1.

Factorial
-- Factorial
DECLARE
n NUMBER;
fact NUMBER := 1;
i NUMBER ;

BEGIN

n := &n;

FOR i IN 1..n LOOP

fact := fact * i;
END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Factorial is '||fact);

END;
/

2. Prime number
-- Prime

DECLARE
n NUMBER;
i NUMBER:=2;
flag NUMBER:=0;
BEGIN
n := &n;

WHILE i<=SQRT(n) LOOP

IF MOD(n,i) = 0 THEN
flag :=1;
EXIT;
END IF;

i:=i+1;

END LOOP;
 IF flag = 0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Prime');

ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Non Prime');
END IF;
END;
/

3. Sum of even numbers upto 100

-- Sum of even numbers

DECLARE
sum NUMBER :=0;
i NUMBER :=2;

BEGIN

LOOP
sum := sum + i;
i := i+2;

EXIT WHEN i>100;

END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Result is: '||sum);

END;

4. Formatting date and time

DECLARE

BEGIN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY')||'
'||TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP,'DD-MM-YY HH24:MM:SS:FF'));

END;
 /

5. Largest
DECLARE
largest NUMBER := -1 * POWER(10, 25); -- Initialize largest to a very
small number
choice NUMBER := 1; -- Variable to control the loop
(1 to continue, 0 to stop)
n NUMBER; -- Variable to store input number
BEGIN

-- Loop continues as long as choice is 1

WHILE choice = 1 LOOP

-- Prompt the user for the number input

n := &n; -- User input for the number

-- Check if the current number is larger than the largest so far

IF n > largest THEN
largest := n;
END IF;

-- Prompt the user for choice (whether to continue or not)

choice := &choice; -- User input for choice (1 to continue, 0 to
stop)

END LOOP;

-- Output the largest number found

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The largest number is: ' || largest);

END;
/

5. Reversing a String
DECLARE
str VARCHAR2(50);
rev VARCHAR2(50);
length NUMBER;
i NUMBER;

BEGIN
str := '&str';
 length := 5;

FOR i in REVERSE 1..length LOOP

rev := rev || SUBSTR(str,i,1);
END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rev);
end;
/

6. Calculate Area Function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_area(radius NUMBER)

RETURN NUMBER

IS
pi NUMBER:= 3.14159;

BEGIN
return pi*radius*radius;

END calculate_area;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(calculate_area(100));
END;
/

7. Procedure to find sum and product

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calculate_sum(x NUMBER, y NUMBER)

IS
sum NUMBER:=0;

BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(x+y);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(x*y);

END calculate_sum;
/

DECLARE
 x NUMBER;
y NUMBER;
BEGIN
x:=&x;
y:=&y;
calculate_sum(x,y);
END;

8. Explicit cursor to update salary

-- -- Create the employees table
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50),
last_name VARCHAR2(50),
salary NUMBER,
department_id NUMBER
);

-- -- Insert data into the employees table

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (100, 'Steven', 'King', 24000, 90);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (101, 'Neena', 'Kochhar', 17000, 90);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (102, 'Lex', 'De Haan', 17000, 90);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (103, 'Alexander', 'Hunold', 9000, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (104, 'Bruce', 'Ernst', 6000, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (105, 'David', 'Austin', 4800, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (106, 'Valli', 'Pataballa', 4800, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (107, 'Diana', 'Lorentz', 4200, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (108, 'Nancy', 'Greenberg', 12008, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (109, 'Daniel', 'Faviet', 9000, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (110, 'John', 'Chen', 8200, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (111, 'Ismael', 'Sciarra', 7700, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (112, 'Jose Manuel', 'Urman', 7800, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
 department_id) VALUES (113, 'Luis', 'Popp', 6900, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (114, 'Den', 'Raphaely', 11000, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (115, 'Alexander', 'Khoo', 3100, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (116, 'Shelli', 'Baida', 2900, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (117, 'Sigal', 'Tobias', 2800, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (118, 'Guy', 'Himuro', 2600, 30);

-- -- Now you can use this table and data for practicing cursors
DECLARE

CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT * FROM employees;

emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;

BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;

LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_record;

EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;

UPDATE employees
SET salary = emp_record.salary*1.1
where
emp_record.employee_id=employee_id;

END LOOP;

CLOSE emp_cursor;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salaries updated successfully.');

COMMIT;
END;
/

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;

9. Cursor for employees earning more than avg

salary
-- Create the employees table
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50),
last_name VARCHAR2(50),
salary NUMBER,
department_id NUMBER
);

