LEESON 1 - Camille 1802- The librabry of congress they

established/Invention of the carbon are lamp

Information
1824- Research on persistence of vision published
- Knowledge communicated or obtained
concerning a specific fact or circumstance. 1830s- First viable design for a digital
- Webster's Encyclopedic unabridged computer/Augusta Lady Byron writes the world's
Dictionary first computer program
- facts provided or learned about
1837- Invention of the telegraph in Great Britain
Information age and the United States
- A period starting in the last quarter of the 1861- Motion pictures were projected onto a
20 century information became effortlessly screen
accessible through publications and
1876- Dewey Decimal system was introduced
through the management of information by
computers and computer networks. 1877- Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated high-
- Digital Age speed photography
- New Media
1899- First magnetic recordings were released
• The Information Age is a true new age based
upon the interconnection of computers via 1902- Motion picture special effects were used
telecommunications. with these information 1906- Lee DeForest invented the electronic
systems operating on both a real-time and as- amplifying tube (triode)
needed basis. Furthermore, the primary factors
driving this new age forward are convenience and 1923- Television camera tube was invented by
user-friendliness which, in turn, will create user Zvorkyn
dependence. (James R. Messenger, Theory of 1926- First practical sound movie
Information Age 1982)
1939- Regularly scheduled television broadcasting
began in the US
History 1940s- Beginnings of information science as a
Timeline of the information age discipline

3000 bc- Sumerian writing system used 1945- Vannevar Bush foresaw the invention of
pictographs to represent words hypertext

2900 bc- Beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic 1946- ENIAC computer was developed
writing 1948- Birth of field-of-information theory
1300 bc- Tortoise shell and oracle bone writing proposed by Claude E. Shannon
were used 1957- Planar transistor was developed by Jean
500 bc- Papyrus roll was used Hoerni

220 bc- Chinese small seal writing was developed 1958- First integrated circuit

100 ad- Book (parchment codex) 1960s- Library of Congress developed LC MARC
(machine- readable code)
105 ad- Woodblock printing and paper was
invented by the Chinese 1969- UNIX operating system was developed,
which could handle multitasking
1455- Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing
press using movable metal type 1971- Intel introduced the first microprocessor
chip
1755- Samuel Johnson's dictionary standardized
English spelling
1972- Optical laserdise was developed by Philips 11. The medium selects the message
and MCA
12. The whole truth is a pursuit
1974- MCA and Philips agreed on a standard
videodise encoding format
THE INFORMATION AGE - Marj
1975- Altair Microcomputer Kit was released:
first personal computer for the public COMPUTER
1977- RadioShack introduced the first complete Computers are among the most important
personal computer contribution of advances in the Information Age
to society. A computer is an electronic device that
1984- Apple Macintosh computer was introduced
stores and processes data (information).
Mid1980s- Artificial intelligence was separated
from information science
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1987- Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson
recipe box metaphor - Computers are associated with numerous
terms and descriptions. Most people
1991- Four hundred fifty complete works of
suggest the dimensions, intended use, or
literature on one CD ROM was released
the computer's power. While the term
January 1997- RSA (encryption and network "computer" can apply to virtually any
security software) Internet security code cracked device that has a microprocessor in it.
for a 48-bit number
1. Personal Computer (PC)
Information Anxiety
- It is a single-user instrument. PCs were
- Human cost of information overload first known as microcomputers since they
- In the words of Richard Saul Wurman were a complete computer
(author of the book Information Anxiety),
2. Desktop Computer
it is "produced by the ever-widening gap
between what we understand and what we - It is described as a PC that is not designed
think we should understand. It is the black for portability.
hole between data and knowledge, and
what happens when information doesn't 3. Laptops
tell us what we want or need to know." - These are portable computers that integrate
TRUTHS OF THE INFORMATION AGE the essentials of a desktop computer in a
battery-powered package
1. Information must compete
4. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
2. Newer is equated with fruer
- These are tightly integrated computers that
3. Selection is a viewpoint usually have no keyboards but rely on a
touch screen for user input.
4. The media sells what the culture buys
5. Server
5. The early word gets the perm
- It refers to a computer that has been
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
improved to provide network services to
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited other computers.
8. Ideas are seen as controversial 6. Mainframes
9. Undead information walks ever on - These are huge computer systems that can
fill an entire room.
10. Media presence creates the story
7. Wearable Computers has doubled in number since 1960 to 7.4
billion. Humans have industrialized the
- They involve materials that are usually
natural habitat of wildlife as well as
integrated into cell phones, watches, and
marine life. Leaving these creatures with
other small objects or places.
no place to live would eventually cause
their deaths.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB (INTERNET) - Marco Lambertini, the General Director of
WWF International. described that the
 Several historians trace the origin of the disappearance of wildlife is at an
Internet to Claude E. Shannon, an unprecedented rate. Earth might enter the
American Mathematician who was sixth mass extinction event according to
considered as the experts. Mass extinction is described as the
 "Father of Information Theory." He *appearance of species at a rate of 1.000
worked at Bell Laboratories and at age 32, faster than usual. Moreover, Science.
republished a paper proposing that Technology, and Society
information can be quantitatively encoded
as a sequence of ones and zeroes.
 The Internet is a worldwide system of The disappearance of species in a certain
interconnected networks that facilitate data environment causes an imbalance in the
transmission among innumerable ecosystem, producing more chaotic changes that
computers. harm the entire ecosystem (Inquirer.net. 2016).
This is but a pressing statement for people to
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS IN know more about the importance of our diverse
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH environment, and how human activities can either
- One of the significant applications of contribute to its growth or destruction. There is a
computers for science and research is growing importance of studying how society,
evident in the field of bioinformatics. environment. and health is interrelated to each
Bioinformatics is the application of other. that if human beings fail to recognize the
information technology to store, organize, needs of one of those components, the other
and analyze vast amount of biological data remaining components can be affected and
which is available in the form of sequences compromised. Thus, it is timely to know about the
and structures of proteins the building pressing effects of species being extinct and that
blocks of organisms and nucleic of our ecosystem being imbalanced.

