f\
.-
•.,..... •
,,
b) Inclusive method • . ~, ,.,._, >~ ·-.:;,.
c) Open-end classes ,,· Salarv (in Rs.) No. of workers
..; , . .
'\
t,· 2000-4000 7
~
\)._ . .
a) Exclusive met~~d: s
one class as the lower hmrt 0 ~ the ' :--4000-6000
When lie'class ~tcrval s are so\>fixed that the upper limit of
nex4'~~s· itis~kno ~ as the exclusive method of classification.
The follo"in g data are classified 6000-8000 6
-~~ •. -~ ~ 8000& above 4
on this bas'.: )t, -....:_,
~-, . ' Exnenditure (Rs.) No. of families Total 22
~- .~
,>--•»-~
,,..~y
0-5000
5000-10000
J0000-15000

60
95
122
~-~II
~quen cy table:
1
gful classification of data.
Following general consideration are useful to ensure meanin
I 5000-20000 83
5 and 20. However there is no
20000-25000 40 I. The number of classes should preferably be between
400 rigidity about it.
Total s as 3,7.J 1,26....ctc. preferably
2. As far as possible one should avoid values of class interval
as much as the upper limit of one S like 10.20.25.J 00 etc.
It is clear that the exclusive method ensures continuity of data one should have class intervals ofeither five or multiples of
. there are so families whose should either be zero or 5 or
class is the lower limit of the next class. In the above example 3. The starting point i.c lhe lower limit of the first class,
iture is Rs.5000 would be
expenditure is between Rs.O and Rs.4999.99. A family whose expendin practice. muhiple of 5.
included in the class interval 5000-10000. This method is widely used 4. To ensure continuity and lo get correct class interval
we should adopt ..exclusive" method.
5. Wherever possible, it is desirable to use class interval of
equal sizes.
21
22
~
,~ - r- ~
1JOstatlstlcs - MD I BAMS ·,;,:fr~ - Vtj ( ~-.I.~
'
i.ecture Notes Sushrutha Coll~gt - Prof Or. Ananda te. s., r:;:;flfl'/11:", ~,...,11,~~ (/)I~ - ,,_,t,f Cr ltt'i'.lf'/.~ , ~.
Prt'raration of fn-r1uc:ncy C:ahlc: ~,f~~lf1't:
Lcl us consider the weight!' in kg c,f SO coflc(lc sfudcnt ~ #'-e a"1r-~ r..r,--4{ ~ri- <'>f v"~r:q &.lf.i.•,,,.~ ~,~ (I J 'f ~u,.d pt~v.r,ut,,ift, () J I ~f.•1r ,,
42 62 46 S4
- ·--,
r- • n ~ .-.s : ~ w . ~ tJ1 ( 4".Jyfu~ M dl~m~~c: . ~~t-"iMT .
54 l --- -·"-~ r--:.£r~
41 37
47 so SR 49 51 42 -w, ~re-~,l{...-,fl. &:ir.r ,1 r,rna,rt:'11 :1tr,n-g ¼1th (,!':r,f. ,,._,,,
r~c ,-,~t-~,ct, ; in '1-,1 it
54
49
39 51 58 47 64 :~1---~J -------
49 I
·~
·4-••- ---'--··- _ ..
~~
~ t fi
~>t :t1~ i'~ m(:.l',r-,...r,r.lf"~ 1t<~ .1

,<!'~1.-i,
~.tJ:.h ")( rca
S7 l __!4 ~
61 41 40 58 49 S9 f--57 J
56 38 45 52 46 40 63 1 4f 51 4Jj ~ : . u ~ Tb...: r..-: tu·.t ,t ~ effu..1v~ ~.d' imyi-~-snl'!' ~,ia fot ttar,ttic;,f ;;f'e<V:rtfirltM,
;in.a :r £~ l f t ~ ~r.- rd ~r #' r~~ ~ Jff t<;( tf-.1! p.~~~ff ~ , ( i f ~ (',f';c (,;rt'i
f!f,Hfl r/fl!
