GRAMMAR / BASIC 2A

CONTENIDO:
1.- VERBO BE EN PASADO
2.- SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES.
3.- PRESENT SIMPLE
4.- COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS.
5.- EJERCICIOS DE PRACTICA.

1.- VERBO BE EN PASADO.

A) AFIRMATIVO
Usamos el verbo BE en pasado para describir lo que era, o como estaba alguna
persona, animal o cosa.
En presente, el verbo BE son: is, am ,are.
En pasado, el verbo BE son: was, were.

PRESENTE PASADO
I I am… I was…
You You are… You were….
He He is… He was….
She She is…. She was….
It It is… It was…
It It is…. It was….
We We are…. We were…
You You are… You were….
They
Pronombres: They are…. Sujetos sin pronombres:
They were…..
I They
I was happy. They are… I was happy.They were….
You YouThey
were the teacher.
They are…. You were the teacher.
They were….
He He was a student Juan/her brother/my father was a student.
She She was tired. Susy/his daughter/my friend was tired.
It It was red. (objeto) The book/the car/my nose was red.
It It was hungry. (animal) The cat/your dog/the rabbit was small.
We We were sad. Tom and I/Peter and I were sad.
You You were hungry You and Alex/Sam and you were hungry.
They They were students. Pablo and Peter/My brothers were students.
(personas)
They They were small. The cars/our computers were small.
(objetos)
They They were in the house. The dogs/your rabbits were small.
(animales)
Los sujetos: you, we, they usan: were.
Los sujetos: I, he, she, it usan: was.

B) NEGATIVO

Para formar los negativos del verbo BE se le agrega NOT (n’t) a WAS o WERE.
EJEMPLO: was not / were not
La contracción se forma así: wasn’t / weren’t

Contracción
I I was not happy. I wasn’t happy.
You You were not the teacher. You weren’t the teacher.
He He was not a student Juan/ Her brother/ My father wasn’t a student.
She She was not tired. Susy/ His daughter/ My friend wasn’t tired.
It It was not red. (objeto) The book/ The car/ My nose wasn’t red.
It It was not hungry. (animal) The cat/ Your dog/ The rabbit wasn’t small.
We We were not sad. Tom and I/ Peter and I weren’t sad.
You You were not hungry You and Alex / Sam and you weren’t hungry.
They They were not students. Pablo and Peter/ My brothers weren’t students.
(personas)
They They were not small. The cars / Our computers weren’t small.
(objetos)
They They were not in the house. The dogs/ Your rabbits weren’t in the house.
(animales)

C) PREGUNTAS EN DONDE LA RESPUESTA ES SI o NO.

Se invierten el sujeto con el verbo BE.
Estas son las respuestas cortas a las preguntas en donde la respuesta es SI o NO.
 I Was I happy? Was I happy?
Was I happy?
You Were you the teacher? Yes, Iyou
Were was.the teacher?
No, I wasn’t
Were you the teacher?(singular) Yes, I was.* No, I wasn’t.*
Was Juan/her
He brother/my
Wasfather a student?
he a student? Yes,Juan/her
Was he was. brother/my
No, he wasn’t.
father a student?
Was Susy/his
She daughter/myWas shefriend tired?
tired? Yes,Susy/his
Was she was.daughter/my
No, she wasn’t.
friend tired?
Was theItbook/the car/my
Wasnose red?
it red? (objeto) Yes,the
Was it was. No, it wasn’t.
book/the car/my nose red?
Was theItcat/your dog/the
Wasrabbit small?
it hungry? (animal) Yes,the
Was it was. No, it wasn’t.
cat/your dog/the rabbit small?
Were Tom
Weand I/PeterWere
and I you
sad?sad? Yes, we
Were Tomwere. No, and
and I/Peter we weren’t.
I sad?
Were You
You and Alex/Sam andyou
Were youhungry?
hungry. (plural) Yes, we
Were Youwere.* No, we
and Alex/Sam weren’t*
and you hungry.
Were Pablo
They and Peter/my brothers students?
Were they students? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
Were Pablo and Peter/my brothers students?
Were the cars /our computers
(personas) small? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
They
Were the Were
dogs/his rabbits they small?
small? Were the cars/our
Yes, they were. computers small?
No, they weren’t.
(objetos)
They Were they in the house? Were the dogs/your rabbits in the house?
(animales)

*Estos son diálogos y la(s) otra(s) persona(s) es la que contesta.