LESSON 2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem

BIODIVERSITY AND THE - Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety

of life forms in the entire Earth. It
HEALTHY SOCIETY - Jaci encompasses all kinds of life forms, from
the single-celled organisms to the largest
multi-celled organisms. Its definition is in
Introduction the structural and functional perspective
- Decrease in biodiversity is eminent and not as individual species. Another
worldwide. Vertebrates fell to 60% from definition of biodiversity is "the
the 1970s due to human causes. It is variability among living organisms from
projected that by 2020. wildlife decline all sources, including terrestrial. marine
will be 67% of the present number. The and other aquatic ecosystems and the
World-Wide Fund for Nature and ecological complexes of which they are
Zoological Society of London reported an part: this includes diversity within
annual decrease in wildlife by 2%. A species, between species, and of
major cause is human population which ecosystems. Biodiversity is the source of
 the essential goods and ecological Changes in Biodiversity
services that constitute the source of life
- Alteration in any system could bring
for all and it has direct consumptive value
varied effects. A change in biodiversity
in food, agriculture, medicine, and in
could have erratic effects not only in
industry.
wildlife or marine life but also in human
- " (Villaggio Globale, 2009)
beings. For example, humans inhabiting
Understanding biodiversity within the
the forest would disturb the natural order
concept of ecosystem needs a thorough
of life. Trees and plants would be affected
study on the relationship of the biotic. the
in the land- clearing operations where the
living organisms and the abiotic,
houses would be built. The animals,
nonliving organisms. Interdisciplinary
insects, and all types of life forms in the
approach is needed to study the
cleared area would either be displaced or
ecosystem. Biodiversity plays a major role
most likely be killed. The loss of these life
in these natural dynamics. For example, a
forms could affect the entire ecosystem
large number of golden snails in a certain
governing that environment. The food
area of a rice field can help predict a low
chain might be damaged. From this, we
production of rice harvest, since eggs of
can clearly infer that when our ecosystem
the golden snails are considered pest for
is not well taken care of, biodiversity
rice plant. On a positive view, the larger
encounters changes that may impact
number of different species in a certain
human health on such different
area can be a predictor of sustainable life
in that area. Sustainability of the
ecosystem ensures a better survival rate BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY
against any natural disaster. Therefore, SOCIETY - Benjie
we, as human inhabitants of the
ecosystem, must preserve and conserve Threats to Biodiversity
the biodiversity of all creatures. * Habitat loss and destruction
* Alterations in ecosystem composition
In simpler terms, it is true that people will always * Over-exploitation
depend on biodiversity on the wholeness of our
being and in our everyday lives. More bo, our * Pollution and contamination
health will ultimately depend upon the products * Global climate change
and services that we acquire from the ecosystem.
Somehow. there are ways and processes in the
ecosystem that are not apparent nor appreciated by Habitat loss and destruction
us, human beings. Think about the need to drink
clean and fresh water, the need to eat healthy  Major contributing factor is the
vegetables and food, or the need of man to inhabitation of human beings and the use
transport which makes him rely on fuel. All of of land for economic gains.
these are human needs that are answered and  Refer to the process by which natural
provided by our ecosystem. Thus, if we fail to environments are altered or destroyed,
keep the process of taking care of the ecosystem, making them unable to support the species
it is us who are actually putting our lives at risk. that live there. This can occur through