Here the size of the cla.~s interval :is per sturgcs rule is obtained 35 follows ~i.'1q ">-( "he ~rr,!' ~ t,( :f!l~~~- wfiu:h. '3kt:;:; ltti tl',,r,, rr.r.d; ci-me -~~, ~v,rt1-
r::tr-,r.<A ~'"111
Size of class interval = C : Range/ I+3.322 log(N)
= 64 - 32 I 1+3.322 log(SO)
... -- ~~ ~ · ( t ~ ;r~rd ii\.~ ~W--4Jih ~( r~r.. .ar.d t! r;. i't?".cfaliy dif~lt (rtf rf.,,; rctf/,1:r
:h ~t".rlf :ndtw.du:il ~~... ~ itt rhi:-i ~r:n ar~ ~er.iffy c;t".:rrr~zt:d arilf ur..-iJiterr.:.tic
,
= 3216.64 ,- ~

I_..,.,...._
=s ' -..,~,~-
l \ ••
~~\
•"' . $ ~ T.:'"SC.!: ir.: mt ai:!'v.itt~~ ~•~,mat ~~ •Nr.fC CM. ( 1 ~ ~f~1fJ
(flj.-r,d tf,m
~ ..
~ ~ - A T ' f . ~~~ ,m(! ~:.t(c;I'> ~(( .ffl'C.f.t".n (4 GJ'.,~$1',(tf flyOf':"Mr/!
- \. ' ' -,fl"
' ~~ 11' ..... ".
.
Thus, the number of class interval is 7 and size of each class is 5. The required size of each class
~
is 5. The required frequency distribution is prepared using tally marks as given below·: a., r ~ i"'e-~~: : frt :fiis yr~~~ : , r e ~ ; : , . ~ "J~~~c w;q m rr;-✓✓,;
~
r.,f.;:.~--.:, r.ug,e: .1r.tf ._mw{&;> r:.w,t· ~ , : ; i n . ~ ~ : . ' c:1/;ffGct'.!'mi:1 r<Cif.14 h>' cl:i:t<1-d;1nrt rf..rt;t
Class Interval Tally Marlcs ·Frcaucncv ae.:.~3..~ k:~6t".::!.. a<:.-.e-....
30-35 . - ..
"':t,_ - .••.
,...·, ...... I'' 2 :-
~r
i'Y'.:.a-~ ::mtm::aoe npr~~;d ' f!&c.t'-' Tr-..c: ~...mt :;~ ,-,1 C:ia~a:m~ ;sr.d
35-40 " 6 LJ\• ( ~ tit'!"
'.~- ;. • ~ 12 ~ t ~~.l::'eU.~ ;n ;oriSfia{ ~r," at".:: (",.efoq' r!c::s,a-~~• N.
40-45~ ,, ~.....- :"-' .. ""
;:nrr:t 5~r" ~-,,e:U:iS:fort r,{ Sf""4..'lf':c# ~ :"..i#,~~g tf.eff f:a-'!ic f~f.: ;,r,.d
14
45-50V!.
- ..... ,J.~ •W"<"y"'-.J ~ ~ 'P_.PJai
50-55 "::--..-: ..
..
6 ~ r . r ~ .:1: ·)le ~ Jfag_~ ~n:. diti &sis- o! rf..e ~'?fa e,r,!k.;:td r!-q W1f1 ~if:t f',c-
•:s5-6o ., 6 .i!tLft: is rea,c!i!v
~ . d . ~ ;Ir-_,,_;:-«'.-[- ~ -.~m-"l-le
~
~.G ~e ~ Gt'>r..-:~(~ ar.'~~t t;f
. 4
,.....Y~..,._._,,.,..__ , ,
60-65-.. _.,;l
".ime~~ - ~, , ~ " "
• r•
(' ....
....:~, Total~· ._ ..........
-"'.>
so
,14-,
~-~·:"..,,
........
~ "--~-' .........
.,......-.:
.. ~
-~~ ·= ~•.s '"' t'' ' ' e!3
. - J , ~ , . ~e;:~~y ....l~t.~
I_, ...,
:-c't:ZS•se e f.C.
i.-U:- ..'11u~<rJi1U->g ~r_.._
I"- '
Exercise I: \\- -... "' t.,~~ - ,, ··~
..
Given below arc the number of- tools produced J,y workers in a factory. ::. c~~~ve .uut i'n~~,e:. ::-
18 25 • 39 44 19 20 20 26 54 .::. --;~ ~~~3%td mre:l~fi fe.,
AO; -... 45:_
18 '
38 \ 25 13 14 27 41 42 17 -- . .,
.. --~~
;. . _•..e-,:1lfl/lilG:: ~ ~..1n ;:lll.."lSI=
-~~ -···-,,:--· ..