D) Preguntas en donde la respuesta es abierta.

When ( cuando?)
Which ( cual?)
How ( como?)
Where ( donde?)
Why ( porque?)
What ( que?)

Ejemplos:

Preguntas: Respuestas:
When was I happy? When I was 5 years old.
Where were you the teacher? At UMM.
When was my father a student? When he was young.
Where was my friend tired? When he went to Chipinque.
Why was my nose red? Because you had the flu.
 When was the dog small? When it was a puppy.
Why were Peter and I sad? Because they had an accident.
When were Sam and you hungry? They were hungry before dinner.
Where were Pablo and Peter students? At UMM.
Why were the cars small? Because they are VWs.
When were the dogs small? When they were puppies.

2.- SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES Y CONTABLES.

NON-COUNTABLE (incontable) COUNTABLE (contable)

EJEMPLOS: Food, mail, sugar, homework, oil, Accidents, calls, questions, people,
rice, coffee, information, bread, nails, TVs, CDs, sweaters, shoes,
flour, smoke, cheese, money, water, stories, boxes, cars, papers, bags
air,oxygen, furniture, ….. dogs, papers, houses, etc….
Estos son los sustantivos Los sustantivos contables se dividen
incontables, en singular y plural.
------------ ---------------
Se usa “there is”. Se usa “there is” para el singular.
(hay algo de) (Hay un)
Se usa “there are” para plural.
(hay algun@s)
There is sugar in my coffee. There is a box in my house.
There are cars on the street.

Some:
Se usa en afirmativo para referirse a que hay algo o algunos.

There is/are significa “hay”.

En singular se usa “a/an” (There is a/an……) “hay un@”

Solamente se puede usar “some” en sustantivos incontables y plurales.

“Some” no se puede usar en singular.

 Con incontables NO se puede usar “a”. Estaría incorrecto decir: “a water”,
“a furniture” “a music”. Es correcto decir: I drink water, I have furniture, I
listen to music. (sin la “a”)

Con plurales tampoco se puede usar “a”. Estaría incorrecto decir: “ a

pencils”, “a cars”, “a pianos”. Es correcto decir: I want pencils, She has
cars, I listen to pianos. (sin la “a”)

Some: NON-COUNTABLE (incontable) COUNTABLE ( contables)

(hay algo)(incontable) (hay algún)(singular)
There is some sugar in my coffee. There is a box in my house.
I have some sugar in my coffee. I have a box in my house.

(hay algun@s)(plural)
There are some cars on the street.
I have some cars on the street.

Any:
Se usa en negativo y en preguntas para referirse a algo o algun@s.
There isn’t/aren’t significa “no hay”
Is there any…? Are there any…? Pregunta si hay algo o algun@s.

Any NON-COUNTABLE (incontable) COUNTABLE (contable)

Negativo(incontable) Negativo(singular)
There isn’t any sugar in my coffee. There isn’t a box in my house.
I don’t have a box in my house.

Negativo(plural)
There aren’t any cars on the street.
I don’t have any cars on the street.
Preguntas: (incontable) Preguntas(singular)
Is there any sugar in my coffee? Is there a box in my house?
Do I have sugar in my coffee? Do I have a box in my house?

Preguntas. (plural)
Are there any cars on the street?
Do I have any cars on the street?