Significant decline in biodiversity has direct activities like deforestation, urbanization,
human impact when ecosystem in its insufficiency agriculture, mining, and infrastructure
can no longer provide the physical as well as development.
social needs of human beings. Indirectly, changes
in the ecosystem affect livelihood. income, and on
Alterations in ecosystem composition
occasion, may even cause political conflict
(WHO. n.d.).
  Alterations and sudden changes either industrial processes, and agricultural
within species groups or within the practices.
environment cloud begin to change entire
ecosystem. Alterations in ecosystems are
critical factor contributing to species and CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY
habitat loss. LOSS
 These changes disrupt the natural balance
- Even with the improvement of technology
within the ecosystem, impacting
and science at present we still have a lot to
biodiversity and the way the ecosystem
learn about biodiversity more so about the
functions. Alterations can be caused by
consequences of Biodiversity loss.
factors like invasive species, habitat
However, the basic concept about
fragmentation, pollution, and climate
biodiversity loss was from Charles Darwin
change.
and Alfred Russel wallance.
Over-exploitation - Intact ecosystem function best since the
organisms composing them are specialized
 Over-hunting, overfishing, or over
to function in that ecosystem to capture
collecting of species can quickly lead to its
transfer utilize and ultimately lose both
decline. Changing consumption patterns of
energy and nutrients. The particular
humans is often cited as the key reason for
species making up an ecosystem determine
this unsustainable exploitation of natural
its productivity affect nutrient cycles and
resources.
soil content and influence environmental
 Overexploitation leads to the depletion of
conditions such as water cycles weather
species and resources, threatening
patterns climate and other non- biotic
biodiversity and sometimes pushing
aspects.
species to the brink of extinction.
Pollution and contamination
CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY
 Biological systems respond slowly to
LOSS
changes in their surrounding environment.
Pollution and contamination cause • Ecosystem Instability
irreversible damage to species and
- Biodiversity underpins ecosystem health.
varieties.
Loss of species can destabilize ecosystems,
 Pollution generally describes broader
reducing their ability to provide essential
environmental impacts on a larger scale,
services like pollination, water
while contamination refers to the specific
purification, soil fertility, and carbon
presence of harmful substances within a
sequestration. This can lead to ecosystem
particular area or medium.
collapse.
Global climate change
• Disruption of Food Chains
 Both climate variability and climate
- The extinction of species can disrupt food
change cause biodiversity loss. Species
chains, affecting predators and prey. For
and population may be lost permanently if
example, the decline of pollinators like
they are not provided with enough time to
bees can impact plant species that rely on
adapt to changing climatic Conditions.
them, leading to reduced food production
 The primary driver of current climate
for both animals and humans
change is the increase in greenhouse gases,
like carbon dioxide (COz) and methane • Climate Change Exacerbation
(CH4), which trap heat in the atmosphere.
These gases are largely produced by - Biodiverse ecosystems, such as forests and
burning fossil fuels, deforestation, wetlands, play a crucial role in mitigating
climate change by absorbing CO2. The
 loss of these habitats reduces this natural production. Biodiversity is a major factor
carbon sink, contributing to higher levels that contributes to sustainable food
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. production for human beings. A society or
a population must have access to sufficient
variety of nutritious food as it is a
CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY determinant of their health as human
LOSS beings.