27 33 37 25 26 32 25 ~. T":th•~.imt.._,t'..:lhr.1.u:.
(.;J4 '\,JJ ·--~ 32 _.. ..--1<. .. ~ ••
34j ·~~ 35 46 29 34 31 34 35 24 ;-. ~~ miltf?.
33.i - -:..ie:r- ~ ..... , .-!:.-.1;..-
~ ~!lllll~u.m.
•"S.
32 29 28 30 31 30 34
28
31
" ' 30 •
"'-~s·
• 41
36 29 26 32 36 35 36 37 I
-
-~ =~~~~c:rmr:z r.g- .:!.=..
- -~'I... ..-: ~ ~· ~-
32 23' 22 29 33 37 33 27 24 36
39
~ -r ::: f.U:».s~=-•'-~
23 42 29 37 29 23 44 41 4S
21 21 42 22 28 22 IS 16 17 28 ::::. ,r- ;m• ~~.
22 29 35 31 27 40 23 32 40 37 :_.:tm;:,e~ ·Alt
;.~ea-~
Construct frequency distribution with inclusive type of class interval. Also find. ~~2E'0i ag;:DU-
1. How many workers produced more than 38 tools? ~ k:cr"T' gz.. e»aq:::im
2. How many workers produced Jess than 23 tools?
G· '°P'~ ~
~ -t~o~pA_ .)\---\_
11.
23
 "•---
-~-~'r7i1"
, .. MD I fJAMS
f Or,,.,,,,,,,, K, s.,
. ,cs -MD / BAMS r,,;,~:,,,. su,hrufhn CollDRO - Pro
, 1st
f Dr. Ananda_ K. s., ,;,,":,,. ,,r 1>111ur1mu
~ r~ Notes sushrutha College - Pro 11
' ,,.,, nf ''-" "'"" '/ ,t.11, ,,., 1t
, ,,,
-~Oi:1gn1m:
ro he ~hown tmcl tltcrc i., nor muc
h of 1
., ,11111 '"" ,l/11grnn1 111c '* d f,,r c11mpar/ng lwr, "' """cnm-t»t-1
ttl 11,e ~, of t~l•1t• (of r· 1.,,n ftt r,rrkr fi1 rfi •t,rtq
1111
-if" cdiagrom is used in cns
c where there arc ninny items ing ti vcrtic.rl line for cacti item .,n,t' ,~reel ,:Ide hy t-ildc to rr1,rck
r: ,,,ttl f-<' dif!~,,n, typ,:t ,if ,tnt-<1ft1t
/J ,,,
h dingmm is prepared hy dmw onn. Unc dingmm m,1kc, rly c-olm,,t,I ,,, tlJ<,rr ,t~mf,f/
l:«:rcncc in their vnluc..-s. Suc ,.,,,, ,t,cy n111y he clrt,c, tllffcrrn t fl( ;l;fl uttt t <nf,11.lff tit Jn,1m
t1,1
1•tcp111r,I to "1tntlfy (l>t fflflt>irt
111
unif
distance hccwccn lines is kcpr
dtc0rding ro rhc scale. TheIcs.~ ntrmcrav 1 ':1,.n,,, ere. An it1dr" IA nlAo
,t,,11 11
• c.
"' pari•son easy, but ,r' 1s
com
'
fut1ttf'fr .l:
wln11 ,l:,t:,
fxornplc J: ,;~,w multiple b:ir din1trnm for Ille folfo
II
--· - --- .-..... _ _...___._ - ~
line ch.irt:
Show the following dntn by a ,
Year
-
- ·--
l'rotir hdmc tnx l
No. of children 0 I 2 3 4 5 (in lnkh.11 ofOl/>etNL ,•~; ,..,.....,.. ,. ~:,:~..':J~ YJ.. I :-;..
~.,...
t. f
--- -· I
frequency 2
IO 14 9 6 4 __, r_;,. 1').~ RO :, j
.'{.~ 1998 -·- -.•l,,
~.'.\ R7 ~~
Une Dfagram ,. ;~~,,-:~s...~.,
"i\
1999 2()0 -· I .~F. ~...... .
. - 'i f!
........-~
r.t ~
t:,'..'.. I
_ ... -"-~.