A lot of / lots of:

Se usa para mencionar que hay much@(s) de algo.
Lots of / NON-COUNTABLE (incontable) COUNTABLE (contable)(plural)
a lot of
(hay much@)(incontable) (hay much@s)(plural)
There is a lot of sugar in my coffee. There are a lot of boxes in my house.
There are lots of boxes in my house.
There are a lot of cars on the street.
There are lots of cars on the street.

Much / Many
Much se usa para mencionar que NO hay much@ (incontable)
Many se usa para mencionar que NO hay much@s (plural)
Many se puede usar también para señalar que hay much@s. (plural)

NON-COUNTABLE (incontable) COUNTABLE (contable)(plural)

Much Many
(no hay much@)(incontable) Afirmativo: (hay much@s)(plural)
There isn’t much sugar in my coffee. There are many boxes in my house.
There are many cars on the street.

Negativo: (no hay much@s)(plural)

There aren’t many boxes in my house.
There aren’t many cars on the street.

How much / How many

How much se usa para preguntar cuant@ hay. (incontable)
How many se usa para preguntar cuant@s hay. (contable) ( plural)

NON-COUNTABLE (incontable) COUNTABLE (contable)(plural)

How much? How many?
How much sugar is there in my How many boxes are there in my house?
coffee? How many cars are there on the street?

A little / a few
A little se usa para señalar que hay poc@ (incontable)
A few se usa para señalar que hay poc@s (plural)

NON-COUNTABLE (incontable) COUNTABLE (contable)(plural)

A little A few
(hay poc@)(incontable) (Hay poc@s) (plural)
There is a little sugar in my coffee. There are a few boxes in my house.
There are a few cars on the street.

3.- PRESENT SIMPLE

Usamos el Present Simple para hablar de rutinas, hábitos que se repiten ó hechos.
Primero, es importante identificar a las personas que están haciendo la acción:

SUBJECT PRONOUNS:

I Yo
You Tu / Usted
You Ustedes
He Él
She Ella
It Eso (un animal)
It Eso (una cosa)
We Nosotros
They Ellos (dos o mas personas)
They Ellos (dos o mas animales)
They Ellos (dos o mas cosas)

I work in a bank (es un hecho)

She listens music every day. (es una rutina)(acción repetitiva)
They wake up early every morning. (es un hábito)(acción repetitiva)

Hábitos y rutinas son casi lo mismo. (acciones repetitivas)

Cuando usamos el Present Simple debemos observar al sujeto de la oración (que es

quien hace la acción).

1.- Present Simple en AFIRMATIVO

Ejemplos:
I walk to school.
You study English.
He plays the piano.*
She runs in the park.*
It eats chicken.*
We play videogames.
They drink coffee.

Podemos observar que en: (I, you, we, they)

I walk to school,
You study English,
We play videogames y
They drink coffee,
el verbo no cambia, está en su forma original (infinitivo).

*Cuando observamos: (he,she,it)

He plays the piano,

She runs in the park y
It eats chicken,
vemos que a el verbo principal se le añadió una -s.

Otros ejemplos:

I run in the park. I run in the park.

You listen to music. You listen to music.
He works in a bank. He works in a bank.
She walks on the street She walks on the street.
It eats chicken. It eats chicken.
We play the piano. We play the piano.
They clean The house. They clean the house.

En el Presente Simple se le agrega una -s solamente cuando:

a) estamos usando oraciones en afirmativo y

b) cuando se refiera a He, She, It.

Excepciones:
 Se le agrega –es en lugar de –s cuando el verbo termina en:

-x
-o
-sh
-ss
-ch
-consonante + -y

En el caso de consonante + -y a final del verbo….. se quita la –y, y se agrega –ies.

Ejemplos:

mix He mixes He mixes colors.

go She goes She goes to school.
push It pushes It pushes the door.
press He presses He presses the button.
watch She watches She watches TV.

cry consonante+ -y He cries He cries a lot.