• Economic Losses HEALTH BIOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY

- Biodiversity supports industries like - Almost all living organisms are dependent
agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. Loss of to their environment to live and reproduce.
species and ecosystem services can lead to Basic needs of living organisms such as
declining yields, economic instability, and air, water, food, and habitat are provided
increased costs for artificial alternatives by its environment. The evolution of
(pollination services). human beings was due to the improved
access to these basic needs. Advance in
• Human Health Impacts agriculture, sanitation, water treatment,
- Many medicines are derived from plants, and hygiene have had a far greater impact
animals, and microbes. Biodiversity loss on human health than medical technology
can reduce the discovery of new drugs.
Moreover, the disruption of ecosystems
can increase the spread of diseases, as seen Although the environment sustains human life
with zoonotic diseases like COVID-19, it can also cause diseases. Lack of basic
which can emerge from disturbed wildlife necessities is a significant cause of human
habitats. mortality. Environmental hazards increase the risk
of cancer, heart disease and many other illnesses.
• Cultural and Aesthetic Losses These hazards can be physical, such as pollution,
- Many cultures have deep ties to toxic chemicals and food contaminants. or they
biodiversity, whether through traditional can be social such as dangerous work, poor
knowledge, spiritual practices, or cultural housing condition and hygiene are responsible for
heritage. The disappearance of species can a variety of infectious diseases such as
erode these cultural identities and reduce schistosomiasis, diarrhea, cholera, meningitis, and
the aesthetic and recreational value of gastritis.in 2015 approximately 350.000 children
natural environments. under the age of five (mostly in the developing
world) died from diarrheal diseases related to
unsafe drinking water and approximately 1.8
Nutritional Impact of Biodiversity billion people used drinking water contaminated
- According to the World Health with feces. More than two billion people lacked
Organization, biodiversity is a vital access to basic sanitation.
element of human beings’ nutrition
because of its influence to food
production. Biodiversity is a major factor Environment Related illnesses
that contributes to sustainable food Some human illnesses that are found to be related
production for human beings. A society or with its environment include Parkinson’s disease,
a population must have access to sufficient heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive
variety of nutritious food as it is a pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, obesity,
determinant of their health as human occupational injuries, dysentery, arthritis, malaria,
beings. According to the World Health and depression.
Organization, biodiversity is a vital
elements of human beings nutrition - By contrast, activities that promote health
because of its influence to food and extend human life could have adverse
 environmental effects. Example food 1. Who is the author of the article/site?
production causes environmental damage
HOW TO FIND OUT
from pesticide and fertilizer, soil
salinization, waste produced by livestock, Check for an "About" or "More About the
carbon emissions from food manufacturing Author" link on the webpage. Sometimes, the
and transportation, deforestation, and author might be a company instead of a person. If
overfishing. there's no information about who wrote the page,
- A reduction in mortality from starvation or be cautious and question its reliability.
disease can lead to overpopulation which
stresses the environment in many different  Check the author's qualifications.
ways increasing use of fossil fuels clearing  Do they have experience or education
of land generating pollution and waste and related to the topic?
so on (Rensik and Portier, 2017)
 Search online for information about the
author to see if they are connected to
Communities and nations should wisely choose a any schools or businesses.
site for a factory a power plant or waste dump or  This can help you understand if they
regulating safety in the workplace to minimize might have any biases.
impact to the society. decision making process
should be fair open and democratic so that people 
who will be affected by environmental risks have 2. Who published the site?
a voice in these deliberations and can make their
concerns known (Rensik and Portier 2017). HOW TO FIND OUT