~ 2000 1(,5 45
J2
- ~- '
,~..
/;
•
.....
A
~- ;t}
,,,.,.;,,' ~
~
16
~...r:!, -,~~"'li',~:i
/1:•"
2001 140 l
~:H •
..{\·
. .
~
~ :-- 1
I
~ ..
..... ,_11' Mulflpft 8,r Olao,,m i
~.\ -•••
, ....
!,. ·•'~ •: l
'
~ {
t j
; 8
er :1s a '~ l
~1 I
!
~ I I r
160 I
I
I !
5 6

1l0
- 120
a:
~ 100
2 3 4 ~ 10
0 1
No. of Children
I. 60
~!
\...
- ~ ~ - - ....-~ '°
201§ 1 § 1 , § 1 . Fl2001I
I
'\t, ;-~
.H~
\)
. • • ....... -,w
Simple Bar Diagram: - --~l# , but bars on hon zon tal 0
. .
Simple ba.r diagram can--bc
',_-: ,tA.,.
draw n ·either.. on honzontal or vertical base
_!St be boiform:: width and
intervening spa ce between
bars mu st be
basis of the
'"' Var
CProrH after taJC
base more common. Bars~m! e is determined on the f
simple bartdiagram, the scal C Profit t>.for• tax
equal. While construcling\a
highest value in the series.
¾~ '.,. .~~ :t \Z ~-
sub.dMctcd Har,)j'w,:r.am:
't\ proportion to the ~u es
ided into vmio_us paru in
Exum,'!!~~;.,.__ ~ - \\ .
. I~ a~~ ivi ~d ~iai:ram. 1he oor is sub-div
oat h cliagnuns an: also call ed
CompoDf:nl
Jio ~g data by a bar diagram le bar represent the total. Suc or dot tin~ .
Rep F,n t'th efo~--. -. -..-_ g1v ~n tJJe da~ nd· thc who :rcnt colours or cms sing s
..
..~-,.... ons are distinguished by diflc have a common ha.'k: 10 enable: one
Sim ple So r Dfooram Har di ~s . TI1~sub~~visi do not
• • V°L ~".-
on {JO tonnes) agnun is lhal all the parts
Yea r'\ .,, Producti The main'-d~~f of~\,ch u"Ji .
ous components of the data
-
It»
to compare accurately the vari
-
1991 ~- }i.1 45 co ..- ~~l
1992 ~ 40 so~
w
,-. ,... Eumple4: .
1993 42 ,-. by a sub-divided bt1t diagram
ss g- 40. Represent the following data
iI
1994
30I· )
1995 50
Expenditure Monthly expenditure (in Rs.
Ii
L-
20'
items Fnmilv A Family D
·~
10I 75 9S
Food
0 . tDQ2 1"°'3 IQCM CJ01hing 20 2S
1GD1
Education IS IO
Y•ai r
Housint! Rent 40 65
MiscellMeous 25 35
25 26
f - ··-- ·--· - ··-- r
 "''.,. I;:
. , , . . Af'AS
---~
,,
O S
w-: AM Y:.o I etha eollege - Prof Dr. Ananda'K. s,, ~.\.,
., ,.,. , I,ur,,, ..• collogo - Prof Or. Anand, K. S.,
,Y,o ,,, 5L1stirt1
, S'1S 1 , f
../,e
t" ,,,.~
lub-dl""'d B,r oi.,,,,.
1' ,:;_, 't;f'1
- .,.-----------~=---, A ~rnph i• mmc :ttlt~ f,i,c t~n 11 t;1M~
·,,,· ,,: 1·s"',,·sual fonn of prcscnrorion ofstnli$tknl dittn. ,litt11 froo, ,,~ ,,.1ph. C,1mparium1
mc,$11gc ()(
,. 1 l ,. ,f'IJr'• Even a common mnn cnn undcrsrnnd the
'.•-.j;, ! .. ,,'r' f;gllfC· de between two or .more phcnomcnn
bC rtlll very cadly ,~·;th the hdp nf # grJtph.
....;r},4
nf"'1rln ..hi<h are"""' pop,,t,r ,n,1
fl er here we shall discuss only $time imrot1nn11,rc1
/•:
re· ""'
JloWCV
I f rttcv are
i·
,,
·"' ,
,, ~ 1) Histogram
2) Frequency Polygon
i •
••
i....