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
A la oración se le puede agregar adverbios de frecuencia, para señalar que tan seguido
sucee una acción:

He, She, It, conservan la –s/-es en afirmativo

never nunca I never eat pizza.

sometimes a veces You sometimes go to school.
usually usualmente She usually fixes the car.
always siempre He always eats chicken.
twice a week dos veces a la semana It walks in the park twice a week.
on Sundays los Domingos We go to the cinema on Sundays.
every day. todos los días They work every day.
2.- Presente simple en NEGATIVO

Vamos a usar los mismos ejemplos que al principio para ver como se forma el
negativo.

Se usa do not (don’t)/ does not (doesn’t) como auxiliares.

Ejemplos:

AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO
I walk to school. I don’t walk to school.
You study English. You don’t study English.
He plays the piano.* He doesn’t play the piano.*
She runs in the park.* She doesn’t run in the park.*
It eats chicken.* It doesn’t eat chicken.*
We play videogames. We don’t play videogames.
They drink coffee. They don’t drink coffee.

Podemos observar que en: (I, you, we, they)

I don’t walk to school,

You don’t study English,
We don’t play videogames y
They don’t drink coffee,

el verbo principal no cambia (walk, study, play, drink), está en su forma original
(infinitivo) y se le agregó el auxiliar don’t.

*Cuando observamos: (He, She, It)

He doesn’t play the piano,

She doesn’t run in the park y
It doesn’t eat chicken,

Vemos que el verbo principal (play, run, eat) tampoco cambia, pero le agregamos –es
al don’t y lo convertimos en doesn’t.

Por ejemplo: si digo: “I don’t walk to school” es lo mismo que si dijera “Yo no camino a
la escuela.”
 ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA

En el negativo: sometimes, usually y always se colocan entre el auxiliar y el verbo

principal.

never nunca (no se usa en negativo porque ya es negativo)

sometimes a veces You don’t sometimes go to school.
usually usualmente She doesn’t usually fix the car.
always siempre He doesn’t always eat chicken.
twice a week dos veces a la semana It doesn’t walk in the park twice a week.
on Sundays los Domingos We don’t go to the cinema on Sundays.
every day. todos los días They don’t work every day.

Por ejemplo: si digo: “You don’t sometimes go to school”, estoy diciendo: “Tu a veces
no vas a la escuela.”

3.- Presente Simple en PREGUNTAS DONDE LA

RESPUESTA ES SI o NO.

Con estas preguntas “preguntamos” si una persona tiene tal o cual habito o rutina.

You go to school Afirmativo

You don’t go to school Negativo
Do you go to school? Pregunta

Usando los ejemplos anteriores:

AFIRMATIVO PREGUNTA (SI/NO)
I walk to school. Do I walk to school?
You study English. Do you study English?
He plays the piano. Does he play the piano?
She runs in the park. Does she run in the park?
It eats chicken. Does it eat chicken?
We play videogames. Do we play videogames?
 They drink coffee. Do they drink coffee?

Podemos observar que en: (I, you, we, they)

Do I walk to school?
Do you study English?
Do we play videogames?
Do they drink coffee?

el verbo principal no cambia (walk, study, play, drink), está en su forma original
(infinitivo) y se le agregó el auxiliar Do.

*Cuando usamos: (He, She, It)

Does he play the piano?

Does she run in the park? y
Does it eat chicken?

Vemos que el verbo principal (play, run, eat) tampoco cambia.

Le agregamos –es al Do y lo convertimos en Does.

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA

never nunca Do I never eat pizza?

sometimes a veces Do you sometimes go to school?
usually usualmente Does she usually fix the car?
always siempre Does he always eat chicken?
twice a week dos veces a la semana Does it walk in the park twice a week?
on Sundays los Domingos Do we go to the cinema on Sundays?
every day. todos los días Do they work every day?

Por ejemplo. Si digo Do you sometimes go to school? Estoy preguntando “Tu a veces
vas a la escuela? O “Vas tu a veces a la escuela?”

Respuestas para preguntas donde la respuesta es: SI o NO

 Do I never eat pizza? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you sometimes go to school? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does she usually fix the car? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Does he always eat chicken? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Does it walk in the park twice a week? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
Do we go to the cinema on Sundays? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.
Do they work every day? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.