-- Insert data into the employees table

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (100, 'Steven', 'King', 24000, 90);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (101, 'Neena', 'Kochhar', 17000, 90);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (102, 'Lex', 'De Haan', 17000, 90);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (103, 'Alexander', 'Hunold', 9000, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (104, 'Bruce', 'Ernst', 6000, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (105, 'David', 'Austin', 4800, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (106, 'Valli', 'Pataballa', 4800, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (107, 'Diana', 'Lorentz', 4200, 60);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (108, 'Nancy', 'Greenberg', 12008, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (109, 'Daniel', 'Faviet', 9000, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (110, 'John', 'Chen', 8200, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (111, 'Ismael', 'Sciarra', 7700, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (112, 'Jose Manuel', 'Urman', 7800, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (113, 'Luis', 'Popp', 6900, 100);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (114, 'Den', 'Raphaely', 11000, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (115, 'Alexander', 'Khoo', 3100, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (116, 'Shelli', 'Baida', 2900, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (117, 'Sigal', 'Tobias', 2800, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (118, 'Guy', 'Himuro', 2600, 30);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id) VALUES (120, 'Karen', 'Colmenares', 2500, 30);

-- Create the departments table

CREATE TABLE departments (
department_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
department_name VARCHAR2(50)
);

-- Insert data into the departments table

INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name) VALUES (30,
'Purchasing');
INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name) VALUES (60,
'IT');
INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name) VALUES (90,
'Executive');
INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name) VALUES (100,
'Finance');

DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT * FROM employees;

emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;
avg_salary NUMBER;

BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;

LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_record;
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;

SELECT
AVG(SALARY) INTO avg_salary
FROM
employees
INNER JOIN
departments
ON
emp_record.department_id = departments.department_id
GROUP BY
departments.department_id;

IF emp_record.salary>avg_salary THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_record.first_name || ' ' ||
emp_record.salary || ' ' || avg_salary);

END IF;
 END LOOP;

CLOSE emp_cursor;

END;
/

10. Implicit Cursor for updating depts to same

value
DECLARE
avg_salary NUMBER;

BEGIN

UPDATE departments
SET
department_name='abc';

IF SQL%FOUND then
COMMIT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('COMMITTED');
END IF;

END;
/

SELECT * FROM departments;

1. ALTER Questions:
Question 1: Add a column hire_date to the employees table with
DATE type.

ALTER TABLE employees

ADD COLUMN hire_date DATE;

Question 2: Change the status column to have a default value of

'Probation'.
 ALTER TABLE employees
ALTER COLUMN status SET DEFAULT 'Probation';

Question 3: Drop the salary column from the employees table.

ALTER TABLE employees

DROP COLUMN salary;

Question 4: Modify the name column to have a length of 100

characters.

ALTER TABLE employees

MODIFY COLUMN name VARCHAR(100);

2. UPDATE Questions:
Question 1: Increase the salary by 10% for all employees in the
'Engineering' department.

UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.1
WHERE department = 'Engineering';

Explanation: This updates the salary of all employees in the 'Engineering' department by
increasing it by 10%.

Question 2: Set the status to 'Resigned' for the employee with

employee_id 103.

UPDATE employees
SET status = 'Resigned'
WHERE employee_id = 103;

Question 3: Update the department of the employee with

employee_id 101 to 'Sales'.

UPDATE employees
SET department = 'Sales'
WHERE employee_id = 101;
Question 4: Set the status to 'Active' for all employees with a
salary greater than 50000.

UPDATE employees
SET status = 'Active'
WHERE salary > 50000;

3. DELETE Questions:
Question 1: Delete the record of the employee with employee_id
104.

DELETE FROM employees

WHERE employee_id = 104;

Question 2: Remove all employees in the 'Marketing' department.

DELETE FROM employees

WHERE department = 'Marketing';

Question 3: Delete all employees whose status is 'Inactive'.

DELETE FROM employees

WHERE status = 'Inactive';

Question 4: Delete all rows in the employees table.

DELETE FROM employees;

Expected Results After Running the Queries:

1. ALTER Results:
After running the ALTER commands:
The hire_date column will be added to the employees table.
The status column will have a default value of 'Probation' for any new rows
inserted without a value for status .
The salary column will be removed from the table.
 The name column will have a maximum length of 100 characters.
2. UPDATE Results:
After Query 1: Employees in 'Engineering' will have their salary increased by
10%.
After Query 2: The status of employee employee_id 103 will change to
'Resigned'.
After Query 3: Employee employee_id 101's department will be changed to
'Sales'.
After Query 4: All employees with a salary greater than 50000 will have their
status updated to 'Active'.
3. DELETE Results:
After Query 1: Employee employee_id 104 will be deleted.
After Query 2: All employees in the 'Marketing' department will be removed.
After Query 3: All employees with the status 'Inactive' will be deleted.
After Query 4: The entire employees table will be emptied, deleting all rows.

Note:
Be careful when using DELETE without a WHERE clause, as it will remove all data from the
table. Always verify your WHERE conditions to avoid unintentional data loss.