,.
'<i 3) Frequency Cur\'c , .
,1 1cc. i~J
,.._. r,,_,,.,,.,..,,, , ....
, .. ~ .. J I
~~:-:,.-,r.
,f-,.!" ~.
<
~
Hi~togrnm:
the frequency of occu rr~ of~ .uc of

,._...__
the
2' A ~ist o~t is n bar chart or grnph shm,ing al,
' plotted as II series of rtcr:,nglc,. Cl:wt interv
t;Jfducatlon
.•,_ vanable bemg analysed. In histogram. dara arc
CFood DClothlng
,11Houslng Rtnt CJMlsetJ,.ntoUs
j ,., ,i
~
~ are sho,,n on the 'X-axis' and the fm,ucndcs
on the 'Y-a(is'.,. The height of c.>Cft rectangle
Each rectangle is_1ormed wirh rhe)rhcr JO as
:J:" to
':presents the frequency of the class intcmif.
4 t,.)
'~~ :-~
i called staircase or t,fock.diag,nmt. •
Pit Diagram or Cirrular l)u,nn ,m·• ~
,,:if~,.,,...
>!'] '·"· '
give a continuous picture. Such a graph is nJso ✓;,":ii--~.:~.. :·-- ,...,.\ . .
fu .js in 'the fonn of circled. In such dfagrams. .,.,
,.
1" Q I~
~n:thcr way o(preparing a two-dimensional diagr.Jrs;ca n be ,fthov.11. The area of a circle is distri6tuion \~th o '( _nd cl3"CS. It ., ?'
10 quite
( ~e total and the component p.111S or~lo
propon,onal to the square of its radius. Whill
makiagcompa risons, ,iie di:Jgrams should be used l However, we cannot construct a histogram for
misleading if the distribution has unequal intet:\'al
s_." and'sui_~a_Mc adjustments in frcqucncae,
are
I
...,-'11
;
te b:Jsis:~ - ~.. ~:, -• "'S.~
'\.¾.~l ~~'~-
- "':-.. ,.._-.;
on a percentage ba.~is and not on an absolu not made.
~~~t -~ ~ c.;n._
~
''\~~/,
L~ , ~-\\ ~ t ~
ncn~ transp osed into corresponding tf~ ~-.,., ..!!.. ,
Step I: Prepare the data so that vario empo t Example6:
~\ "t:: :~ . ..~ fl Draw a histogram for the followip_~ data :-"'.·
degrees on rhc circle. , ~..~~-.. C9 \}\ ~
ss. The si7.C of the radius depends upon rhe k
Slep 2: Draw a circle of approJ>ria~ size with a ooinpa .
SICp J: Measur< poini s"~h e citC l~~-
.
a\1ailable space and other factors ofpresentation ng lhe si;o: of each seclor with !he help of•
~~li
D
i
I
Daily Wages
0-50
No. of\Von:crs\1
8 '~. , ~
...... ...... ..
---~ ~ .. ,,,,
"~"""'

-·~'\
:,....
~ -;
(,•·,
~~ ► ~ '"'-i 50-IOO ci~J6
~ ···~~
protractor.
•
;.. 100-150 \27 ~, . ..._ ·,~
~
.
Enmplc 5: \\.~ roduction of su ar in uintals of various
countnes. 19~ .,.!,.:....-..,:i ~'-
Draw a Pie dia rram for the followin data of
_country~ Cuba .Australia India Japan Eg)'.P
t ! 150-200
200-250 A 10 ~~
Prod~ctioni>f:Spgar I 62 (' 41 / 35 I 16 I 6
I 250-300
~~~~~~
~~ 6 \,;{)
'
~(in quinrafs)
4
h -~~~
·'- ~ -.:;)
\"\. l\
Sal: The varues areI' expre ssed in terms of degree as follows. \
HISTOGRAM
,. i
-----------,
]()-.----------
' <1,-"J>roduction of Sugar
■ Cuba
als I ln Degrees
! CAustralia
Country ln Quint eis
62 134 •
Cuba -520
41 J02 rllndia
Austmlia :C
India
Japan
35
16
76
35
[]Japan
OEgypt •
.