4.- Presente Simple en PREGUNTAS ABIERTAS

Son preguntas donde la respuesta es abierta a cualquier contestación.

When ( cuando?)
Which ( cual?)
How ( como?)
Where ( donde?)
Why ( porque?)
What ( que?)

AFIRMATIVO PREGUNTA ABIERTA

I walk to school. When do you walk to school?
You study English. How do you study English?
He plays the piano. Where does he play the piano?
She runs in the park. Why does she run in the park?
It eats chicken. What does it eat?
We play videogames. When do we play videogames?
They drink coffee. Where do we drink coffee?

Respuestas a preguntas abiertas pueden ser:

When do you walk to school? I walk to school every day.

How do you study English? I study with my laptop.
Where do you play the piano? In a piano studio.
 Why does she run in the park? Because she wants to be healthy.
What does it eat? It eats chicken.
When do we play videogames? I play videogames on Sundays.
Where do we drink coffee? We drink coffee at Liverpool.

5.- Diferencia entre verbo BE y algun otro verbo en Presente Simple.

Vamos a usar como ejemplo el sujeto “she”

Verbo BE: Verbo “play”

Afirmativo She is happy She plays videogames.

Negativo She isn’t sad. She doesn’t play football.

Pregunta Is she tired? Does she play tennis?

si/no
Pregunta When is she happy? When does she play basketball?
abierta

Vamos a usar como ejemplo el sujeto “they”

Verbo BE: Verbo “play”
Afirmativo They are happy They play videogames.

Negativo They aren’t sad. They don’t play football.

Pregunta Are they tired? Do they play tennis?

si/no
Pregunta When are they happy? When do they play basketball?
abierta

4.- COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS.

Los adjetivos en Inglés no tienen plural, singular, femenino ni masculino.

El adjetivo pretty aplica para: bonito, bonita, bonitos, bonitas.
Usamos comparativos para “comparar” dos personas, animales o cosas, dos grupos de
personas, animales o cosas.

Usamos superlativos para “comparar” una persona, animal o cosa con las de su mismo
tipo o especie.

1.- Adjetivos con una sola sílaba: old, young, small, nice, large, fast…..
Cuando se usa un adjetivo con una sola sílaba se le agrega –er en comparativo y
–est en superlativo.
En comparative se usa la palabra “than”
En superlative se usan las palabras “the” “of/in”

COMPARATIVE (comparativo) SUPERLATIVE (superlativo)

My father is older than my mother. My father is the oldest of his class.
The dog runs faster than the cat. That dog is the fastest of all the dogs.

2.- Adjetivos con una sola sílaba que terminan en: consonante-
vocal-consonante. (CVC) se le duplica la la última consonante: big, fat, sad, thin,
slim…

Cuando se usa un adjetivo con una sola sílaba que terminen en CVC se le duplica
la última consonante y se le agrega –er en comparativo y –est en superlativo.
En comparative se usa la palabra “than”
En superlative se usan las palabras “the” “of/in”

Esto aplica siempre y cuando tengan el acento en la última sílaba.

COMPARATIVE (comparativo) SUPERLATIVE (superlativo)

My car is bigger than your car. My car is the biggest of all the cars.
My cat is fatter than her cat. My cat is the fattest cat in my house.

3.- Adjetivos con mas de una sílaba. Se la antepone la palabra “more” en

comparative y “most” en superlative: intelligent, beautiful, tired, handsome, crowded,
interesting….
Cuando se usa un adjetivo con mas de una sílaba se usa:
En comparativo : more+ adjetivo.
En superlativo: most+ adjetivo

En comparativo se usa la palabra “than”

En superlativo se usan las palabras “the” “of/in”

COMPARATIVE (comparativo) SUPERLATIVE (superlativo)

Peter is more handsome than Tom. Peter is the most handsome person I know.
Susy is more intelligent than Chris. Susy is the most intelligent person in the world.