When drafting and implementing environmental - to find out who hosts a website, look at the
health regulations it is important to consider domain name.
vulnerable subpopulations. A vulnerable For example:
subpopulation is the group with an increased
susceptibility to the adverse effect of an "lee.edu" tells you the website belongs to Lee
environmental risk factor due to their age genetics College. You can search the domain name on
health status or some other condition websites like "whois.sc" to find information about
the owner. Check if the organization's main
purpose is educational, commercial, or something
In addition to this various public health strategies else. Is it a trustworthy organization? Also, pay
pit the rights of individuals against the good of attention to the suffix (like ".edu" or ".com") as it
society such as mandatory treatment, vaccination usually tells you what kind of group hosts the
or diagnostic testing, isolation and quarantine and website.
disease surveillance. Here are some examples:
 edu - educational
LESSON 1 – continuation part  com - commercial
THE RELIABILITY OF WEB SOURCES –  mil - military
Jessica
 gov - government
 org - nonprofit
The Internet contains a vast collection of
highly 3. What is the main purpose of the site?
valuable information but it may also contain Why did the author write it
unreliable, biased information that mislead people. and why did the publisher post fit?
So, Websites are created for different reasons:
  It is to sell products
6. Drug information websites
 as a hobby
 for public service National Library of Medicine'» Medline
Plus
 to advance research • Dragi.com • ProHealth
 to share information or to persuade you to
believe something. 7. Global Gateway: World Culture de
Resources
4. Who is the intended audience? (from the Library of Congress)
 Is it for experts or the general public?
8. Google Books
 What age group is it for?
 Is it for people in a specific area or 9. Googlescholar.com
profession?
10. History sites with primary documents
5. What is the quality of information
provided on the website? • AMDOCS: Documents for the study of
 Check when the website was created and if American
it's updated regularly. • History
• Avalon Project: Documents in Law,
 Look for dates on the pages. History and
Diclofenac (Vale Law School)
 See if the author cites sources, which
• Internet Modem History Sourcebook:
makes the information more reliable.
Colonial
 Check the websites the site links to and if • Latin America
they are trustworthy.
11. Illinois Digital Archives - the Illinois State
 See if other websites link to the one you're
Library
checking, which shows its
- working with libraries, museums, and
credibility.
historical societies in Illinois provides this
Example of useful and reliable web sources collection of materials related to Illinois
history.
1. AFA e-Newdetter (Alzheimer) Isndaisan
ut Anora newsletiert
12. Intent Archive - a digital library of
Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in
2. American Memory - the Litvary of
digital form.
Congrese historcal daita collection
13. Internet Archive for CARLI digitized
3. Bartieby.com Great Books Online - a
resources
collection uf fre c-books including fictions,
nonfictions, references, and verses.
14. Internet Public Library
4. Chronicling America - search and view
15. ipt2 - a merger of Librarians' Internet
pages fice American newspaper from:
Index and Internet Public Library. Special
[880-1922]
interest may include the "Literary
Coliseums page which can be found after
5. Cober Bullying - a fice collection of e-
clicking on the "Special Collections" link
books from ebrary plus additional reports
and documents to help better undentand,
16. Librarians Internet Index
prevent and take
action against this growing concem.
 17. Making of America - a digital library of THINK ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS
primary sources in American social
history
1. Who are the contribution of the technological
18. Maps - from the University of advances of the Information Age?
Texas at Austin collection includes
historical and thematic maps 2. Aside from communication, what other aspects
of society is/are being influenced in the
19. Nation Master - a massive central data Information Age?
source and a handy say to graphically 3. What other technological advancements can
compare nations. it is a vast compilation of possibly be developed in the future?
data from such sources as the CIA
World Factbook, UN, and GECD

20. Nursing sites:

• AHRO (www.ahrg-gov)
• National Guidelines Clearinghouse
• (www.guideline.gov)
• PubMed (www.nim.nih.gov)

21. Project Gutenberg - the first and largest

single collection of free electronic
books with currently over 20,000 c-books
available

22. Shmoop - literature, US history, and

poetry information. written primarily by
PhD and master students from 10p
universities like Stanford, Berkeley,
Harvard, and Yale.

23. State Master — a unique statistical

database which allows you to research and
compare a multitude of different data on
US states wing various primary sources
such as the US Census bureau, the Fill, and
the National Center for Educational
Statistics

SUMMARY:
Today, information spreads quickly, and
people like sharing about themselves. The
Information Age affects communication, the
economy, industry, health, and the environment.
This fast sharing can have good and bad effects.
We should think before sharing information and
check if it's true. We should share helpful
information that improves lives.