°& IS
110
EMJnl 6 I /J I :1 I I
I z 5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Daly W19H (In R1.t
27
28
 'Y ...MDf BAMS ~OAMS
,r'*~s sushrutha College - Prof Or. An d .,,,,~:,~, sushruth1 COlltgt - Prof o,. An,r.d, ( s.
:.,re r10 an a K. s., •,.,,, I, •
,tt)' f'o nion.
r;,.ple 1: (\ , _ I CH\ "1 ;.r,••t
,'
.
::,, 0 histogram for the following dntn. \ Llf\ LOfJ-0.....~ U.') l ~,,t~~ ' -c n,ntk the mldroinl- of 11,c l"J' '""''nnf1tf ~kk'• I\( ,>,.,, rt"0~.,,~,.. 4 in :t n, tfr.'JrJm .111,J r•~t
:,~~:, t,y n ~•might Unr. the frttutc w, fnrmtrcl I• uHt,f,. I fft'f'Jtt'I.<·'! r,,,u;,fl ,~., ,~ ,,~ •r-in"r
profits (in Nurnbcrof
4 cJ
rhc ,L~stunflllon 1h,11 the ""(JUm< it, In 11 " " " it1tnv.tl ,,u t>wrir1 ti, trrff\.•,~., ,11,,.,,•'J~f'•1f tf..tt11<'.~
-
4
J lakhs) Comr.,nic~ 111c nrc:1 of the rofy,:on 1, NJU11I to tftt 1tftff r,( tht tfitt(;Jt.tm. ,-,,~r1~ ,~ Mn reft r,,tf i,f,,, • ,,,-:,
r-- 0-10 4 cqunl 10 1hc nrc11 indudrd in fl.
'
10-20. 12 - l~umrtr H:
20-30 24 Dmw II (n"qUCncy rofr~(ltl fht the (nflowir,~ d.tt-4.
30-50 32 - --- ~---·
:j
50-80 18 Wd!!hl (in ~f!~) N(l. or:
80-90 9 -----
90-100 3
:t.,r;,
i.,
•
30-:tS
- -.' ,;. /4
t
·V
Solueion:
35-40
40-45
- 't
f
JO
.
~~.~
'tf..,\,
.,.
'~-- -41;
,,_... V
When the class intervals nrc unequal. n corrcclion for une<ru:11 CfASS intcrv.af.t'irunt ~, m.J<k. ff;,e 45-50 rs
f~ucncics arc adjusted ns follows: The frequency of the clasJ ·:Jo.,o AMII ~ divirkd t,,.( two
4'""': ...... --::.~..
50•S5 14 c ..
since the class interval is in double. Similarly. the cfn.,;s intc,vaf S!J-fW ~'ln be divfdcd br 3. Ihm SS-60 8 ~-- ~~,.
draw the histogram. "' ·
60--65 .l r....._ 'f.~·~
Now we rewrite the frrnuency
•
·-, table as follows. ...
..
• -~
·~.. r~t~
. ~.'· ··~ ·.•,:t
'\.~
;.;,
'f'::,§
jJ}~-~..~,

't'-i"f~:~-...... - ':.•~.•.
..
~.. '. -;'..,:.~~
. . . . - ~ , . - . ,. . . . . . ." -
.........'~-
~..;;.

\ ! ....
Profits (in Numberof ratOUPC'f.OC.YOOM
lakhs) Companies I~
'(
0-10 4
~
. :0
10-20 12 . '~u,.....
·-•~t,.,,.,.
...11.{~~ 11
• 20-30 24~ .. ,'.;\
30-40 . 16 ~- I I
~,
;t~
...-<4;!'
.
,.
40-50 \ 16 •. ~"".~ ~ t4
"" ~~~--~·
50-60 \,, -· C:
.g 1%
60-70
'6 ' " ,-·'
.. .a
~➔
6\. er,
6 ;..•• '8 tD
70-80 t::·..
~ ..,
..., .\
a. •
'" . .a
.
80:90_ 9
,90-100<...~ . 'v-... 3 z§ '
JDTIOCM)I
•
:
JOI
0
%) )0 ,s 40 4S
I
I
?O
IS

Weight (In kgs)

u Assignment: Prepare notes on Ogi\'es. Boxplots, Scauer plots
'o
i 10
I I
j
0
10 20 30 -to so t10 70 eo oo 100
Profits (In lakhl)
29
30
,--,
El
.,
-~