4.- Adjetivos que terminan en Y griega, se le quita la Y griega y se le

sustituye por i y se le agrega –er en caso de comparativo y –est en caso de superlativo:
happy, dirty, filthy, crazy, ugly…..
En comparativo:
adjetivo con Y, se le quita la Y-- >se le agrega i-- >se le agrega –er.
(happy-- > happier)
En superlativo:
adjetivo con Y, se le quita la Y -- > se le agrega i-- > se le agrega – est.
(happy-- > happiest)

En comparativo se usa la palabra “than”

En superlativo se usan las palabras “the” “of/in”

COMPARATIVE (comparativo) SUPERLATIVE (superlativo)

Peter is happier than Tom. Peter is the happiest person in the city.
The parrot is crazier than the cat. The parrot is the craziest animal in the
house.

5.- Adjetivos irregulares son los que se cambian de forma irregular: good, bad,
far…

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE (comparativo) SUPERLATIVE (superlativo)

GOOD My car is better than yours. My car is the best in the city.
BAD Peter drives worse than Tom. Peter is the worst driver.
FAR My house is farther than yours. My house is the farthest house of all.

Comparativo: good-- > better/ bad -- > worse / far-- > farther.
Superlativo: good-- > best / bad-- > worst / far -- > farthest.

En comparative se usa la palabra “than”

En superlative se usan las palabras “the” “of/in”
6.- Usamos “as….as” solamente en comparative. Comparamos
similitudes entre dos personas, animales o cosas.
Cuando usamos “as….as” el adjetivo permanence igual.(no hay cambios)
Ya no usamos “than”

nice I am as nice as my sister.

big That shoe is as big as this tennis.
famous Sam is as famous as Peter.
ugly The rat is as ugly as a mouse.
good Your mother is as good as my mother.

Podemos usar “as….as” en negativo. Se le agrega NOT.(n’t)

nice I am not as nice as my sister.

big That shoe isn’t as big as this tennis.
famous Sam isn’t as famous as Peter.
ugly The rat isn’t as ugly as a mouse.
good Your mother isn’t as good as my
mother.

5.- EJERCICIOS DE PRACTICA.

1.- Verbo BE en pasado.

https://agendaweb.org/exercises/verbs/to-be-past-simple.htm

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/tobe-past-simple/index.html

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-past/exercises?03

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/was_not_were_not.htm

http://elovivo.com/introenglish/en/intro_english/lessons_wordlist/basic_english_lesson_10/lesson10b_ex.html
http://elovivo.com/introenglish/en/intro_english/lessons_wordlist/basic_english_lesson_10/lesson10c_ex.html

https://www.montsemorales.com/gramatica/PastSimBeAffNeg.htm

2.- Sustantivos contables e incontables.

https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/210.html

http://www.english-room.com/grammar/countable_uncountable.htm

https://www.montsemorales.com/gramatica/CountableSpot1-6.htm

en este link hay varios links para: much , many, some, any……
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/mengen.htm

http://cla-tice2.univ-fcomte.fr/eolf/wp-content/uploads/grammar/quantity/03.htm

https://www.english-at-home.com/grammar-exercise-quantifiers/

3.- Presente Simple.

https://agendaweb.org/exercises/verbs/present-forms.htm

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/present-simple/index.html

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_s2.htm

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2975

negative:
https://agendaweb.org/exercises/verbs/present-negative

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation2.htm

https://www.montsemorales.com/gramatica/PresSimpNeg1Spt.htm

questions:
https://www.montsemorales.com/gramatica/PresSimpQues1Spt.htm
http://www.bastrimbos.com/Hotpotatoesfiles/spresvraag2.htm

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2304

4.- Comparativos y superlativos.

https://www.montsemorales.com/gramatica/Comparative.htm

https://agendaweb.org/exercises/grammar/comparison/comparison-multiple-1

https://www.eltbase.com/quiz/116_02.htm

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1205